AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Chat with us
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/183
1 Medical Genetics-Harvard University. Director of the Division of Medical Genetics and Molecular Optogenetic Research.
2 Division of Medical Genetics and Molecular Pathology Research, Harvard University, Boston Children's Hospital
*Corresponding Author: Shahin Asadi, Medical Genetics-Harvard University. Director of the Division of Medical Genetics and Molecular Optogenetic Research, USA
Citation: Asadi S. and Golozar M. Mandolakani (2022) The Role of Genetics Factors in Human Happiness and Violence. J Psychology and Mental Health Care, 6(5): DOI: 10.31579/2637-8892/183
Copyright: © 2022, Shahin Asadi, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 05 August 2022 | Accepted: 08 August 2022 | Published: 20 August 2022
Keywords: temperament/behavioral; happiness; violence; genetic factors; human personality.
Temperament/behavioral traits such as happiness and violence are mostly considered as acquired traits that are strongly influenced by environmental conditions. For example: modern theoretical foundations of happiness consider this concept as a variable state and state that people can be happier than they are and they can do this by improving their living conditions.
In the field of violence, we can also refer to the views of thinkers such as Bandura, Dillard, Miller, etc., who consider violence to be a phenomenon of social origin and believe that violence and aggression are acquired and controllable. In his perspective, under the title of social learning perspective, Bandura considers violence to be a learned thing that people learn through interacting in the social environment and observing other people.
Other experts also propose the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which is one of the broadest views about aggression. According to this point of view, aggression is the result of a process where failure of a person to achieve goals is the main factor of aggression. In other words, failure occurs when the goal that a person is trying to achieve is opposed or prevented by environmental conditions. Therefore, according to some existing views, temperamental/behavioral characteristics, including happiness and aggressiveness, are acquired characteristics. But if happiness and violence are acquired and influenced by environmental conditions, why do they show high levels of similarity among families, tribes and nationalities1?
In contrast to the viewpoints that consider temperamental/behavioral characteristics such as happiness and violence as acquired characteristics, there are viewpoints that present them as static and unchangeable characteristics. Based on such views, people are born with certain temperamental and behavioral characteristics. For example, happy or aggressive people are originally born with such a temperament. Therefore, they classify happiness and violence as hereditary characteristics that most likely have a neuropsychological structure and continue in different generations based on genetic mechanisms [1].
Proponents of this point of view have done various researches to confirm their theories. According to the existing researches, characteristics such as happiness and violence have genetic bases. The first efforts in the field of the role of heredity in happiness go back to the last decade of the 20th century. In 1989, a group of researchers investigated the role of genetics in happiness in an extensive study called the Minnesota Twin Family Study (USA) by comparing identical, non-identical twins and other family members. The results of these studies were published in an article in 1996, in which 50% of the happiness variance was attributed to heredity. After that, various researches were conducted which showed that in 80% of cases, identical twins are similar to each other in the characteristic of happiness, and only 20% of this characteristic is different in this group, which can be explained by the environment. Therefore, heredity is considered a stable component in the explanation of good life and happiness. It has also been determined that happiness is caused by a number of genes, such as: the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4, HTR1A), the DRD4 gene, the DRD2 gene, the MAO-A gene, the 5HTTLPR gene, the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and several genes. Other, it is affected [1].
Figure 1: Schematic view of chromosome number 17, where the SLC6A4 gene is located in the long arm of this chromosome as 17q11.2 [1].
Figure 2: Schematic view of chromosome number 5, where the HTR1A gene is located in the long arm of this chromosome as 5q12.3 [1]
Also, in the field of violence, it should be said that many researches based on the study of twins, normal siblings and adopted children emphasize the heritability of violence. For example: by examining the available studies, it has been determined that the probability of violence and criminal behavior in monozygotic twins is higher than that of dizygotic twins and normal siblings. Based on these researches, on average, monozygotic twins are about 51.5% and dizygotic twins are about 20.6% similar in the occurrence of violent and criminal behaviors, and this can be a strong proof of the heritability of violence. Therefore, it can be estimated that the contribution of genetic factors in the occurrence of violence and aggressive behavior is more than 50% [2].
Figure 3: Schematic view of chromosome number 11, where the DRD4 gene is located in the short arm of this chromosome as 11p15.5.[2]
Figure 4: Schematic view of chromosome number 11, where the DRD2 gene is located in the long arm of this chromosome as 11q23.2 [2].
