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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2767-7370/014
*Corresponding Author: Ahmad Khalaf Alkhawaldeh, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Jordan.
Citation: Ahmad Khalaf Alkhawaldeh. Smart Care Business Uses the Internet of Things, J. New Medical Innovations and Research, 2(3): DOI: 10.31579/ 2767-7370 /014.
Copyright: © 2021 Ahmad Khalaf Alkhawaldeh. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 03 April 2021 | Accepted: 10 April 2021 | Published: 15 April 2021
Keywords: sensor; smart machine; internet of things (IoT); arrhythmia; arrhythmic signs; biosensor; electrocardiogram; nanotechnology
It is important to increase the quality of health and medicine. A wearable system for continuous monitoring of the patient is important to overcome this issue. Thus, a patient with Arrhythmia due to its low cost and success in saving the life of the patient was the right option for the care partner. In addition, the device will provide a consumer with a smart smartphone application with accurate pulse beat and body temperature data in real-time. MAX 30100 and LM35 are primarily used for the detection of human heart and temperature. An arrhythmia algorithm in the esp32 segment generates the performance of these sensors.
An increasing number of elderly people is a challenge because they have high predisposition to heart disease, so they need to be monitored (Alkhawaldeh et al, 2020). According to the UN World Health Organization (WHO), the elder population will exceed the population of children younger than 5 years. In 2020, the elder population will continue to grow at an unexpected rate. A recent statistic for National Institute of Health (NIH) shows that 617 million people worldwide are over 65 years old. Heart disease is one of the main causes of sudden deaths, Recent statistic of National Health Service (NHS) shows that there are more than 2 million people a year in the United Kingdom (UK) suffer arrhythmia. Early detection and treatment prevent occur sudden deaths (Almatarneh, et al., 2019).
Heart rhythm problem (arrhythmias) occurs when heartbeats are irregular because the electrical signals are not working correctly. The regular heartbeats rate for normal people at rest is between 60 and 100 beats per minute (BPM). Doctors classify arrhythmias into two types according to their location or speed.
Figure 2 shows the causes of Arrhythmia and Figure 3 shows the symptoms of Arrhythmia.
Currently, in the market, there are several Internet of Things (IoT) devices able to collect patient vital signs. However, the price of these devices makes them unattainable for the most part of the population. Therefore, as engineering means helping those most in need, this project is providing a medical companion system with high availability, high performance, and low cost which is the main aim and aspire of this study.
The aim of this project is to provide a medical companion system with high performance and low cost for helping people who are suffering arrhythmia by monitoring their vital signs with a smartphone application that is designed to follow up the patient and generate an alarm if the heart rates are indicating a dangerous situation and need assistance.
In previous years, several methods have been presented in the area of arrhythmia detection to monitor the patient in a simple way. This section will present (or discuss) these methods. Firstly. Karim Mohammad designed and implement an embedded system for monitoring cardiac disease by detecting the patient’s heartbeat using an electrocardiogram (ECG) (Altweiq and Alkhawaldeh, 2019).
Design a system, which automatically detects the abnormal heartbeat, and then call the helpline in an abnormal situation using a GSM module. Niralex implemented a chip for measuring Straightness Training (ST) evaluation and alert the patient who suffers a heart disease. The abnormal heart situation is detected by characterizing the points of electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform, in which the discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) algorithm is used to characterize the points (Alkhawaldeh et al, 2020).
A system for elderly people, this system is a walking stick, which placed in it a transmitter that contains a biosensor and amplifier circuitry to amplify the heartbeat signal and the receiver system is worn by the elderly that contains a microcontroller and GSM. Designed a personal heart rate monitoring system using a biometric sensor. This system is very useful to a patient who wants to detect his heart rate by himself. Implemented a system for ECG monitoring using a microcontroller and biosensors to detect the heart rate. The heartbeat can be monitored based on the detected ECG signal (Selvathi, et al. 2017).
Ufoaroh proposed a real-time system for monitoring a heartbeat. The system monitors the heart rate. In a critical situation, it sends an SMS alert to the medical experts and patients' family members. Ricardo Joaquinito designed a prototype model to measure the biosignal, for wireless data transmission to a smartphone; he uses ARM processor and Bluetooth (Alkhawaldeh, and Alkhawaldeh, 2020).
Finally, IZCI and Mehmet Akif proposed an algorithm based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) to detect the arrhythmia in four steps; as follows:
As seen in the above literature survey, it covers a variety of such methods and applications of arrhythmia detection. This project primarily focuses on what has been concluded and developed to come up with a new method of a wireless device that is connected with a mobile application; used to periodically monitor one’s heartbeats and temperature. Moreover, sent an alert in an abnormal situation (Gp and amp. 2019).
