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Research | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/117
1,2 Department of Genetics, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan (RKMSP), Kolkata, India.
*Corresponding Author: Aniket Adhikari, Department of Genetics, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan (RKMSP).
Citation: Aniket Adhikari, Madhusnata De. (2022). Study of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population. Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics. 6(3); Doi:10.31579/2640-1053/117
Copyright: © 2022 Aniket Adhikari, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 11 April 2022 | Accepted: 02 May 2022 | Published: 10 May 2022
Keywords: superoxide dismutase; ros; betel quid; oral squamous cell carcinoma
Introduction: Betel quid (BQ) chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut (Areca catechu), catechu (Acacia catechu) and slaked lime (calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide) wrapped in a betel leaf (Piper betel). BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as group I human carcinogens . Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyse decomposition of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC (Oral squamous cell carcinoma) or oral cancer.
Methods: In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery &E.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital (RKMSP), Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of superoxide dismutase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (SPECORD 50 PLUS) at a wavelength of 420 nm.
Results: Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Superoxide dismutase values are lower in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant.
Conclusion: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis.
A molecular fragment which contains an odd number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell known as radical which is capable of existing freely (i.e. free). They may interact with cellular macromolecules such as DNA, protein, lipid and carbohydrate to initiate inflammatory, toxic or carcinogenic processes. Well‑known risk factors are consumption of smokeless tobacco mainly betel quid (BQ) with areca nut, which result in increased free radicals production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced following single electron reductions of molecular oxygen. Antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT)) catalyse decomposition of ROS. Redox modulation is mostly observed by distinctive changes in the enzyme activities systems in oxidative stress. As a result of these, the stability between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) ( Yokoe H, et al; 2009) .
The pH (changes mainly during betel quid chewing) of body fluids due to smokeless tobacco consumption affects the formation and stabilization of free radicals. The alkaline conditions observed in betel nut chewing are reported to favour the formation of free radicals. In multi stage process of carcinogenesis (by bringing out a continuous endogenous damage to cellular DNA), these Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide are directly involved. (Patel et al; 2005).
The superoxide dismutase (SODs) are the first and most important line of antioxidant enzyme defense systems against ROS (Chang et al.1988, Keller et al.1991, Crapo et al.1992; Liou et al.1993). Cancer development can be described by three stages: initiation, promotion and progression, and ROS can act in all these stages of carcinogenesis in the cell by mutagenesis, cytotoxicity, and changes in gene [removed]Klaunig and Kamendulis 2004).Calcium hydroxide content of lime in the presence of the areca nut (One of the major component of betel quid) is primarily responsible for the formation of ROS that might cause oxidative damage in the DNA of buccal mucosa cells of betel quid chewers, leading to OSCC ( Nair et al; 1990).
(A) Screening of Subjects:
I) Camp in Eastern India, II) Camp in North East India and III) patients attending ENT and Maxillofacial department, RKMSP hospital, Kolkata, India.
I) Eastern India Camp: - 220 subjects were screened at a camp held in Bankura, Atghara and Purba Midnapur of West Bengal. Out of them, more than 60% were betel quid chewers.
II) North East India Camp: - 56 subjects were screened at a camp held in Karimganj, Assam. Out of them, 58% were betel quid chewers.
III) RKMSP Hospital, Kolkata: 2885 cases attending in one year at E.N.T OPD and Oral Maxillofacial OPD of RKMSP Hospital, Kolkata. 35 Patient were selected for our study. More than 68% were betel quid chewers. Out of 35, 40
Note: Most of them are betel quid chewers and percentages of male cases are higher in age of 51-60 years.
Inference: Super oxide dismutase value are lower in healthy control than cancer cases with and without betel quid chewers (p < 0>
In this Study Superoxide dismutase activity of cancer cases showed about higher as compared to healthy individuals.
In this study, Super oxide dismutase values are lower in healthy control than cancer cases with and without betel quid chewers which is statistically significant (p < 0>
This study was approved by the institutional ethical committee on October 2013. No. ECR/150/Inst/WB/2013 issued under Rule 122DD of the Drugs & Cosmetics Rules 1945.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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