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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/150
1 Radiology, Mammography Unit, King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC), Amman- Jordan.
2 General Surgery, (KHMC).
3 Radiation Oncology, Queen Alia military hospital, (QAMH)
4 Pathology, Princess Iman Research and Laboratory Science Center, (KHMC)
*Corresponding Author: Bilal A.Al-Bdour. General Surgery, (KHMC).
Citation: Bilal A. Al-Bdour, Hend M.Harahsheh, Rawan M.Ayyad, Laith M.Al-Habahbeh, Ola M.AL Waqfi, (2023), The Accuracy of Mammogram and Ultrasound in Assessment of Tumour Size and Lymph Node Involvement in Invasive Breast Cancer, J. Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics, 7(3); DOI:10.31579/2640-1053/150
Copyright: © 2023, Bilal A.Al-Bdour. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 20 June 2023 | Accepted: 30 June 2023 | Published: 07 July 2023
Keywords: mammography; breast ultrasound; invasive breast carcinoma; axillary lymph node dissection
Objectives: The purpose of our study is to assess the accuracy of mammogram and ultrasound in pre-operative prediction of the tumour size and lymph node involvement in patients with invasive breast carcinoma.
Methods: A retrospective study includes 200 female patients, aged 35 – 75 years diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma at King Hussein Medical Center from October 2014 to August 2018. All patients underwent either modified radical mastectomy or breast conserving surgery with axillary dissection. Results of pre-operative mammogram and ultrasound were collected and compared with the final histopathologic findings.
Results: 84/200 patients (42%) had the same tumour size in both mammographic and histopathologic results. The mammographic tumour size was underestimated in 76 patients (38%), and overestimated in 40 patients (20%). The mean value of underestimation and overestimation of tumour size were 6.96 ± 4.70 mm and 5.30 ± 4.04 mm respectively. The difference and correlation of the mean size between mammography and histopathology were statistically significant (t=-3.83, p=0.000; r=0.93, p<0.05). Moreover mammography accurately determined the tumour size (versus pathological size) within 5 and 10mm, in 77 and 90% of cases, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of axillary ultrasound to detect the lymph node metastasis were 87 and 67% respectively.
Conclusion: The mammography does not seem to be very accurate in detecting the tumour size. The axillary ultrasound is quite sensitive and moderately specific in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastasis.
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide with increasing incidence rates.[1] It ranks second as a cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer), with 15% estimated death in the United States in 2015.[2] In Jordan, breast cancer is the most common cancer in females, accounting for 37.3 % of cancers in females, The crude incidence rate is (30.9) per100,000 female population in 2011. [3]
Both tumour size and presence of metastatic regional lymph nodes have been found to be prognostic factors. [4-7] They are strong predictor of distant metastasis, disease-free and overall survival.[8]The pre-operative assessment of the tumour size and status of axillary lymph nodes can affect the treatment planning, including the type of conservative surgery, the possibility for oncoplastic surgery or to start a neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Identifying an accurate diagnostic tool to effectively manage this disease is critical.[9] Digital mammography (DM) is the preferred breast imaging technique for diagnostic and/or screening purpose.[10] Ultrasound has been regarded as an effective complementary imaging adjunct to mammography in breast cancer screening.[11,12] Despite it being safe and inexpensive, it has been reported to be operator-dependent with low inter-observer agreement, particularly for small malignancies[13].The use of ultrasound with selective ultrasound-guided needle biopsy (UNB), based on ultrasound features of nodes, for preoperative staging of the axilla in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients has been practiced for many years.[14-16]
Various criteria have been used to define abnormal nodes, including morphologic features and/or node size (enlarged nodes), some of the most frequently reported morphologic features [17-23] defining suspicious nodes includes:
• Thickening of the cortex (primary studies have used various thresholds to define thickening, usually 2-3 mm, but some studies have used a wider mm threshold to define thickening). Cortical thickening may be diffuse or focal.
• Cortex shape/appearance: eccentric or irregular, asymmetric and/or lobulated.
