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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/158
1Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Sharkia, 44519, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author: Mahmoud M. Sebaiy, Maternal and Newborn Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
Citation: Abdullah A. El-Shanawany, Abdul Rahman A. Tantawi, Abdulrahman A. Abdullah, Abdulrahman S. Al-Hadi, Abdulrahman A. Suleiman, (2023) Rel Female Genital Mutilation: Impact on Knowledge, Attitude, Sexual Score Domains and Intention of Females in Northern Upper Egypt. Archives of Medical Case Reports and Case Study, 7(1); DOI:10.31579/2692-9392/158
Copyright: © 2023 Mahmoud M. Sebaiy, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 25 November 2022 | Accepted: 12 December 2022 | Published: 02 January 2023
Keywords: ribavirin; antiviral; pharmacokinetic; mechanism of action; analytical methods
Ribavirin is a synthetic purine nucleoside analog with a broad spectrum of antiviral activity. It’s critical to understand the pharmacokinetic characteristics and the mechanism of action of ribavirin. As such, it is crucial to focus on analytical methods that can allow specific, sensitive, and accurate measurement of ribavirin, so we introduce in this literature the last up to date of these methods in different matrices.
Ribavirin (RBV, Figure 1) is chemically nomenclated as ([(2R,3R,4S,5R)3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl) oxolan-2-yl]-1,2,4-triazole-3 carboxamide). It is a nucleoside analogue and antiviral agent used in therapy of chronic hepatitis C in combination with other antiviral agents with the goal of achieving sustained virologic response (SVR). It's also been used to treat hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, and SARS. RBV has some significant side effect with more than 10% of cases suffer from: dermatologic, endocrine & metabolic, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and anemia [1,2].
For the determination of RBV in various forms, a variety of analytical approaches have been used. As such, RBV has been explored in terms of chemical properties, mechanism of action, and the most reported analytical methods for determining this medication in various matrices in this review article.
Mechanism of Action
RBV is said to have several mechanisms of actions that lead to inhibition of viral RNA and protein synthesis. Ribavirin triphosphate (RTP) is the most common metabolite that inhibits viral mRNA polymerase directly by attaching to the enzyme's nucleotide binding site. This prevents the proper nucleotides from binding, resulting in reduced viral replication. RTP also has an inhibiting effect on dengue virus mRNA guanylyl transferase and mRNA 2′-O-methyltransferase. Inhibition of these enzymes causes RBV to be integrated at the 5′ end of viral mRNA instead of guanosine, disrupting posttranslational capping and preventing cap methylation [3].
Another method of RBV action is the inhibition of host inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and subsequent depletion of the GTP pool. IMPDH catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the formation of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) when inosine 5′-monophosphate is transformed to xanthine monophosphate. Later, GMP is transformed to guanosine triphosphate (GTP). RBV monophosphate is a competitive inhibitor of IMPDH that mimics inosine 5′-monophosphate. Reduced intracellular GTP pools and inhibited de novo guanine nucleotide synthesis reduce viral protein synthesis and limit viral genome replication [4].
Figure 1: Chemical structure of Ribavirin.
Review of analytical methods
Various techniques were used for the analysis of Ribavirin in its pure forms, in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids.
The available reported methods in the literature can be summarized as follows:
1.Spectroscopic methods
1.1. Spectrophotometric method
1.2. Spectrofluorimetric methods
2. Chromatographic methods
3. Electro Chemical Method
By the end of this literature review, we would like to emphasize that we continue in our current project to provide an updated reviews on diseases and drugs chemistry that help the humanity all over the world [25-60].
For a better understanding of Ribavirin, several analytical methods have been developed, and we have covered so many of them in this literature review, spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric, and chromatographic methods such as HPLC with UV-absorbance or MS detection, some of them offers adequate sensitivity and specificity for the analysis of different samples.
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