The fourth industrial revolution is expected to significantly influence the way individuals live and in that case change society in different aspects. It appears in several fields such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Nanotechnology, 3D printing, Quantum computing, Fifth-generation wireless technologies (5G), and Internet of Things (IoT).
All these fields appeared to massively effect and develop the smart systems and the smart world concept with their several applications. Smart systems make human life more convenient and easier. It has a huge influence on everyone’s life as technology is updated day by day. The block diagram of the smart System is shown in Figure 4. It consists of 5 modules which are; Sensors, Data acquisition (DAQ), Processing Unit, Communication, and Power requirements (Fariborzi, et al. 2007).
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): they are group of sensors that are used to transport or tracking specific chemical or physical phenomenon Such as heat, humidity, vibration, and light, then transmit these data wirelessly to data processing centre without need the presence of human being in a place of the phenomenon. It consists of several numbers of different small sensor nodes communicate wirelessly to each other, and have intelligent sensors to monitor the changes in surrounding then collected, processed and sent to monitors. There are many applications on WSN as Military observation, Monitor traffic, Protection of infrastructure, and Tracking objects
Machine-to-Machine Communication (M2M): It is technology to the development of IOT, and one of the first application of IOT. It allows the wireless and wired communications systems to communicate with other system and devices that have the same capacity. it uses some devices to take event then transmit over the wireless, wired and hybrid network to convert this event to the application. The expansion of wireless network around the world made a simple way to connect M2M and reduced the time and power needed to exchange information between machines, in result M2M is expanded and turned into a large system of a network to transmit most of the data to personal application. It is used in many applications as Health, Security and Safety, Smart Environment, Transportation. Hopefully, this technology is going to support generation cellular networks like 5G.
Internet of Things (IoT): It is the most important expression appears recently of modern technology that means a new generation of the internet that enables the communication between interconnected devices together via Internet Protocol. These devices consist of computers, phones, sensors, several tools of Artificial Intelligence and other tools. it is a contact between people, computers and smartphones through a single global network and through a traditional known internet protocol which allows people to be free to control any devices whether near or far without having to be in a specific place to deal with devices. In fact, it can be useful in several applications as smart cities, transportation, smart home, remote healthcare, education, traffic management, security, as result IOT is very useful for human life. The block diagram of the medical companion project is shown in the Figure 5.
Nowadays, wearable devices become the most personal devices. They can expedite the speed of directing users to IoT. Moreover, they will be the entrance of IoT.
On-Field Network:
Every wearable device consists of MAX30100 and LM35 sensor, and Esp32.
Nowadays, Data analysis is one of the most important tasks in any project and not confined to Information Technology (IT) experts only. Due to the lack of technical expertise and resources, many non-technical cannot perform data analysis for their vast datasets. In fact, they do not need to perform large-scale analytics to fulfil their limited analysis, whereas Google provides a comprehensive set of data analysis tools for non-technical users. A set of Google tools Google Maps, Google Sheets, Google Charts, and Google Cloud. Google cloud is a suite of cloud computing services that allow the user to access their data via an Internet service connection on any device.
User Platform
The smartphone may become a second screen Internet of Things (IoT) future shaped by wearable devices, as wearable devices get smarter. As part of the development process of smartphones, mobile applications are also being more developed to meet customers’ needs and deliver more services.
From this perspective, a mobile application was built to be a part of this project, in order to continually receive the data of the patient’s heartbeats and temperature, whether it was via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth in case of Wi-Fi disconnection. It is also important to mention that the Wi-Fi is used to upload this data to Google Cloud to be analysed.
Physical Quantities
Sensor Definition
A device that responds to some type of input from the physical environments and detects the change in environmental phenomena. The input of the sensor could be heat, light, pressure, or any of other environmental phenomena and the output is a signal that converted to human-readable display.
From Figure 6, the sensor is a device that detects the physical environment and convert it into an electrical signal, which the controller can read it.
Classification
The sensors are classified into the following criteria:
There are certain features that must take into consideration when choosing a sensor:
The sensor can measure table 1 shows the different kinds of physical change.
The Medical Companion project measure temperature and heart rate. However, there are many kinds of temperature and heart rate, these kinds will discuss as follows:
This sensor collects information about temperature, and then converts it into a form that is suitable for reading by the microcontroller.
Semiconductor-based sensors are the sensor that will be used in this project to measure the temperature, and there are many kinds of them, which one of them will be chosen for this project.
Specifications From Table 3 Lm35 sensor will be chosen for Medical Companion project.
Heart Rate sensor: a sensor used to measure heartbeat in real time
Specifications From Table 4 MAX30100 sensor will be chosen for the Medical Companion project
Is the process of gathering of signals from the measurement of physical phenomena. This physical could be heartbeat for the patient, or his temperature. Then convert these signals to electrical signals. According to National Instruments (NI) the DAQ system consists of computer with programmable software, DAQ measurement hardware, and sensors.
