Sexually Transmitted Infections, Sexual and Reproductive Coercion: Report from Russia

Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/622

Sexually Transmitted Infections, Sexual and Reproductive Coercion: Report from Russia

  • Jargin SV *

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia.

*Corresponding Author: Jargin SV, Faculty of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia.

Citation: Jargin SV, (2026), Sexually Transmitted Infections, Sexual and Reproductive Coercion: Report from Russia, J Clinical Research and Reports, 23(5); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/622

Copyright: © 2026, Jargin SV. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 23 March 2026 | Accepted: 06 April 2026 | Published: 27 April 2026

Keywords: sexually transmitted infections; gonorrhea; sexual coercion; reproductive coercion; russia

Abstract

There is no reliable statistics about the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Russia because many people concealed the disease, gonorrhea in particular, and practiced self-treatment. The main reason has been the lengthy and unpleasant therapy in the dermatovenereological dispensaries (prevention and treatment centers). Responsible individuals administered themselves regular courses of antibiotics, but others treated themselves inadequately and continued spreading STI. Thanks to the free internet resources, many guidelines are adjusted to the international standards today. However, the human factor has remained largely unchanged, so that a relapse of suboptimal practices and policies is not excluded. Several extracts from instructions by the Ministry of Health, handbooks and manuals recommending invasive methods of therapy and provocation are discussed here. It is too early to discard the topical therapy of gonorrhea. There are concerns that some infections may become untreatable by antibiotics. One of the factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance is the use of antibiotics in the cattle feeding, addition of antibiotics to milk and other perishable foodstuff in this country. Irresponsible use of antibiotics beyond their evidence-based medical applications may accelerate the acquisition of resistance by different microbial populations. Furthermore, some aspects of sexual and reproductive coercion are discussed here.

Introduction

A recently published book [1], discussed invasive procedures used in Russian healthcare without sufficient indications. Among others, the following has been analyzed: the overuse of thoracic surgery for tuberculosis, bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases, overtreatment of radiation-related lesions, spleno-renal anastomosis in diabetes, excessive and compulsory treatments of alcoholics, cauterization of cervical ectopy regardless of the presence of epithelial dysplasia. Some methods are reappearing, notably, in publications from military medical instructions, e.g. gastrectomy (resection) for peptic ulcers [2], discussed in [3]. Considering the breast cancer incidence, millions of women in the former Soviet Union (SU) underwent Halsted and lately of Patey mastectomy with removal of pectoral muscles without indications, often sans informed consent [1]. Justifications of surgical hyper-radicalism could be heard in private conversations among medics, for example: “The hopelessly ill are dangerous” i.e. may commit reckless acts undesirable by the totalitarian state. For example, glioblastoma patients were routinely operated on, while it was believed by some staff that the treatment was generally useless, just forcing many patients to spend the rest of their lives in bed. The training of medical personnel has been another motive. This topic is interconnected with certain features of Russian healthcare, namely paternalism, authoritative management style, occasional disregard for the principles of informed consent, professional autonomy and scientific polemics. In conditions of paternalism, misinformation of patients, persuasion and compulsory treatments are deemed permissible.

Some human factors and guidelines in Russian healthcare have not substantially changed since the Soviet time. The non-observance of professional autonomy has been a contributing factor. The exaggerated care of war veterans is showcased these days. They enjoy advantages in the healthcare and everyday life; there are, however, misgivings that the veteran status has been awarded gratuitously to some individuals from the privileged milieu. In fact, many World War II veterans had been maltreated in 1990-2005, when the average expectation of life at birth has fallen especially for males; by 1993 it had slumped to 58-58 years. The healthcare deteriorated at that time. It is known that percentage of alcohol consumers is relatively high among military veterans. In the course of the anti-alcohol campaign (1985-1989) they were factually coerced to queue hours on end at bottle stores or to consume non-beverage alcohol. Inexpensive beerhouses were crowded while visitors usually stood on their feet. Standing for a long time is undue hardship for aged people especially after work. Their counterparts in Europe are sitting in comfortable beerhouses consuming products of better quality than those available in the Russian Federation (RF). Since the 1990s poor-quality toxic liquids have been sold in ordinarily labeled bottles through legally operating shops, kiosks and eateries generally with the knowledge of authorities. There have been mass poisonings with lethal outcomes; details and references are in the book [4].

