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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.31579/2639-4162/029
1 Department of Midwifery, Harar Health Science College, Harar, Ethiopia.
*Corresponding Author: Gosaye Teklehaymanot Zewde, (Rmw, Bsc Nurse, Msc in Maternity and Neonatal Nursing) Department of Midwifery, Harar Health Science College, Harar, Ethiopia.
Citation: Zewde G T (2020) Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors among Bank Workers in Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia 2018.General medicine and Clinical Practice. 3(2) DOI: 10.31579/2639-4162/029
Copyright: © 2020 Gosaye Teklehaymanot Zewde. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 12 August 2020 | Accepted: 11 September 2020 | Published: 16 September 2020
Keywords: hypertension; bank workers; harar town; blood pressure; prevalence; systolic; diastolic
Background: Hypertension clinically defined as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or more on at least two readings on separated time. It is one of the most prevalent non communicable diseases and the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide, due to heart disease and stroke. It is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end stage renal disease and peripheral vascular diseases
Objective: To assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among bank workers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia 2018
Methods and material: Institutions based cross sectional study was conducted on 149 Bank workers in 6 governmental and 19 private banks which were found in Harar Town. Sample was allocated proportionately and study participant was selected by simple random sampling. Collected and checked data were entered in to Epi Data software version 3.02 and exported and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were used to determine prevalence such as frequency, percentage, mean and ratio. Both Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to observe the association between the outcome variable and associated factors. P value less than 0.2 in Bivariate analysis was transferred to multivariate analysis and P value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered as level of statistically significance.
Result: The prevalence of hypertension on this study was 27.5 %. Among study participant 6(4%) had diagnosed with hypertension and only 3 (2%) had on treatment and follow- up. 26(17.4%) bank workers BMI Was obsessed. In multivariable logistic regression analysis Age, Sedentary life style and BMI of bank workers had significant association with hypertension
Conclusion and recommendation: The prevalence of Hypertension in the study was 27.5% Age, Sedentary life style and BMI (Obesity) in this study was positively associated with higher odds of having hypertension. Regular blood monitoring, conducting physical exercise and reduction of Alcohol consumption and street Treatment care and follow-up strategy need to be maintained.
Hypertension clinically defined as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or more on at least two readings on separated time. It is one of the leading causes of global burden of disease. It is being the root cause of many of the body system and organs failure remains to be a major public health challenge globally. [1] It is one of the most prevalent non communicable diseases and the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide, due to heart disease and stroke [2] Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end stage renal disease and peripheral vascular diseases [3].
Statement of the problem
Globally, the overall prevalence of Hypertension in adults aged 25 and over was around 40% and was estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths, about 12.8% of the total of all deaths worldwide and the number of people with uncontrolled hypertension increased by 70% between 1980 and 2008 The rising epidemic of hypertension is thought to be due to mechanization, population growth and ageing [4, 5] By 2025 the number of hypertensive people is expected to increase by 60 % and reach 1.56 billion people [6]. The prevalence of hypertension varies worldwide in Africa indicated the overall prevalence of hypertension have been increasing since 1990. In adults aged ≥20 years, in 1990 the prevalence was 19.1% , in 2000 prevalence were estimated 24.3%,in 2010 with prevalence of 25.9% and it will projected to 25.3% by 2030 [7]. In sub-Saharan Africa estimated in 2008 was 13.7% in rural areas, 20.7% in urban area, 16.8% in males, and 15.7% in women [8]. The pooled prevalence of hypertension among the Ethiopian population was 19.6 % and 20.6 % in male and 19.2% in female. There is no sufficient data in the study area therefore this study was intended to provide compressive and up to date evidence on the prevalence and investigate the associated factors of Hypertension among Bank Workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia.
Significance of the study: The study will describe the current situation of HPN in among bank workers in Harar town and it will be helpful for sampled population to know their BP status and for early linked to health institution to management if they have HTN. It will also be important for concerned bodies for prevention and management of hypertension. It will be serving as a base line data for others researchers.
Objectives
General objective: To assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among bank workers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia 2018
Specific objective
Study area and period: The study was conduct in Harar town. Harari region is located in eastern part of Ethiopia, 525 km away from Adiss Abeba capital of Ethiopia. In the region there are 6 governmental and 19 private banks with a total of 25 branches was found. And the total numbers of bank workers was 313, of which 142 were found in governmental and the rest were found on private. The study was conducted from January 12-18/2018 G.C.
Study design: Institutional based cross-sectional descriptive study design was used
Study population
Eligible criteria
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Sample size determination : Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula by assuming 5% marginal error and 95% confidence interval (∂ (alpha) = 0.05) and prevalence of hypertension, which was 19.1 % from study conducted in Addis Abeba [9] and the sample become 237. After calculating finite population correction formula and adding 10 % non-response rate the final sample size will be come 149.