According to Figure 9. DAQ hardware consists of Signal conditioning and analogue-digital converter:
Signal conditioning elements: Is the manipulation of a signal by convert the output of physical quantities, in a way suitable to prepare it for the next stage of processing.
Successive Approximation A/D Converter (SAR): It uses a digital logic that gathers between the analogue input voltage and the closest value, this circuit consists of a D/A converter, output latches, comparator, and successive approximation register (SAR). It is faster than the two previous ADCs that have been discussed and the most modern one.
There are many types of processors that are used in the smart systems. The most used processors are:
MCs are used to control devices automatically, such as medical devices, automobile engine control systems, power tools, remote controls, appliances toys, office machines and other embedded systems. The MC is more economical because its design is created to reduce the cost and size compared to other designs that use separate memory, MP, and input/output devices.
Programmable System-on-Chip (PSoC) is a family of Microcontroller integrated circuits by Cypress Semiconductor. It composed of a CPU core, programmable interconnect architecture, and configurable analogue and digital blocks. There are many types of PCoC, Table 6 will discuss the most common types of them.
Espressif Systems produce a range of high-performance Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules. They work with original equipment manufacturers to add wireless connectivity to their product. Espressif devices will be used in Medical Companion project, due to their low-cost and high performance that they provide, which make them the best choice for this project. However, there are many types of Espressif devices, these types will be discussed as follows in table 7 bellow:
After studying the characteristics of each type, Esp32 was the best choice for this project and this is due to the following reasons:
One of the most important features of human society is the need for others. No one can live in isolation from others, be far from them or not communicating with them. Efforts have been always made to search for ways to facilitate communication between people. The purpose of communication is to create channels between groups and individuals in a way that ensures speed and determine the destination of the communication. In previous communities, they have emerged in the use of pigeons in the delivery of written messages between people and between countries, but in this era, we live in this matter easier and faster than before, thanks to the emergence of communication systems modern wired and wireless.
In the 20th and 21 centuries, we now have the means of telecommunications through fixed telephone networks. These networks have been providing fixed communication services through their presence in companies, homes, public and private institutions. As the progress of science emerged wireless communications that used technology Cellular networks in the provision of mobile communications services characterized by fast communication and ease of transition and flexibility of the system, and the breadth of spatial coverage as well as the abundance of service features provided by networks of cellular service providers.
The wired system in communications means that broadcast and reception (transmission) of information (data) over a wire between transmitter and receiver. Wire include transmission line like:
Wireless communication is a transfer of information and power between transmitter and receiver without the use of wire conduction, the transfer process done by using Electromagnetic (EM) waves and with remote controlled this information by EM wave, the most common use radio waves. There are many types of the wireless communication including Bluetooth, wireless network, mobile broadband, Wi-Fi, and Wi-Max.
After studying the characteristics of each type, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth were the best choice for this project.
In the world we are living today, almost everything around us require electrical source. The source power may simply come from an electrical outlet from the electric power grid or storage devices such as batteries. The Figure 15 presents the types of power sources used; which are briefly discussed below.
Mains: There are many areas of energy resources. They mainly fall into two categories: non-renewable and renewable resources.
Nuclear energy though can be considered as either non-renewable or renewable; as nuclear energy, itself is a renewable energy source but the material used in nuclear power plants is not (Krishan, et al., 2019).
They contain two or more voltaic cells, which are connected in series to produce a constant DC voltage at the terminals of the battery's output. These voltaic cells use a chemical reaction to produce electrical energy.
The voltage output for a battery is determined by:
1- The elements used for the electrodes. 2- The size of the electrodes.
3- The type of electrolyte used.
There are two kinds of batteries as shown in figure 15, depends on the cells used to form the battery:
Medical companion is a wearable device that makes the Batteries the best choice for the power source instead of mains that will be used in this project.
The secondary rechargeable battery is the type used in this project, as it can be recharged many times and has a much lower total cost of ownership and environmental impact. The most common ones are Lead Acid, Nickel- cadmium, Nickel-metal-hydride, Lithium-ion and Lithium-ion-polymer. Lithium-ion-polymer was the best choice upon these types to be used. Although it has the highest cost; it has the longest cycle life, fastest charging time and it is the least toxic one. This type has excellent energy density and capacity. In addition to that, the solid polymer cell does not require the heavy protective cases of conventional batteries. Therefore, the cells can be formed into flat sheets, which fit the device implemented in this project.
As a result of this study and doing this medical companion system, a real-time operating system for monitoring patients is provided with low-cost, which enable more people to be able to buy it. This system also delivers the recorded data to a mobile app on the patient's smartphone and simplifies the tracking process of patients by automatically sending their location in emergencies.
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