• Absence/loss of central fatty hilum (this criterion is predictive of metastases but it is not frequently present, thus it may be insensitive).
• Rounded nodes (ratio of the longitudinal and transverse dimensions).
A retrospective study conducted at King Hussein Medical Center between October 2014 and August 2018 includes two hundred female patients. The mean age was 52 years (range: 35 to 75). Study was approved by the local ethics committee of royal medical services directorate of the Jordanian army. All patients are diagnosed with breast invasive ductal carcinoma or invasive lobular carcinoma and underwent either modified radical mastectomy (MRM) or breast conserving surgery (lumpectomy) with axillary dissection (AD). Bilateral mammogram was performed using standard cranio-caudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views with 45º projections and adequate breast compression. Mammography interpretation and ultrasound were done by a senior specialist in the mammography unit (radiology department) at King Hussein Medical Center. Whereby all the results were pre-operatively classified as BIRADS 3 or more. The histopathologic reports were approved by a consultant specialised in breast pathology.
Data was reviewed from medical records including pre-operative mammography, breast and axillary ultrasound and final histopathologic reports. The pre-operative tumour size measurement in mm was correlated with results obtained from final histopathologic examination (real tumor size), always the largest tumour diameter is considered in each case. The exclusion criteria includes: positive margins, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, multicentric and multifocal tumours and ductal carcinoma in situ.
Axillary ultrasound results were also correlated with lymph nodes status in final histopathologic report. In this study the sonographic criteria of positivity for axillary lymph node metastasis are increase node size (enlarged node), thickening of the cortex and loss of central fatty hilum
We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of mammography and ultrasonography in predicting the tumour size and axillary lymph nodes involvement. Data analysis was done using the IBM SPSS statistics 20. A paired t-test was used to assess the difference in tumour size. Data were presented in term of mean ± standard deviation, and p-value < 0>
A total of 200 patients were included in this study. The mean age was 52 years (range: 35-75). All patients underwent either MRM or breast conserving surgery with AD. The majority of patients, 184 (92%) had invasive ductal carcinoma, and 16 patients (8%) had invasive lobular carcinoma. The T1, T2 and T3 status distribution was 17.5, 68.5 and 14% respectively. None of our cases were T4 stage.
Eighty-four out of two hundred patients (42%) had the same tumour size in both mammographic and histopathologic results. In 116/200 patients there was deference in size. Furthermore, the tumour size was underestimated in 76 (38%) patients, overestimated in 40 (20%) patients (Figure. 1).
Figure 1: Percentage of mammographic accuracy.
The mean tumour size measured by mammography and histopathology was 32.36±14.64 and 33.87±15.11 mm respectively. The mean value of underestimation and overestimation of tumour size were 6.96 ± 4.70 and 5.3 ± 4.04 mm, respectively. Lastly, the difference and correlation of the mean size between mammography and histopathology were statistically significant t=-3.83, p=0.000 ;( r=0.93, p<0>
Tumor size
| Accuracy within 5 mm No. of patients (n=200) % | Accuracy within 10 mm No. of patients(n=200) % |
| Matched | 154 77 | 180 90 |
| Overestimated | 12 6 | 4 2 |
| Underestimated | 34 17 | 16 8 |
Table I: Distribution of actual accuracy to detect tumor Size. mammogram Vs histopathology within 5 and 10 mm.
The mean number of dissected axillary lymph node was 20 (ranges: 10 – 43). Fortyeight patients (24%) had no lymph node metastasis, while 152 patients (76%) had lymph node metastasis. The N0, N1, N2 and N3 status distribution was 24, 31, 25 and 20%, respeczzzzztively. In axillary ultrasound, using the lymph node morphology as a criteria for positivity (increase size, thick cortex and loss of fatty hilum), sensitivity and specificity were found to be 87 and 67%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV) were 88 and 66% respectively. (Table II).
