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The endophytic fungi pestalotiopsis what’s for it and what’s on it?

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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/032

The endophytic fungi pestalotiopsis what’s for it and what’s on it?

  • Waill A. Elkhateeb 1*
  • Ghoson M. Daba 1

1 Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.

*Corresponding Author: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Department of Pharmaceutical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.

Citation: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Ghoson M. Daba (2021) The endophytic fungi pestalotiopsis what’s for it and what’s on it. J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 4(1); DOI: 10.31579/2693-7247/032

Copyright: © 2021, Waill A. Elkhateeb, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 25 January 2021 | Accepted: 28 January 2021 | Published: 04 February 2021

Keywords: pestalotiopsis, endophytic fungi, secondary metabolites

Abstract

Fungi generally and endophytic ones specifically represent future factories and potent biotechnological tools for production of bioactive natural substances, which could extend healthy life of humanity. Pestalotiopsis is a fungal genus that belongs to family; Sporocadaceae, has been known as a promising secondary metabolites producer. However the same fungus showed harmful pathogenicity against different plants causing crops economical losses. This review is to demonstrate secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungi Pestalotiopsis and some of its reported biological activities. Moreover, describing the unique chemical diversity of this fungal genus involved in medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural applications. Also highlight the harmful side of this important fungus.

Introduction

Endophytic fungi have rich source of secondary metabolites which act as biological active agent in the higher plants. The fungal derivatives play vital part in human life and their compounds are the source of drug for cancer, microbial and other applications. Some secondary metabolites originated from endophytes have growth inhibiting activities against many plant pathogens. Endophytes are rich sources of natural products which are used in agriculture (plant growth), pharmaceutical industries and also used for phytoremediation [1, 2]. Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants show variation in types of valuable compounds, and potency in their activity [3, 4]. Compare to other endophytic microorganisms, fungal endophytes produce large number of secondary activities [5]. Fungal endophytes derivatives are used in biotechnological applications. It has a wide significance in pharmaceutical science because of its antimicrobial, anticancer and other activities [6, 7].

Fungal endophytes are attracting escalating attention by researchers due to their ability to secrete various, structurally novel products, which nominates them as promising candidates for drug discovery. Pestalotiopsis is one of the famous fungal genera known for its generosity in production and accumulation of various biologically active compounds [8-10]. 

Most resent researches on Pestalotiopsis is based on endophytic isolates and has resulted in isolation and identification four new species. These are Pestalotiopsishainanensis, Pestalotiopsisjesteri, Pestalotiopsiskunmingensis and Pestalotiopsispallidotheae [11-13]. Pestalotiopsis genus showing promising bioremediation potential for waste reduction and taxol production, which have important application as anticancer agent [14, 15].

Pestalotiopsis description and ecology

Based on the conidial forms, Steyaert [16, 17] split Pestalotia into three genera, namely Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella. Pestalotiopsis genus classification belonging to Division; Ascomycota, Class; Sordariomycetes, Order; Xylariales, Family; Sporocadaceae. In Egypt Pestalotiopsis was isolated from soil the colonies was fast growing on potato dextrose agar attaining 8.5 cm in diameter after 7 days of incubation, Margin white changing to black towards the centre with the appearance of numerous acervuli. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 5-celled, apical cell with mostly 2-4 simple appendages. Conidiomata acervular, appearing sporodochia like, black to dark black. Conidiophores hyaline, branched irregularly, septate, smooth (Figure 1, 2).  Pestalotiopsis species occur on leaves and stems but have been occasionally reported from soil [8, 18]. Full studies on the conidial morphology of various isolates were made. Pestalotiopsis species demonstrated a marked variation in the configuration of conidia and number of setulae borne over the superior hyaline cell [19-20]. Microscopic identification of Pestalotiopsis species is relatively difficult, due to the variation in some characteristics such as conidial morphology, growth rate, and fruiting structure within species [21].

Tejesvi et al. [22], reported that the endophytic species of Pestalotiopsis dominant in the winter season and their colonization are comparatively low in the monsoon season. The colonization frequency of species of Pestalotiopsis increased with the increasing the age of the host plant and colonization frequency was variable [12].

Pestalotiopsis genus appears to be a universal organism present on tropical and semitropical plants. Also has been isolated as a saprophyte on bark and decaying plant material, and as an endophyte from the stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of hundreds of tropical and subtropical rainforest plants [23-26]. Pestalotiopsis species are extremely distributed over the world, occurring on a wide range of substrata [12, 27]. Some Pestalotiopsis species are saprobes in soil [28], degraders of plant materials [29], or organisms growing on decaying wild fruits [30], while others are either plant pathogens [31] or reside as endophytes in plant leaves [32, 33].  Over 130 various compounds belong to different chemical classes have been isolated from Pestalotiopsis. Bioassays revealed that antifungal, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities are the most notable bioactivities of secondary metabolites isolated from genus Pestalotiopsis [34].

Figure (1). Pestalotiopsis spp. (Photographs was taken by Tangthirasunun Locality Thailand, hosted by http://mycoportal.org).
Figure (2). Pestalotiopsis spp. showing fusiform conidia with apical and basal appendages (Photographs was taken by Matthew Schink, Locality: United States, Florida, hosted by http://mycoportal.org).