Sexually transmitted infections (STI)

There is no reliable statistics about the incidence of STI in RF because many people conceal the disease, gonorrhea (Gn) in particular, and practice self-treatment. A reason was the lengthy and unpleasant therapy at the dermatovenereological dispensaries (prevention and treatment centers). Responsible individuals administered themselves regular courses of antibiotics, but others treated themselves inadequately and continued spreading STI. Thanks to the free Internet resources, many guidelines are adjusted to the international standards, which is discussed here below. Therapy of STI is available in private clinics. However, the human factor has remained largely unchanged, so that a comeback of suboptimal practices and policies is not excluded. Finally, the obstacles to the importation of drugs and medical equipment should be mentioned. Domestic products are promoted sometimes despite suboptimal quality and possible counterfeiting. Therefore, some efficient drugs are unavailable in Russian pharmacies.

Here are presented and discussed several extracts from instructions by the Ministry of Health, handbooks and manuals that contained essentially the same recommendations. If the signs of inflammation persist longer than 5-7 days after a course of antibiotics, even in the absence of Neisseria gonorrheae in urethral smears, a topical therapy was recommended. In the Instruction by the Health Ministry it was written that in acute gonorrhea topical treatment should be started after the completion of a course of antibiotics [5]. In torpid or chronic form of the disease, topical therapy is performed prior to the antibiotic treatment (at a hospital) or thereafter (in ambulant patients). The sexual contacts were to be treated the same way as the patients with chronic Gn, also if no N. gonorrheae are found in the smears [5]. Earlier instructions and monographs recommended the topical therapy for acute Gn [6]. The following treatments were recommended: instillations into the urethra of potassium permanganate or 0.25-1 % silver nitrate solution with an additional treatment of focal lesions by 10-20 % silver nitrate via urethroscope. Bougienage, urethral massage on the urethroscope, and tamponade of the urethra were recommended both for soft and hard infiltration (beyond the acute phase) with subsequent smearing of the urethral mucosa by Ichthammol (Ichthyol), a substance derived from oil shale [6,7]. Carcinogenicity of Ichthammol and Vishnevski liniment containing xeroform and tar cannot be excluded. According to another instruction, “In case of a mixed or hard infiltration a tamponade of the urethra should be performed… Colliculitis is treated by bouginage” [8]. The same recommendations, including instillations of silver nitrate, tamponade and bouginage can be found in textbooks [9,10]. There was also research on Gn with instillation into the urethra of different substances such as oxygen foam, gastric juice or various herbal decoctions [11-13].

The tests of cure, recommended for all treated patients, included different kinds of provocations. Chemical provocations in men included instillations of silver nitrate solution into the urethra, in women - smearing of the urethral mucosa with 1-2 % and cervical canal with 2-5 % silver nitrate solution or Lugol’s iodine solution with glycerol. Mechanical provocations included urethroscopy and urethral massage on the urethroscope or bougie [5,9]. If symptoms reappear, also in the absence of gonococci in the smears, the treatment and tests of cure were to be repeated. The urethral discharge is examined 24, 48 and 72 hours after the provocation; in the absence of discharge, an examination of secretions from the prostate and seminal vesicles was recommended. If no N. gonorrheae were found after the first provocation, a combined provocation including urethroscopy must be performed a month later [5].

In women, the topical treatment was recommended for “fresh torpid” and chronic Gn [5,10]. However, some earlier instructions and monographs recommended topical treatment (urethra washings, instillations) in women also for acute Gn [5,14]. Bimanual examination and urethroscopy, quite unpleasant in cases with inflammation, were recommended for women both in acute and chronic Gn [15], whereas technical difficulties of the urethroscope insertion were pointed out [16]. Considerable discomfort must have been associated with those “technical difficulties”. The following was recommended for patients with chronic urethritis: instillations of silver nitrate solution, smearing of the urethral and cervical mucosa with Ichthammol [17] or Vishnevski liniment [18], urethral massage on the urethroscope, coagulation of inflamed paraurethral glands [7,15,17], coagulation of cervical ectopies (ectropions). It should be commented that diathermocoagulation (electrocautery) or other ablative treatments of the cervical ectopy in the absence of epithelial dysplasia was performed routinely without preceding Pap-smears. Cervical erosions and ectopies were found at mass prophylactic checkups and treated by electro- or thermocautery [19].

If at the first appointment N. gonorrheae is not found in the urethral smears, a provocation by means of an instillation of silver nitrate solution into the urethra and cervical canal was recommended [15]. The test of cure included urethroscopy [14]. The combined provocation in women was performed 7-10 days after the treatment, then repeated after the next menstruation, and then again after 2-3 menstrual periods. The combined provocations repeated thrice have been recommended also for Gn in female adolescents and children [20-22]. If the symptoms persisted, but no gonococci are found in the smears, the treatment like for chronic Gn was prescribed. In consequence of such approach, non-gonococcal urethritides were sometimes treated by means of the topical procedures described above. For women with suspected gonorrhea and for those with urogenital inflammatory conditions of unclear etiology, some instructions recommended the same treatment as for chronic Gn [7,15].

The methods of local treatment and provocation described above were not mentioned by internationally used handbooks, reviews and recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO), while the bougienage is recommended only for strictures. The topical treatment was inherited from the pre-antibiotic era. However, observant tactics without invasive manipulations was advocated in the 1930s [23]. After the discovery of antibiotics, the topical treatment of Gn and rigorous tests of cure have largely lost their significance. Nevertheless the topical treatment could have been meaningful in some cases because of the limited availability of modern antibiotics in the former SU. Furthermore it is not entirely clear to a pathologist, what kind of morphological substrate corresponds to the “hard infiltration”, where the bougienage was recommended [14]. Obviously, inflamed and edematous mucosa can be traumatized, possibly contributing to scarring and formation of strictures. Moreover, excessive instrumentation in conditions of suboptimal procedural quality assurance might have contributed to the spread of infections such as viral hepatitis.

Many physicians realized the obsoleteness of instructions and made exceptions. Vaguely formulated recommendations in some manuals left space for individual judgment. Under these conditions, ideation of punishment coupled with irresponsibility has apparently played a role in some medical personnel and health care functionaries. There are witnesses that abortions and gynecological manipulations were sometimes performed in a harsh manner and were painful, especially in women seen as socially unprotected or “immoral”. At the same time, Pap-smears for early detection of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions have been performed infrequently and not up to international standards [19].

Today the situation is changing. At least at central dermato-venereological dispensaries no mechanical provocations are performed. The tests for Chlamydia and other pathogens are available. Some recent editions still recommend topical therapy and instillations for acute and chronic gonorrhea [24,25]; but in many new textbooks and reviews antibiotic therapy of Gn is discussed, while the provocations and topical therapy are not mentioned at all. According to the recommendations by the Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists, the provocations for diagnostic purposes are not indicated. In regard to the topical therapy, that is, instillations of antimicrobial solutions into the urethra, it is written that it is “inefficient” [26,27]. Apparently, this is a “shot over the target” after realization of the fact that such therapy is outdated. It seems to be too early to completely discard the topical therapy of Gn. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is developing. There are concerns that Gn might become untreatable by antibiotics [28], which would bring the topical therapy back to the agenda. One of the factors contributing to AMR might be the broad use of antibiotics in the cattle feeding, addition of antibiotics to milk and other perishable foodstuff, e.g., water where frozen fish is stored, which occurs in RF [29]. Antibiotics in food might cause gastrointestinal dysbiosis and have other adverse effects [30]. Irresponsible use of antibiotics beyond their evidence-based medical applications might generally accelerate the acquisition of AMR by diverse microbial populations. The need to update the treatment of the gonococcal infection to respond to the AMR has been pointed out in Recommendations on the management of Gn issued by the WHO [31].

Intimate partner violence, sexual and reproductive coercion

Reproductive coercion (RC) interferes with a woman’s decision regarding reproductive health; it may consist of contraception sabotage and/or pressure to either carry a pregnancy to term or to have an abortion [32]. The RC definitions include male partners’ attempts to promote pregnancy through verbal pressure and threats. The contraception sabotage includes hiding, withholding or destroying contraceptives, deliberate tearing or removing of condoms or failing to withdraw in an attempt to induce pregnancy despite a female partner’s wishes to prevent the pregnancy [33]. Reproductive coercion is not always defined as such by the victim; in particular, intimate partner violence (IPV) may prevent a woman from naming certain behaviors as coercion [32]. In the literature, RC is usually discussed as intentional act. The definition may be extended by adding the “RC by negligence”, in particular, the sabotage of agreed or presupposed method of contraception, which sometimes happens under the impact of alcohol. Admittedly, it may be difficult to distinguish between the negligence, subconscious and conscious intentions.

The abortion rate in the former Soviet Union (SU) was the world highest until 2010 at least [34], caused not only by the insufficient availability of modern contraception but also by an irresponsible behavior sometimes in conditions of excessive alcohol consumption. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis, consistent condom use was less prevalent among hazardous vs. regular drinkers in RF [35]. Fortunately, both the abortion rate and alcohol consumption tend to decrease in Russia. There have been directives at different times, aimed at the birth rate elevation, initially in conditions of the gender imbalance after the World War II. This resulted in a limited availability of contraceptives, unavailability of voluntary sterilization, and prohibition of abortions till 1955 along with the consumerist attitude to women: corresponding talks and behaviors have been quite usual. The widespread atheism probably contributed to irresponsible and immoral behavior [36]. In the meantime, the gender imbalance has reverted and global overpopulation has come to the fore; but fertility is stimulated now as before. For example, popular TV series such as the “Sled” (Trace) and “Slepaia” (The Blind) regularly present unexpected and unintended pregnancies both in and out of wedlock as something natural and unavoidable, while contraception is mentioned rarely. Remarkably, in the Episode 306 of the latter series, a gynecologist at a husband’s request surreptitiously replaced contraceptive pills by vitamins. This was presented by the filmmakers as a good deed as the husband wanted children but the wife did not. The risks associated with oral contraceptives are invented or exaggerated by mass media and some professional literature. Obviously, the propaganda follows policies aimed at the birth rate elevation. Among the background factors are the machismo ideation, disrespect for some laws and regulations, abundant violence and death on TV indirectly trivializing the child and elder abuse, sexual and reproductive coercion. In 2017 Vladimir Putin has signed into law an amendment decriminalizing some forms of domestic violence.

In the author’s opinion, authorities should handle the neglectful and intentional contraception sabotage as offenses with infliction of bodily harm, if an abortion or unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted or hereditary disease had been inflicted. Of note, a majority of studies on these topics were performed in developed countries, while dimensions of the problem in less open societies are difficult to assess. In particular, myths or ideology excusing sexual assault and/or blaming victims for their own sexual victimization, are widespread the former SU and some other regions [37-39]. 

Alcohol and sexual misbehavior

An association between the alcohol consumption and negligent behavior is explainable within the framework of the alcohol myopia theory. The cognitive capacity is impaired under the impact of alcohol, so that intoxicated individuals concentrate their attention on the cues that are momentarily significant for them. The immediate sexual engagement involves the limited cognitive resources, while more remote cues, such as the risk of unintended pregnancy, are ignored. Domestic and sexual violence is often combined with alcohol abuse, while the use of condoms in the context of violence is less convenient. RC is regarded to be a form of IPV; it can lead to unintended pregnancy, abortion, poor pregnancy outcomes, STI, psychological trauma and depression [40,41]. Among potential contributing factors are disrespect for laws and regulations, impunity of some offenses and offenders, habitual display of death and violence on TV, indirectly trivializing less spectacular phenomena such as the IPV, sexual and reproductive coercion.

Furthermore, relationships between the safer sex decision making and alcohol intake depend on the level of socio-cultural development. Multiple studies performed in more developed countries did not unequivocally confirm the association between alcohol consumption and non-use of condoms [42-48]. According to some research, only very high levels of alcohol intake reduce the probability of condom use [49]. On the contrary, all known studies performed in less developed or recently industrialized parts of the world confirmed the association of the alcohol intake with the non-use of condoms and other risky sexual behaviors [50-57]. It can be reasonably assumed that the social progress correlates with improvements of morality, so that distracting factors such as alcohol partially lose their significance. However, international migrations confound this scheme while alcohol-related negligence gives way to migration-related and geopolitical motives [58]. Fictive and temporary marriages have been used for obtaining the registration and accommodation in Moscow as well as in other cities attracting migrants. The sexual and reproductive coercion are sometimes used intentionally for the purpose of migration, to cement a relationship and/or to spread a certain genotype. Cases are known when heritable disease in a perpetrator was concealed from the partner and then acquired by the offspring. In particular, Ashkenazi population has comparatively high frequency of hereditary conditions; referenced in [58]. Various methods are applied: persuasion and seduction, alcohol and drugs, sexual and reproductive coercion, intimidation and IPV. Considering the forthcoming globalization, women should be aware of these strategies.

Reportedly, about 70-75% of sexual violence cases in Moscow are committed by immigrants from Central Asia; some other ethnic groups are also active in this field [59]. Of note, people coming from the North Caucasus and ethnic minorities are not counted as foreigners because they are Russian citizens. According to a monograph published in 2012, 1 out of 7 murders and ~50% of rapes in Moscow were committed by foreigners [60]. Similar figures have been reported by other researchers [61]. At that, many crimes remain unreported or unsolved, especially those committed by migrants [60]. Among foreign citizens residing in the Russian Far East, crime was most frequently committed by Chinese (55%) and Uzbeks (23%). The criminality in this milieu was found to be proportional to the share of illegal immigrants [62]. The criminal activity of migrants was estimated to be 4 times higher than the average for RF [63]. Analogous data are difficult to find in the recent literature; the topic seems to be avoided these days. 

Conclusion

As far as we know, the Soviet and present rulers, the party and military nomenklatura [64], did not allow the use of invasive procedures without indications on themselves and their relatives. Functionaries’ sons did not treat gonorrhea by tamponade and bougienage of the urethra; alcoholics from their milieu have not been compulsorily treated by drip infusions days on end, being infected with viral hepatitis, neither did they drink technical ethanol sold in vodka bottles through legally operating shops [4]. As for the medical personnel, it is unlikely that they applied dry cutting and poor-quality fillings to discolored pits and fissures in their children [1], cauterized cervical ectopies [19], or performed Halstead mastectomy procedures on their family members [1]. This implies that there has been conscious infliction of bodily harm. Military functionaries and their relatives will become more dominant thanks to the war in Ukraine. Those participating in it, factually or on paper, are obtaining the veteran status and hence privileges over fellow-citizens. Some of them will occupy leading positions in universities without adequate preparation and selection. War veterans enjoy advantages in healthcare and everyday life; there are, however, misgivings that the status has been awarded gratuitously to some individuals from the privileged milieu. At the same time, relatives of superior officers evaded conscription under various pretexts. In particular, many institutions of higher education grant exemption from military service. Being not accustomed to hard and meticulous work, some of the functionaries’ protégées have been involved in professional misconduct of a different kind [65]. Admittedly, the problems discussed above are overshadowed these days by migration-related societal transformations.

Some invasive methods with questionable indications have been introduced or advocated by first generation military surgeons. The Soviet period brought about an expansion of admission numbers to universities and medical educational institutions, sometimes with little regard for the quality of the academic preparation of students [66]. One of the motives to overuse invasive procedures was personnel training, among others, with the objective of readiness for war. Note that military and medical ethics are not the same. The comparatively short life expectancy in RF is a strategic advantage as it necessitates less healthcare investments and pensions. Besides, a well-known Russian medical term “football” should be mentioned: it means sending an aged patient from one physician to another to drag out time and to avoid an operation. Malignancies are diagnosed and treated in RF relatively late. Furthermore, among factors contributing to the use of invasive procedures with questionable indications have been the partial isolation from international scientific community, insufficient consideration of the principles of professional autonomy, informed consent and scientific polemics, as well as a paternalistic attitude to patients. Most importantly, the human factor has not sufficiently changed since the Soviet time. The ethical and legal basis of medical practice and research has not been sufficiently known and observed in RF. The term “deontology” is often used for medical ethics in this country. Textbooks and monographs on deontology explained the matter somewhat vaguely, with truisms and generalities, but not much practical guidance. Today, the growing economy enables the acquisition of modern equipment; and medical research is on the increase. Under these circumstances, the purpose of this review was to remind us that, performing invasive procedures, the risk-to-benefit ratio must be kept as low as possible. Insufficient coordination of medical studies and partial isolation from the international community can result in parallelism in research, unnecessary experimentation, and application of invasive procedures without sufficient indications. Considering shortcomings of medical practice, research and education, governmental directives and the increase in funding are unlikely to be a solution. Measures for improvement of the healthcare in RF must include the participation of authorized foreign advisors.

Conflict of interests 

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.

References

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Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti

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Dr Claudio Ligresti

Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.

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Dr Chiara Giuseppina Beccaluva

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.

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Dr Aline Tollet

Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.

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Dr Ravi Shrivastava

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora

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Dariusz Ziora

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.

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Dr Jelle Lettinga

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.

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Dr Walter F Riesen

Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.

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Dr Rakhi Mishra

Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.

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Hala Al Shaikh

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD

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Dr Eric S Nussbaum

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.

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Dr Victor Olagundoye

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.

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Dr Farahnaz Fallahian

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.

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Dr Oleg Golyanovski

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

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Dr Elvira Farina

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

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Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

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Dr David Vinyes

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

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Dr Anyuta Ivanova

I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.

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Dr Farooq Wandroo

"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".

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Dr Shweta Tiwari

To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

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Dr Tewodros Kassahun Tarekegn

I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Cristina Berriozabal

Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."

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Thomas Urban

I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.

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Zhao Jia

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

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Luiz Sellmann

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

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Sonila Qirko

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Lin-Show Chin

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

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Bruno Chauffert

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

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Dr Suramya Dhamija

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

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Andreas Filippaios

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

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Raed Mualem

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

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Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

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Hao Jiang

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

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Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

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Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

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Pedro Marques Gomes

Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

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Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.

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Katarzyna Byczkowska

Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.

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Orlando Villarreal

The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.

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Sing-yung Wu

We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.

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Layla Shojaie

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.

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Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.

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Ziemlé Clément Méda

Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.

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Delcio G Silva Junior

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

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Virginia E. Koenig