Sample technique and procedure: Sample was allocated for each private and governmental Banks based on their number of workers. Simple random sampling was used to select study participants.
Variables
Socio demographic Variable: Sex, Age, Marital status, Educational level, Job description
Medical history: Parental History of HTN, Previous History of HTN
Dietary and Behavioral Habit: Overweight, Obesity, Salt Consumption, Smoking, Excessive alcohol consumption
Work related risk factors: Sedentary lifestyle, Work schedule, and less physical activity.
Data collection tolls and method:
A semi- structure questioner was developed by English version after literature review and it was translated into local language and return back to English version to check its consistency. The questioner had 4 parts socio-demographic, Medical History, Hypertension risk assessment and measurements parts. Data was collected by face to face interview and objective data was selected through measuring height, weight, Blood pressure and BMI also calculated.
Data Processing and Analysis:
After data collection, data was cleaned, tabulated, rearranged and checked for its completeness and consistency and it was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. The descriptive statistics was used to determine prevalence such as percentage, frequency and mean. Bivariate analysis was used first to determine the association between dependant and independent variable and multiple logistic regression analysis were used for better prediction of determinants and to reduce bias due to confounders. Variables with P-value less than 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered in to multiple logistic regression analysis and P - value less than 0.05 was declared as statistically significant in the final model.
Data Quality Assurance: To assure the quality of the data, properly data collection instrument was developed and pretest on 10 % of the total sample and amendment was done based on it. Questionnaires were translated into local language and training was given for data collector’s supervisor and data entry clerks prior to the study. Every day, the collected data was reviewed for completeness, consistency and legibility. Supervision was frequently made by the supervisors and principal investigator
Ethical Considerations: Ethical clearance letter was obtained from Harar health Science College Institution Research Ethics Review Committee. Permission was obtained from study institution. All the participants were informed about the purpose, advantages and disadvantages, and there right to be involved or not as well as withdraw any time. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Confidentiality was maintained by avoiding names and other personal identification.
Operational definitions
Sedentary life style: A type of life style with little or low physical activity, sitting or lying while reading, socializing etc or using mobile phone / computer for more than 4 hours per day. Low physical activity: is aerobic physical activity less than 10 minutes per day.
Normal work schedule: Participants who work within 8 hours per day.
Extra work schedule: Participants who work more than 8 hours per day.
Current daily cigarette smoking: is a person who smokes cigarette one or more days per week.
Obesity: BMI > 30kg/m2 and overweight - 25-29.9 kg/m2
Blood Pressure Measurement:: Collecting of data by using mercury sphygmomanometer twice with ten minute difference from different hand while the participant was seated
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants
A of total 149 workers from twenty five bank branches were participated in the study. Majority 90 (60.4%) of study participants were female. The mean age of participants was 33.48 ±26.43 years. Two thirds of them (66.4%) were married while 51 (34.2%) were single. Majority 115 (77.2%) and 69 (46.3%) of respondent was First degree holder and Customer service officer. Regarding service year 69 (46.3) of the study participant were served for less than 5 years. (Table 1)
Table 1: Socio demographic characteristic of bank workers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia, January 12-18/2018
Behavioral and work related characteristic
From total of participants responding, Forty nine (32.9%) of participants drunk alcohol. Eight (5.4%) were lifetime smokers. Majority of the participants 105 (70.5%) used /added salt to food without tying. Ninety (60.4%) of participant were involved in physical activity and 39 (26.2%) stated that there was conduct exercise every day. (Table 2)
Table 2: Behavioral and work related characteristic of bank workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia, January 12-18/2018
Factors Associated with Hypertension:
In multivariable logistic regression analysis Age, Sedentary life style and BMI of bank workers had significant association with hypertension. Bank workers whose age 25 – 44 years had 75.8% (AOR= 0.242, 95% CI: 0.065 – 0.904) less likely had hypertension than age 24 years. Those who had sedentary life style had 3 times (AOR= 2.925, 95% CI: 1.085 – 7.885) more likely, Obesities bank workers were 6 times more likely (AOR= 6.113, 95% CI: 1.030 – 36.28) having hypertension than their in counters. (Table 4)
Table 4: Factors associated with Hypertension among bank workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopian, January, 2018
Factors Associated with Hypertension:
In multivariable logistic regression analysis Age, Sedentary life style and BMI of bank workers had significant association with hypertension. Bank workers whose age 25 – 44 years had 75.8% (AOR= 0.242, 95% CI: 0.065 – 0.904) less likely had hypertension than age 24 years. Those who had sedentary life style had 3 times (AOR= 2.925, 95% CI: 1.085 – 7.885) more likely, Obesities bank workers were 6 times more likely (AOR= 6.113, 95% CI: 1.030 – 36.28) having hypertension than their in counters. (Table 4)
