Women’s oral health is influenced by a range of physiological, hormonal, and sociocultural factors, making it a critical aspect of overall well-being. The impact of hormonal fluctuations during menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on periodontal health, caries susceptibility, and oral mucosal conditions is well-documented. Additionally, osteoporosis and autoimmune conditions, such as Sjögren’s syndrome, disproportionately affect women, leading to increased risks of tooth loss and xerostomia. The advent of bioactive materials, minimally invasive restorative techniques, and digital dentistry has revolutionized dental care for women, enabling more precise diagnostics and targeted therapeutic interventions. This review explores gender-specific oral health challenges, the influence of systemic conditions, and the latest technological advancements in women’s dental care. By integrating interdisciplinary approaches and patient-centered care, modern dentistry can better address the unique needs of female patients, ultimately improving health outcomes and quality of life.

Oral health is a crucial component of overall well-being, particularly for women, who experience unique physiological changes throughout their lifespan that influence their dental health. The bidirectional relationship between systemic and oral health is evident in conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis, which affect women disproportionately [1,2]. Hormonal changes during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause alter the oral microbiome, salivary composition, and immune response, leading to increased susceptibility to periodontal disease and dental caries [3,4]. Advancements in technology, including digital dentistry, artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics, and bioactive restorative materials, have improved the prevention and treatment of gender-specific oral health concerns [5]. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between women’s health and dentistry, highlighting recent innovations and emphasizing the need for a gender-sensitive approach to oral healthcare.

*Menstrual Cycle and Gingival Changes
During the menstrual cycle, fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels result in increased vascular permeability, leading to gingival inflammation, bleeding, and heightened sensitivity to bacterial plaque [6]. This condition, known as menstrual gingivitis, can exacerbate existing periodontal disease and contribute to long-term oral health deterioration if not managed properly.

*Pregnancy and Periodontal Disease
Pregnancy-associated gingivitis and periodontitis have been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth and low birth weight [7,8]. Elevated progesterone and estrogen levels promote the growth of Prevotella intermedia, a bacterial species associated with periodontitis, making oral health maintenance critical during pregnancy [9]. Regular dental check-ups and non-invasive periodontal therapy are essential in reducing maternal and fetal risks.

Postmenopausal women often experience xerostomia, burning mouth syndrome, and an increased risk of osteoporosis-related alveolar bone resorption, leading to tooth loss [10]. Estrogen deficiency negatively affects collagen metabolism, reducing the structural integrity of gingival tissues and exacerbating periodontal disease progression [11].

*Osteoporosis and Periodontal Bone Loss
Osteoporosis affects millions of women worldwide, leading to decreased bone mineral density, including in the jawbone. Studies suggest a direct correlation between osteoporosis and periodontitis, with osteoporotic women exhibiting higher rates of alveolar bone loss and tooth mobility [12]. Recent advancements in biomaterials, such as calcium-phosphate-based scaffolds, offer promising solutions for bone regeneration in affected patients [13].

*Sjögren’s Syndrome and Xerostomia
Sjögren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disorder predominantly affecting women, leads to severe salivary gland dysfunction, causing dry mouth (xerostomia), rampant caries, and increased oral infections [14]. Recent developments in regenerative therapies, including stem cell-based treatments and salivary gland bioengineering, are being explored to restore salivary function in affected individuals [15].

*Digital Dentistry and AI in Diagnostics
Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed dental diagnostics, enabling early detection of caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancers with high accuracy. AI-driven radiographic analysis has improved the identification of osteoporosis-related bone density changes in women, facilitating early intervention [16].

*Bioactive and Hormone-Responsive Dental Materials
Bioactive materials, such as glass ionomer cements and calcium silicate-based restorative agents, release therapeutic ions to promote remineralization and reduce bacterial growth [17]. Researchers are exploring hormone-responsive biomaterials that adapt to estrogen fluctuations, optimizing restorative longevity in female patients [18].

Laser-Assisted Periodontal Therapy
Laser technology has gained traction in periodontal therapy for women, offering minimally invasive treatment options with reduced post-operative discomfort. Studies have shown that laser-assisted procedures effectively manage menopause-associated periodontal breakdown and enhance tissue regeneration [19].

3D Printing and Prosthetic Advancements
The integration of 3D printing in prosthodontics has allowed for the fabrication of highly customized dentures and implants, addressing anatomical changes associated with osteoporosis and age-related bone loss in women [20]. Advanced polymer-based materials with antimicrobial properties further improve prosthetic longevity and patient comfort [21].

Interdisciplinary and Patient-Centered Approaches
Collaboration between dental professionals, gynecologists, endocrinologists, and rheumatologists is essential in managing the oral health needs of female patients. Preventive strategies, including dietary modifications, personalized oral hygiene regimens, and probiotic therapies, can enhance women’s oral health and mitigate disease progression [22].

Women’s oral health is shaped by a complex interplay of hormonal, systemic, and lifestyle factors. Understanding these gender-specific challenges is crucial for implementing targeted interventions that improve oral and overall health outcomes. With the integration of cutting-edge technologies, bioactive materials, and AI-driven diagnostics, modern dentistry is poised to offer more precise, efficient, and patient-centered care for women. Future research should continue exploring innovative solutions that cater to the unique dental needs of women across different life stages.