| % | No. of patients (n=200) | Findings |
| 63.5 | 127 | True positive |
| 18.5 | 37 | True negative |
| 8.5 | 17 | False positive |
| 9.5 | 19 | False negative |
Table II: Axillary ultrasound (US) results
121 patients with primary breast cancer were evaluated in a retrospective analysis. The median age was 57 years (range 35–92). An IDC was present in 33.9% of the cases. 31.4% of the patients were allocated to the IDC + DCIS tumour group, and a DCIS alone or ILC alone were found in 12.4% and 14.9% respectively. “Other tu- mours” occurred in 7.4% of the cases 121 patients with primary breast cancer were evaluated in a retrospective analysis. The median age was 57 years (range 35–92). An IDC was present in 33.9% of the cases. 31.4% of the patients were allocated to the IDC + DCIS tumour group, and a DCIS alone or ILC alone were found in 12.4% and 14.9% respectively. “Other tu- mours” occurred in 7.4% of the cases 121 patients with primary breast cancer were evaluated in a retrospective analysis. The median age was 57 years (range 35–92). An IDC was present in 33.9% of the cases. 31.4% of the patients were allocated to the IDC + DCIS tumour group, and a DCIS alone or ILC alone were found in 12.4% and 14.9% respectively. “Other tu- mours” occurred in 7.4% of the cases
In breast carcinoma, tumour size and Lymph node number are the two important prognostic factors. [24] In a study with 20-year follow-up, Rosen et al. reported a recurrence-free survival rate of 88% for <1>
In the present study 84/200 patients (42%) had the same tumor size in both mammography and histopathologic results. In 116/200 patient there was a difference in size. The mean value of difference estimated by mammography and histopathology was 1.51± 5.57 mm, while the minimum and maximum deference ranges from 1-20 mm. The tumour size was underestimated in 76 patients (38%), and it was overestimated in 40 patients (20%). Further more the mean value of underestimation and overestimation of tumour size were 6.96 ± 4.7 and 5.3 ± 4.04 mm, respectively. The mammography accurately determined the tumor size (versus pathologic size) within 5 and 10mm, in 77 and 90% of cases, respectively.
The study by Hieken et al. [3] also showed a size underestimation with mammography, which was at- tributed to the high compression of the breast during the examination. Furthermore, the mammographic size estimation is also negatively affected by breast density
The study by Hieken et al. [3] also showed a size underestimation with mammography, which was at- tributed to the high compression of the breast during the examination. Furthermore, the mammographic size estimation is also negatively affected by breast density The study by Hieken et al. [3] also showed a size underestimation with mammography, which was at- tributed to the high compression of the breast during the examination. Furthermore, the mammographic size estimation is also negatively affected by breast density The study by Hieken et al. [3] also showed a size underestimation with mammography, which was at- tributed to the high compression of the breast during the examination. Furthermore, the mammographic size estimation is also negatively affected by breast densi The total number of involved nodes gives a prognostic marker which is directly related to the recurrence rate and indirectly related to overall survival. In a study of 1,741 cases, the 10- year survival of patients with N0, N1, N2, and N3 was 75%, 62%, 42%, and 20% respectively. [27]
In a study done by Alvarez et al, on sonography of axilla without palpable nodes, if the size of the node (> 5 mm) or its visibility was used as a criterion for positivity, the sensitivity and specificity varied from 48.8 to 87.1% and from 55.6 to 97.3, respectively. On the other hand, If the morphology of the node was used as the criterion for positivity, sensitivity and specificity varied from 26.4 to 75.9% and from 88.4 to 98.1%, respectively. If palpable and non-palpable nodes are included and if the size (> 5 mm) or visibility on sonography of the node was used as the criterion for positivity, sensitivity ranged from 66.1 to 72.7%, while specificity ranged from 44.1 to 97.9%.[28] Table III shows the sensitivity and the specificity of axillary ultrasonography in the detection of lymph node metastasis in ten international studies that used the lymph node size and the node morphology as criteria for positivity.
In our study we used the node size, thickening of the cortex and loss of fatty hilum as a criterion for positivity. Therein, sensitivity and specificity were 87 and 67%, respectively.
This study demonstrates that the mammography does not seem to be very accurate in detecting the tumor size. Moreover, the axillary ultrasound is quite sensitive and moderately specific in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastasis.
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