Table 4: Factors associated with Hypertension among bank workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopian, January, 2018
Factors Associated with Hypertension:
In multivariable logistic regression analysis Age, Sedentary life style and BMI of bank workers had significant association with hypertension. Bank workers whose age 25 – 44 years had 75.8% (AOR= 0.242, 95% CI: 0.065 – 0.904) less likely had hypertension than age 24 years. Those who had sedentary life style had 3 times (AOR= 2.925, 95% CI: 1.085 – 7.885) more likely, Obesities bank workers were 6 times more likely (AOR= 6.113, 95% CI: 1.030 – 36.28) having hypertension than their in counters. (Table 4)
Table 4: Factors associated with Hypertension among bank workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopian, January, 2018
Factors Associated with Hypertension:
In multivariable logistic regression analysis Age, Sedentary life style and BMI of bank workers had significant association with hypertension. Bank workers whose age 25 – 44 years had 75.8% (AOR= 0.242, 95% CI: 0.065 – 0.904) less likely had hypertension than age 24 years. Those who had sedentary life style had 3 times (AOR= 2.925, 95% CI: 1.085 – 7.885) more likely, Obesities bank workers were 6 times more likely (AOR= 6.113, 95% CI: 1.030 – 36.28) having hypertension than their in counters. (Table 4)
Table 4: Factors associated with Hypertension among bank workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopian, January, 2018
Factors Associated with Hypertension:
In multivariable logistic regression analysis Age, Sedentary life style and BMI of bank workers had significant association with hypertension. Bank workers whose age 25 – 44 years had 75.8% (AOR= 0.242, 95% CI: 0.065 – 0.904) less likely had hypertension than age 24 years. Those who had sedentary life style had 3 times (AOR= 2.925, 95% CI: 1.085 – 7.885) more likely, Obesities bank workers were 6 times more likely (AOR= 6.113, 95% CI: 1.030 – 36.28) having hypertension than their in counters. (Table 4)
Table 4: Factors associated with Hypertension among bank workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopian, January, 2018
Factors Associated with Hypertension:
In multivariable logistic regression analysis Age, Sedentary life style and BMI of bank workers had significant association with hypertension. Bank workers whose age 25 – 44 years had 75.8% (AOR= 0.242, 95% CI: 0.065 – 0.904) less likely had hypertension than age 24 years. Those who had sedentary life style had 3 times (AOR= 2.925, 95% CI: 1.085 – 7.885) more likely, Obesities bank workers were 6 times more likely (AOR= 6.113, 95% CI: 1.030 – 36.28) having hypertension than their in counters. (Table 4)
Table 4: Factors associated with Hypertension among bank workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopian, January, 2018
In this study the prevalence of hypertension was, 27.5% the finding was greater than study done in Owerri Nigeria which was 12.4% [10] and Addis Ababa the prevalence was 19.1% [9].This discrepancy may be due to different age category of participants as well as BMI and socio cultural variation. But the study outcome is less than the result of study done among bank workers in Surratt city of India which was 30.4% [11] and Ghana 38 % [12]. The difference occurred possibly due to different in socio demographic and socio-cultural as well as life style and mean value different in BMI.
The study found that age of bank workers was significantly associated with Hypertension. Those age 24 – 45 were 75.8 % less likely had hypertension than bank worker whose their age was less than 24 years. But study conducted in Adiss Abeba on federal ministry civil servants showed that increased age was identified as a factor for hypertension. Study participants older than 48 years were more likely to be hypertensive than those less than 27 years [13] and study of bank employees of Surratt city in India also showed that age ≥ 50 years increase the risk of hypertension [11]. Even if the age associated to had hypertension there is different in association of age categories. The variance may be due to having more sedentary life style in our study.
In this study the risk of being hypertensive was 3 times more likely among bank workers who had sedentary life style this finding was in line with study conducted in Surratt city of India 2 times more likely [11] and Ghana Accra. This shows that sedentary life decrease energy expenditure and increase cholesterol level in blood vessel which directly related with Cardio vascular disease i.e. Hypertension .
BMI of bank workers significant association with Hypertension, in this study obese bank workers were 6 times more risked for hypertension this finding also in line with study conducted in Adiss abeba which is obese were 7.36 times more likely to be hypertensive and in Sullia Taluk, Karnataka also obesity was strongly associated with hypertension.[14].
Conclusion and recommendation
Conclusion
The prevalence of Hypertension in the study was 27.5% which shows the high prevalence of hypertension in the study population. As in many other developing countries hypertension is becoming a serious public health concern among working bankers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. Age, Sedentary life style and BMI (Obesity) in this study was positively associated with higher odds of having hypertension. However Sex, Marital status, educational level, Job description, alcohol drinking, smoking, salt usage, physical activity and working schedule had not associated with hypertension.
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