Various researches have been conducted in connection with the identification of genes and genetic polymorphism of aggressive and violent behaviors that can be considered in the etiology of violence. Among these genes, the genes located in the sex chromosome Y (men), the 5HTTLPR gene, the DAT1 gene, the DRD2 gene, the DRD4 gene, the COMT gene, the MAO-A gene, and... as effective genes. They have been identified in the occurrence of violent behaviors, some of them have a provocative role and others have a deterrent role in the occurrence of violent behaviors [3].
Figure 5: Schematic view of sex chromosome X, where the MAOA gene is located in the short arm of this chromosome as Xp11.3 [3].
Figure 6: Schematic view of chromosome number 6, where the CNR1 gene is located in the long arm of this chromosome as 6q15 [3].
Figure 7: Schematic view of chromosome number 5, where the DAT1 gene is located in the short arm of this chromosome as 5p15.33 [3].
Table 1: Types of genes that prevent and accelerate violent behavior in humans.
According to what has been said, happiness and violence are acquired characteristics that have certain genetic foundations, and it can be said that happiness and violence are inherited as acquired characteristics, and perhaps such a view can be justified through epigenetic processes [4].
The epigenetic perspective has provided a new understanding of the relationship between environment and genetics in temperamental/behavioral traits such as happiness and violence. Researchers have shown that experiencing misbehavior in childhood and facing challenging events throughout life creates symptoms of happiness and depression in people who genetically have the short allele of the serotonin repressor gene (5-HTTLPR). In people who have this allele, a decrease in serotonin levels is observed, due to which, these people show higher levels of happiness. Also, the long allele of this gene itself has two versions: A and G, where only the A version is related to the increase in serotonin levels, and the G version has the same function as the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene. Therefore, the short allele acts as an inhibitor in happiness and as an accelerator in violence, and the long allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene acts as an inhibitor in violence and as an accelerator in happiness.4
In addition, COMT gene polymorphism is also relevant in the field of violent behavior. This gene is responsible for breaking down catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Therefore, the COMT gene plays a central role in terminating the synaptic activity of these nerve messengers. This gene has two main genotypes: the allele that encodes the production of the amino acid methionine and the allele that encodes the production of the amino acid valine. Methionine allele is associated with lower levels of COMT gene activity compared to valine allele. Since the COMT gene is related to the breakdown of messengers that are involved in the occurrence of violent behavior, its low levels, which are caused by the activity of the methionine allele, increase the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior. Therefore, the methionine allele can be considered a gene that accelerates violent behavior, while the valine allele does not have such a role [4].
There are various examples of these genetic polymorphisms associated with happiness and violence. These matters indicate changes in gene expression that can be explained by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic mechanisms are related to a set of environmental factors that include various aspects of temperamental/behavioral characteristics and explain the tendency of certain temperamental characteristics such as happiness and violence [4].
In fact, environmental characteristics before birth can activate epigenetic mechanisms and cause genetic changes and make people happy or aggressive. Although epigenetic changes are not as stable as the genome, they still maintain genetic information and their activity reflects their relationship with the environment. In this regard, alcoholism and drug addiction can be mentioned as a form of self-directed violence that can be transmitted to the next generations by creating epigenetic changes and making the next generations susceptible to drug addiction and make alcohol In this regard, some researchers have shown that alcoholism increases DNA methylation levels by 10%. Also, some studies show that the history of violence in the living environment leads to epigenetic changes such as: increased DNA methylation of endocrine regulating genes and increased methylation of serotonergic genes in future generations, and the possibility of self-directed violence and It increases the social in them. In this way, violence is inherited as an acquired trait through genes to future generations [4].
In the field of happiness, research shows that: if our ancestors lived in rich and happy environments, then their happiness can become a genetic trait and be transmitted to generations by using epigenetic changes in genes. After that, transfer.
Therefore, according to the materials mentioned in the field of genetics of violence and happiness, it can be concluded that behavioral epigenetics is based on the belief that individual differences in temperament, personality, and behavior can be the result of acquired characteristics in genes. In fact, personality traits have a multi-gene nature, which means that several genes in the body, some of which are inhibitors and some of which are accelerators, play a role in the emergence of these human personality traits. On the other hand, outside the body, environmental conditions can play a role of inhibition or acceleration in this field. Based on the concepts raised in behavioral epigenetics, personality traits such as happiness and violence, which are considered acquired states, can appear in successive generations as a genetic trait due to the changes that the environment creates in the way of gene expression. Environmental conditions can activate epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications and lead to the inheritance of acquired personality traits such as happiness and violence during successive generations [1-4].
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