Pestalotiopsis secondary metabolites

During recent years, Pestalotiopsis species have gained attention, due to the occurrence of numerous structurally unusual secondary metabolites. Some of them might be important as future drug leads for treatment of human diseases and control of plant diseases, since several antioxidants, immunosuppressants, anticancer agents, and others, have been identified from this genus [35, 36]. The aim of this review is to demonstrate secondary metabolites from species in Pestalotiopsis and highlight their reported bioactivities, and highlighting generosity and the unique chemical diversity of this fungal genus. Xu et al., [34] reported isolation of peptides, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, lactones, terpenoids, coumarins, isocoumarin derivatives, and chromones, quinones, semiquinones, xanthones, and xanthone derivatives from Pestalotiopsis species.  Many studies have also described the variation in biologically active metabolites secreted by species of this genus [37, 38]. Yang et al., [39] have reported isolation of dihydroberkleasmin A, which is a novel eremophilane-type sesquiterpene from the culture broth of Pestalotiopsis photiniae. Also, they reported isolation of berkleasmin C, from the same culture broth. In another study, the endophyte Pestalotiopsis photiniae was the source of six novel photinides A–F which are benzofuranone-derived γ-lactones. The culture of P. photiniae was isolated from the plant Roystonea regia, collected from Jianfeng Mountain, China [40]. 

Liu et al., [41], reported isolation of pestaloficiols Q, and R (novel isoprenylated chromone derivatives), and pestaloficiol S (a novel benzofuran derivative), along with the three known metabolites, siccayne, anofinic acid, and pyrenophorol solid state cultures of Pestalotiopsis fici. The novel two metabolites, pestalotriols A and B, featuring a unique spiro [2.5] octane skeleton were also isolated from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici (W106-1) which was isolated from the branches of the tea plant Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) in a suburb of Hangzhou, People's Republic of China [41].

Pestalotiopsol A was also isolated from Pestalotiopsis spp. together with 4-hydroxyphenylethanol [42]. Pestalotiopsis spp. produced abundant compounds with diverse carbon skeletons such as polyketides, caprolactams, chlorinated pupukeanane, benzo [c]oxepin, isoprenylated chromone, benzofuranone-derived γ-lactones, highly functionalized spiroketal, cyclohexanone, ambuic acid, chlorinated benzophenone, cyclopropane, spiro azaphilone, chloropupukeananin, caryophyllene-type, humulane sesquiterpene, isobenzofuranone, and oxysporone [43-45]. Generally accepted that different fermentation conditions for microorganisms are likely to produce different types of secondary metabolites [46]. From many previous studies, Pestalotiopsis spp. produced many interesting bioactive secondary metabolites by using various solid and fermentation media.

Pestalotiopsis biological activities

Fungi of the genus Pestalotiopsis, as one class of the most widely distributed endophytic fungi, are common in their distribution, and many are saprobes, while others are either pathogenic or endophytic to living plants [47-49]. Since discovery of the anticancer agent taxol from an endophytic fungal strain of the genus Pestalotiopsis [35, 36], interest in searching for bioactive compounds from this fungal genus has increased significantly.

Moreover, these compounds from Pestalotiopsis spp. possessed many bioactivities: chloropupukeanolide A, pestalotheol and pestaloficiols, displayed an inhibitory effect on HIV-1; chloropestolide A, photinides, and pestalotiopsones F, showed significant cytotoxic effects; pestalofones , pestalachlorides, ambuic acid, pestalofones and isopestacin, displayed significant antifungal activities; ambuic acids and 6-hydroxypunctaporonins, displayed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacterium; pestalotines, significantly inhibited the radical growth of Echinochloa crusgalli. [50; 51], [33-45].

The plant endophytes, Pestalotiopsis spp., are creative manufacturers of bioactive secondary metabolites. Chemical studies on the fungus, Pestalotiopsis spp. have provided over 70 new natural products from different biosynthetic routes. Some of these metabolites have shown biological activities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial and anti-HIV effects [52].

Nanotechnology for the production of nanoparticles using fungal cells is a recent phenomenon. Fungi are preferred for production of large amounts of nanoparticles over other alternative methods. Fungus like Pestalotiopsis sp. has been used for development of nanoparticles against pathogenic microbes [53]. Though, many papers have been published on the biological synthesis of nanoparticles, the potential of fungi is still much not explored [53]. 

Harmful sides of Pestalotiopsis

Species of this genus may cause diseases on a variety of plants and at times act in a severe manner which results in large plant yield losses [23, 54]. For example, Pestalotiopsis oenotherae was reported to induce leaf spot disease of evening primrose [50].

Five Pestalotiopsis species were isolated and identified according to the morphological characteristics of fungal colony (Colony color, Size and number of acervuli) and conidia (length, width, and color of median cells, length and the number of apical and basal appendages); they were P. psidii, P. microspora, P. clavispora, P. neglecta and Pestalotiopsis spp. All the isolates have pathogenic effect to guava fruits [55].

Isolation, purification, identification of pathogenic fungi that cause guava leaf spot was Pestalotia psidii. Pestalotia spp. took at the last years great attention, where it was isolated from many different plants, i.e. guava leaves and fruits [23], from pecan tree [56], from strawberry fruits [57-59] from olive trees and fruits and from many other plants.

Conclusion

Secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungi will be a cheap source for medical, agriculture and other industries. It is sure that the research on endophytic fungi will lead to isolate more novel compounds. This review demonstrate the chemistry and bioactivities of secondary metabolites from the fungal genus Pestalotiopsis. More than 130 compounds that have been reported from Pestalotiopsis spp. Bioassays revealed that antifungal, antimicrobial and antitumor activities are the most distinguished bioactivities of the secondary metabolites from Pestalotiopsis. Pestalotiopsis is unique endophytic fungus in producing large numbers of secondary metabolites having medicinal and pathogenic control effects. 

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Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

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Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

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Pedro Marques Gomes

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

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Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

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Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

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Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

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Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

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Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

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Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

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Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

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Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad