AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/072
1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabratha University, Libya.
2 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alejalat, Zawia University, Libya.
3 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zawia University, Libya.
*Corresponding Author: Azab Elsayed Azab, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabratha, University, Libya.
Citation: Azab Elsayed Azab, Mohamed Omar Albasha and Manal Abuelkasem Elnaif. (2022) Renal Toxicity Induced by Nicotine in Male Albino Rats and Attenuation by Fenugreek Seeds and Curcumin. J, Biotech. and Bioprocessing 3(2); DOI: 10.31579/2766-2314/072
Copyright: © 2022, Azab Elsayed Azab, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 02 December 2021 | Accepted: 18 December 2021 | Published: 07 January 2022
Keywords: nicotine; renal toxicity; fenugreek; curcumin; co-administration; nephro-protective effect; male albino rats
The present study aimed to evaluate the harmful effects of nicotine on serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations, and histological structure of the kidney, and assessment of the ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds, and curcumin on renal toxicity induced by nicotine in male albino rats. 30 male F-344/NHsd Fischer rats, weighing from 180 to 200g were used in the present study. The animals were divided into five groups (6 rats for each); Group I (control group), Group II (nicotine treated group), Group III (nicotine/fenugreek seeds co-administered), Group IV (nicotine/curcumin co-administered), and Group V (nicotine/curcumin& fenugreek seeds co-administered). At the end of the experimentation and 24 hours after the last dose, all animals were anaesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected by heart puncture. The blood samples were collected in clean dry tubes. The allowed to clot at room temperature for about 30 minutes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes then, serum was separated and kept in a deep freezer at -20◦C until biochemical measurements were carried out. Animals were immediately dissected, and small pieces of the kidney were quickly removed and fixed in 10% formalin for histological examination. The results showed that the animals treated with nicotine for 4 weeks induced a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations compared with the control group. Also, administration of nicotine to rats induced a severe structural change in the renal tissues. Co-administration of nicotine with fenugreek and/or curcumin caused improvement in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations and histological structure of the kidney when compared with nicotine group. It can be concluded that nicotine had a strong effect on the kidney function and histological structure of the kidney. The ingestion of fenugreek and/or curcumin attenuated the renal toxicity induced by nicotine. The current study suggests that fenugreek and curcumin may be useful in combating free radical-induced renal toxicity induced by nicotine.
Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found primarily in the members of the solanoceous plant family such as eggplants, tomato, potato, tobacco, and green pepper (Siegmund et al., 1999). It is one of hundreds of substances contained in cigarette smoke (Abdel-Aziz, 2010). It has been demonstrated that nicotine could be excreted through urine, feces, bile, saliva, gastric juice, sweat, and breast fluid (Seaton et al., 1993). The level of renal excretion depends on urinary pH and flow. When 14C-nicotine is given to an animal, it has been shown that around 55% of the radioactivity is excreted in the urine. However, only 1% of the radioactivity was observed in the form of unchanged nicotine. This result demonstrates that nicotine is excreted following extensive metabolization. The urinary excretion of nicotine and its metabolites has been shown to be affected by ascorbic acid. It was reported that ascorbic acid increases the urinary excretion of cotinine and nicotine (Dawson et al., 1999). Renal clearance of cotinine is much less than glomerular filtration rate (Benowitz et al., 1983). Nicotine and cotinine is also determined in the urine of infants who have mothers who smoke indicating that exposure of mothers to tobacco smoke affect the infants. In another study, the hypothesis that the rate of renal excretion of nicotine influences the nicotine intake during smoking was investigated. Researchers reported that the daily nicotine intake was 18% higher in persons with increased nicotine excretion and concluded that the rate of elimination of nicotine affects the rate of consumption (Benowitz and Jacob, 1985). The kidney of rats treated with 2.5 mg nicotine/kg of body weight, (5 days a week) for 22 weeks showed a cloudy swelling, medullary hemorrhage (Balakrishnan and Menon 2007).
Nicotine has been recognized to result in oxidative stress by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species by various mechanisms (Yildiz et al., 1998).
The overproduction of reactive oxygen metabolites and a reduction in antioxidant mechanisms have been reported due to acute or chronic smoke exposure (Van der Vaart et al., 2004). The breakdown of membrane phospholipids and lipid peroxidation due to the generation of free radicals are expected to change membrane structure, fluidity, transport, and antigenic properties, all of which play an important role in the pathogenesis of organ disorders (Van der Vaart et al., 2004; Sener et al., 2007). High concentrations of nicotine were induced oxidative stress (Guan et al., 2003). Nicotine administration induced a decrease in the activities of free radical scavenging enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase (Ashakumary & Vijayammal, 1996). Oxidative stress induced by nicotine occurs when there are massive free radicals or low antioxidant protection, and result in chemical alteration of biomolecules causing structural and functional change (Neogy et al., 2008).
Natural antioxidants strengthen the endogenous antioxidants defenses and restore the optimal balance by neutralizing reactive species (Ho et al., 1994). Curcumin as one of the naturally occurring dietary substances has been used since ancient times for promoting human health (Joe et al., 2004). It represents a class of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant reported to be a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation (Venkatesan et al., 2000). The effects of antioxidants on nicotine induced oxidative stress have been investigated (Gumustekin et al., 2003, Helen et al., 2003). Manikandan et al., (2011) found that curcumin affords curative role against nephrotoxicity induced gentamicin exposure and reduces gentamicin induced renal injury and this is supported by Biswas et al., (2005) who found that curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with a potent ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species formation. Co-administration of curcumin with gentamicin in guinea pigs significantly improved the structural changes in the kidney and the blood urea, creatinine and uric acid were significantly declined compared with gentamicin treated group (Azab et al., 2014).
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) is an annual herb belonging to Legume family; it is widely grown in India, Egypt, and Middle Eastern countries (Flammang et al., 2004). It used both in medicine and with food as spice show antioxidant effect through their used in diabetes mellitus due to the presence of different active constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins and amino acids (Basch et al., 2003). Dietary fenugreek seeds and onion caused a nephro-protective in diabetes treated groups (Pradeep and Srinivasan, 2018). El-Tawil, 2009 concluded that fenugreek would protect from oxidative damage and metabolic disturbances induced by ionizing irradiation. Nawasany et al. 2017 reported that herbs such as fenugreek are known to have a diuretic effect in cirrhotic ascitic patients.
Plant seeds and herbs are used for treatments of diseases in the folk medicine. Their use was increased in many fields due to their safetyness and its low side effects as compared with chemical drugs (Alhawari, 1986). Antioxidant potential of curcumin and fenugreek seeds in the amelioration of nicotine induced oxidative stress need thorough investigation because these natural antioxidants are components of many edible substances and has the potential for safe future use by humans. The evidence reporting the protective effect of curcumin and fenugreek seeds against nicotine induced nephro-toxicity are hardly found.
The present study aimed to evaluate the harmful effects of nicotine on serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations, and histological structure of the kidney, and assessment of the ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds, and curcumin on renal toxicity induced by nicotine in male albino rats.
3.1. Experimental animal
Animals which were used in this study were 30 male F-344/NHsd Fischer rats, weighing from 180 to 200g. Animals purchased from Animal Welfare House of Libyan National Medical Research Centre, Zawia, Libya. Rats were kept under standard veterinary hygienic conditions for cleanliness and health care and normal conditions through the whole experimental periods. Rats were separated in plastic cages, 6 rats per cage, and left one week of acclimation, before commencing the experiment. The rats were kept in a room under standard conditions of ventilation, temperature (25±4°C), humidity (65 ± 5 %) with light/dark cycle. A standard rodent pellet consisting of a mixture of protein, fat, fiber, and ash were used to feed the rats. Food and water were supplied ad-libitum.
3.2. Methods and Technique
3.2.1. The drug
Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt (1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl) pyrrolidine-bitartrate salt) will purchase from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Nicotine is a colorless organic Liquid. It was dissolved in physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride) and was injected subcutaneously daily with 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weight for 30 days.
3.2.2. Curcumin, and Fenugreek seeds
Curcumin was given in diet as 20 g/kg diet daily for 30 days. Fenugreek seeds were finely grounded and added to the experimental diets as 7.5 g/kg diet daily for 30 days.
3.3. Experimental Design
After one week of acclimation, the animals were randomized and divided into five groups (6 male albino rats for each) as follow:
Group I (control group): This group included 6 animals that were injected subcutaneously with saline daily, provided with tape water and fed with normal diet for 30 days.
Group II (nicotine treated group): Male rats were injected subcutaneous daily with 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weight for 30 days.
Group III (nicotine/fenugreek seeds co-administered): The animals were injected subcutaneous daily with 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weigh concurrently with fenugreek seeds 7.5 g/kg diet daily for 30 days.
Group IV (nicotine/curcumin co-administered): The animals were injected subcutaneous daily with 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weigh concurrently with curcumin 20 g/kg diet daily for 30 days.
Group V (nicotine/curcumin& fenugreek seeds co-administered): The animals were injected subcutaneous daily with 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weigh concurrently with curcumin 20 g/kg diet and fenugreek seeds 7.5 g/kg diet daily for 30 days.
3.4. Blood Sampling:
At the end of the experimentation and 24 hours after the last dose, all animals were anaesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected by heart puncture. The blood samples were collected in clean dry tube and allowed to clot at room temperature for about 30 minutes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes then, serum was separated and kept in a deep freezer at -20◦C until biochemical measurements were carried out.
3.5. Determination of serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine concentration
Serum urea measurement was based upon the cleavage of urea with urease (Fawcett and Scott, 1960). Serum uric acid was determined (Fossatti et al., 1980). Serum creatinine was measured without protein precipitation (Bartels et al., 1972).
3.6. Histological Preparation
At the end of the experimentation and 24 hours after the last dose, all animals were anaesthetized with ether. Animals were immediately dissected, and small pieces of the kidney were quickly removed and fixed in 10% formalin. After fixation, specimens were dehydrated in an ascending series of alcohol, then kept in terpineol for three days to ensure complete dehydration and clearing purposes. Cleared specimens were rinsed in three changes of xylol before embedding in paraffin wax (m.p.56-58C). Three sections of 5 microns thick were taken from each kidney sample, each being at a distance of at least 500 microns from the proceeding one and mounted on clean slides. For histological examination, sections were stained with Ehrlich's haematoxyline and eosin.
3.7. Statistical Analysis: -
Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA. The difference between means ± SD was tested at P<0>
4.1. Effect of administration of nicotine, and co-administration of nicotine with fenugreek seeds, nicotine with curcumin and nicotine with fenugreek seeds, and curcumin on the serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations in male rats.
Serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations of the different groups are shown in table .1 and figures (1-3). Male rats that received intraperitoneal injection of nicotine only (0.8 mg/kg body weight /day) for 30 consecutive days had significantly (P‹0.01) increased in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations when compared with the control group.
Co-administration of 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weight subcutaneously with fenugreek seeds 7.5 g/kg diet daily for 30 consecutive days resulted in a significant (P‹0.01) increase in serum urea, and creatinine, and at (P‹0.05) in uric acid concentrations as compared to the control group. On the other hand, co-administration of fenugreek seeds with nicotine significantly (P‹0.01) decreased serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations when compared with nicotine group (Table.1& Figures 1-3).
Co-administration of 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weight subcutaneously with curcumin 20 g/kg diet daily for 30 consecutive days caused a significant (P‹0.01) increase in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations as compared to the control group. Conversely, co-administration of curcumin with nicotine significantly (P‹0.01) decreased serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations when compared with nicotine group (Table.1& Figures 1-2).
Co-administration of 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weight concurrently with curcumin 20 g/kg diet and fenugreek seeds 7.5 g/kg diet daily for 30 consecutive days were significantly (P‹0.01) ) increased serum creatinine concentration when compared with the control group. On the other hand, the animals injected subcutaneous daily with 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weight concurrently with curcumin 20 g/kg diet and fenugreek seeds 7.5 g/kg diet daily for 30 consecutive days were showed a significant (P‹0.01) decrease in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations when compared with nicotine group (Table.3& Figures 1-3).
4.2. Effect of administration of nicotine, and co-administration of nicotine with fenugreek seeds, nicotine with curcumin and nicotine with fenugreek seeds, and curcumin on the histological structure of the kidney of male albino rats.
4.2.1. Kidney sections of control rats:
The kidney sections of the control rat group showed normal histological
architecture. The renal cortex was formed of renal corpuscles (glomerular tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule), proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The proximal convoluted tubules were lined by a cuboidal epithelium with basally located and spherical nuclei and prominent brush border at the apical surface. The distal convoluted tubules were lined by cuboidal epithelial cells that lacked a brush border. The nuclei were spherical and apically located with pale cytoplasm compared with proximal convoluted tubules (Figure. 4).
4.2.2. Kidney sections of nicotine treated rats:
Examination of kidney sections obtained from rats treated with nicotine show a marked tissue damage. The proximal convoluted tubules show a partial destruction of the brush border and desquamated cells were observed inside their lumens and presence of epithelial debris inside their lumens, some of which contained red blood cells. The cortex area of the kidney showed shrinkage of some glomeruli with wide capsular space, congestion of blood vessels and interlobular spaces (Figure. 5).
4.2.3. Kidney sections of nicotine and fenugreek treated rats
Fenugreek seeds supplementation with nicotine treatment caused an improvement in the glomeruli that were clear as appeared less affected,
markedly decreased the degree of injury and dilation of proximal convoluted tubules, tubules appeared normal except for the presence of few red blood cells in the interlobular spaces. Proximal convoluted tubules showed preserved brush border (Figure.6).
4. 2.4. Kidney sections of nicotine and curcumin treated rats
Giving the animal curcumin with nicotine for the same period, showed
that A slightly improvement in the glomeruli that appeared more affected than fenugreek with nicotine group and less affected compared with nicotine group (Fig. 7).
4. 2.5. Kidney sections of rats treated with nicotine, fenugreek, and curcumin
Co-administration of nicotine with fenugreek seeds and curcumin restored the kidney tissues to the normal histological architecture. The renal cortex was formed of renal corpuscles, proximal and distal
convoluted tubules. The proximal convoluted tubules were lined by a cuboidal epithelium with basally located and spherical nuclei and prominent brush border at the apical surface. The distal convoluted tubules were lined by cuboidal epithelial cells that lacked a brush border. The nuclei were spherical and apically located with pale cytoplasm compared with proximal convoluted tubules (Figure. 8).
Reduction of the ability of the kidney to eliminate the toxic metabolic substances is indicated by elevation of serum levels of creatinine and urea (Hummadi, 2012). Nicotine and its metabolites are eliminated from kidney, these organs are adversely influenced by nicotine. Therefore, this study investigated the possible protective effects of ingestion of fenugreek and curcumin on nicotine-induced renal toxicity in rats, by determining serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Membrane lipids are vital for the maintenance and integrity of cell function, the breakdown of membrane phospholipids and lipid peroxidation due to the generation of free radicals are expected to change membrane structure, fluidity, transport and antigenic properties, all of which play an important role in the pathogenesis of organ disorders (Sener et al., 2007).
In the present study, male rats that received intraperitoneal injection of nicotine only (0.8 mg/kg body weight/day) for 30 consecutive days had significantly (P<0>), increased in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations when compared with the control group. These results agree with the findings of several authors (Pramod Noborisaka et al., 2006, Noborisaka et al., 2012, El Sayed et al., 2013, Okonkwo et al., 2013, Azab, and Albasha, 2019). Ahmed et al., 2015 recorded that the levels of urea and creatinine were significantly higher in smoker group when compared with the control group. In cases of acute and chronic renal diseases, there was an increase in renal retention of uric acid (Newman, and Price, 1998).
Nicotine increases plasma levels of vasoconstrictors including catecholamines, arginine, vasopressin and endothelin-1 (Gambaro et al., 1998). It induces smooth muscle cell proliferation, and cigarette smoke damages endothelial cells (Pittilo et al., 1990). The study of Black et al., 1983 was attributed the renal vascular resistance to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These effects could be attributed to changes in the threshold of renal blood flow, tubular reabsorption, and glomerular filtration rate (Zurovsky, and Haber, 1995).
The results obtained by the present study showed that the male albino rats treated with fenugreek concurrent with nicotine injection exhibit a pronounced reduction in the nicotine induced increases of the serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations. These results are in agreement with that observed by El-Tawil, 2009 who found that fenugreek treatment has significantly attenuated radiation-induced oxidative stress in kidney tissues, which was substantiated by the significant amelioration of serum creatinine, and urea levels. The author concluded that fenugreek would protect from oxidative damage and metabolic disturbances induced by ionizing irradiation.
The present results showed that the male albino rats treated with curcumin concurrent with nicotine injection exhibit a pronounced reduction in the nicotine induced increases of the serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations. These results run parallel with that observed by many investigators (Manikandan et al., 2011, Azab et al., 2014). Manikandan et al., 2011 found that curcumin affords curative role against nephrotoxicity induced gentamicin exposure and reduces gentamicin induced renal injury.
Azab et al., 2014 was evaluated the effectiveness of curcumin against the histological and biochemical alterations of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in guinea pigs. In gentamicin treated animals, there were structural changes. The results showed that the serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid were elevated. The proximal convoluted tubules showed degenerated epithelial lining with disruption of their brush borders and presence of epithelial debris inside their lumens. The renal corpuscle appeared with degeneration of the glomerulus and disrupted Bowman's capsule. The afferent arteriole showed thickening in its wall and degeneration of endothelial lining with extensive perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells. Massive interstitial hemorrhage was seen. Co-administration of curcumin significantly improved the structural changes in the kidney and the blood urea, creatinine and uric acid were significantly declined compared with gentamicin treated group.
In the present study, the examination of kidney sections obtained from rats treated with nicotine showed a marked tissue damage. The proximal convoluted tubules show a partial destruction of the brush border and desquamated cells and present of protein casts and debris were observed inside their lumens. The cortex area of the kidney showed shrinkage of glomeruli, congestion of blood vessels and between tubules. These results run parallel with that observed by Sener et al., 2007 who reported that the sections of light microscopic examination of the kidney of Wister albino rats injected with 0.6 mg of nicotine hydrogen bitartarate/kg of body weight daily for 21 days showed a severe vasocongestion in the parenchyma, vacuolizations, and debris in the tubules compared with the control group. Also, Balakrishnan and Menon (2007) have reported that the kidney samples of rats administered nicotine showed cloudy swelling, medullary hemorrhage. In addition, the same results were recorded in the kidney tissues of rats treated with nicotine (Alkhedrawi, 2019).
The membrane phospholipids and lipid peroxidation may be breakdown due to the generation of free radicals which expected to change the membrane structure, fluidity, transport, and antigenic properties. (Van der Vaart, et al. 2004, Sener et al., 2007, Alkhedrawi, 2019)
The present study showed that the animals injected subcutaneous daily with 0.8 mg, nicotine/kg body weight concurrently with curcumin 20 g/kg diet and fenugreek seeds 7.5 g/kg diet daily for 30 consecutive days were caused a significant improvement in serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid and the structural changes in the kidney when compared with nicotine group. These parameters and histological structure of the kidneys were nearly similar to that in the control groups. These results may be due to the additive antioxidant effect of fenugreek and curcumin together. Al Anany et al., 2015 reported that treatment of adult male albino rats with curcumin or quercetin alone or in combination improved all parameters deteriorated by nicotine. Authors suggested that curcumin and/or quercetin exerts protective effects by improving the antioxidant system, inhibiting the oxidative stress induced by nicotine. Combined therapy with both curcumin and quercetin was much better than each one alone. Because, previous studies reported that natural antioxidants strengthen the endogenous antioxidants defenses from reactive oxygen species and restore the optimal balance by neutralizing reactive species (Albasha and Azab, 2014, Fetouh, and Azab, 2014). Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with a potent ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species formation (Biswas et al., 2005). Curcumin represents a class of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant reported to be a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species formation (Venkatesan et al., 2000). Fenugreek had a different active constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins and amino acids (Basch et al., 2003). The ameliorative effect of fenugreek and curcumin against nicotine induced renal toxicity may be due to decrease nitric oxide production, uremic toxin, and increasing radical-scavenging enzyme activity through scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and chelating redex-active transition metal ions.
It can be concluded that nicotine had a strong effect on the kidney function and histological structure of the kidney. The ingestion of fenugreek and/or curcumin prevent the renal toxicity induced by nicotine. The current study suggests that fenugreek and curcumin may be useful in combating free radical-induced renal toxicity induced by nicotine.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
