AUCTORES
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8876/024
1 St. George’s University, Grenada,
2 Kasetsart University, Thailand
*Corresponding Author: Satesh Bidaisee, St. George’s University, Grenada.
Citation: Stephanie Y. Huang, Siriluk Pichainarongk, Satesh Bidaisee. (2022) Precocious Puberty: Causes, Consequences, Daily Environmental Factors, and the need for Community/Societal Support. J. Immunology and Inflammation Diseases Therapy. 5(1); Doi:10.31579/2637-8876/024
Copyright: © 2022 Satesh Bidaisee. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 15 November 2021 | Accepted: 30 December 2021 | Published: 04 January 2022
Keywords: causes; consequences;premature sexual
Precocious puberty, otherwise described as a group of medical conditions that cause early puberty onset, such as a pre-adolescent boy presenting with adult pattern of penile and testicular enlargement or a pre-adolescent girl presenting with mature breast development and onset of menses. Although the sexual and physical characteristics for this condition are well-described in medical literature, the causes are very rarely known. Nevertheless, it has substantial impacts on children’s lives. This is a review on sexual development, premature sexual development, the social complications children suffer from due to early onset puberty, and the associations with daily environmental exposures as possible influences for developing precocious puberty.
Sexual development is beginning earlier and earlier. The average age of puberty has been steadily decreasing in the last century. And since the past century, society has changed significantly in regards to finding and creating effective and efficient methods of mass food production, such as the animal industry, and other consumer production, such as the use of plastics as tools we use in our daily lives. Our dietary habits have changed as well; food that has high caloric content, high fat and sugar has considerably contributed to the obesity epidemic. Although the FDA in the United States regulates the chemicals used in the industries, there have been major incidents, in which exposure to these chemicals have adversely affected reproductive development in children. In addition, recent studies have found many associations between premature sexual development and various environmental factors, such as hormones used for livestock production and endocrine disruptors found in common household items, such as toys and pesticides.
Body
A. Normal limits of sexual maturity
Sexual development, also known as puberty, is a natural process in a human’s life, in which a child transitions into an adult. The normal age range of this transition is from the age 8 to 14 years old in girls and 9 to 16 years old in boys. [1-3]Signs of sexual development for males begin with enlargement of the testes and the penis followed by pubic and axillary hair then lastly, the appearance of facial hair, muscle development, and voice deepening. [1-3] For females, the first sign of sexual development is breast development followed by pubic and axillary hair then finally, menstruation. [1-3] other signs include growth spurt and acne. [1]
A common method for physicians to monitor sexual maturity in patients is recording observations according to the Tanner Staging system, which has five stages total; it focuses on the progression of pubic hair development in both boys and girls as well as specific signs of breast development in girls while also tracking the gradual progression of penile and testicular enlargement in boys.[4] Stage I is the pre-adolescent stage, in which, there is no sign of pubic hair development or breast development. Stage II is the onset of sparse pubic hair development and breast budding in girls. Stage III consists of coarser, darker pubic hair. Stage IV consists of continued distribution of pubic hair with development of the secondary breast mound in girls. Lastly, Stage V is the equivalent of adult sexual maturity, in which the pubic hair spreads to the medial thighs while penile and testicular development as well as breast development are determined as sexually mature.
While puberty takes place over a range of years and has predictable patterns, [4] not every child experience sexual maturity at the same rate and may appear with what seems to be abnormal development but is actually benign. There are instances, in which, a child may appear to develop sexual features earlier or later. For the purposes of this review, only early benign variants are discussed. The first common variant is premature adrenarche- children may appear with pubic and/or axillary hair, odor, or mild acne and it usually occurs before eight years old in girls and nine years old in boys.[5-6] What defines this diagnosis as benign are normal growth rate and the absence of breast, penile, and/or testicular enlargement; reassurance and continued routine physician visits are advised. [5-6] Another common variant is premature thelarche- girls appear with non-progressive breast enlargement over a four- to six-month period and the absence accelerated growth; this is usually observed before three years old and in this case, reassurance is also advised. [5-6]
B.Precocious Puberty
Precocious puberty is defined as the process in which a child’s body prematurely begins the development into an adult’s body. [1-3] From the previous discussion on common benign variants, indications of abnormal pubertal development include accelerated growth rate, Tanner Stage III breast development in girls before eight years old, and testicular and/or penile enlargement in boys before nine years old. [5-6]
a.Statistics
The incidence of precocious puberty is 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 children with a female to male ratio of 20 to 1.7 About 80-90% of female cases are of unknown causes and about 50% of male cases have identifiable causes.7
b.Causes/classification
The causes of precocious puberty are unknown a majority of the time, however, there are two classifications that describe possible and common presentations that are seen according to the hormonal pathways and signals that are disrupted in the human body.
The first classification is central; these are often caused by lesions of the central nervous system, such as tumors of the brain or having been exposed to radiation of the central nervous system. Having these lesions result in activating signals to begin the process of puberty much too early. [8]
The second classification is peripheral, which includes areas of the human body outside of the central nervous system, such as the gonads and adrenals. Commonly, children with peripheral precocious puberty would present with tumors of the ovaries, the testes, or the adrenal glands. Another subcategory in the peripheral classification is the exposure to exogenous sex hormones, such as oral contraceptives, skin and/or creams with testosterone ingredients. In other words, peripheral precocious puberty results from an excess of sex hormones and acting independently from the signals originally from the brain to regulate sexual maturity. [8]
c.Diagnosis
As most of the causes of precocious puberty are unknown, there is no definitive gold standard. Rather, diagnosis relies on a combination of observations, laboratory tests, and imaging. Observations include thorough medical history and physical exam as well as growth rate monitoring by the child’s primary care provider. Laboratory tests include testing specific sex hormone levels at baseline and when medically stimulated. Imaging include obtaining X-rays to test bone age, which is usually older than the calendar age in children with precocious puberty. Further testing includes ultrasound of the pelvis/testes/ovaries and brain MRI if observations and lab results indicate high likelihood of tumors in those respective areas of the body. [5-8]
C. Impacts of precocious puberty
The physical consequences from precocious puberty are often well-known in the medical field, however, there are also major behavioral, psychological, and social complications that, just as importantly, affect these children and must be taken into consideration when managing this condition.
a.Physical
Aside from the development of sexual characteristics, children who develop precocious puberty may experience accelerated growth, which would cause them to obtain a taller stature compared to their peers. However, despite this tall stature, these children end up with short stature for the reason that precocious puberty causes puberty to end early and growth stops before they reach the height that they would have obtained had they experienced puberty at the normal timeframe. [9-10]
b.Behavior
Children may suffer from mood swings or disruptive behavior due to precocious puberty. There also have been suggestions that these children may become sexually active earlier. Studies have also found that these children have higher rates of anxiety, depression, and substance use. [9-11]
c.Psychological
Children who develop precocious puberty often have mature outward appearances when they remain in the mindset of a child. This incongruence causes these children to experience higher social pressure and unrealistic expectations from their elders because they look older. In regards to interactions with their age group, children with precocious puberty may feel very uncomfortable with appearing more mature than they actually are and they may have low self-esteem from being different from their peers. This inevitably results in stress that are not otherwise experienced by pre-pubescent children. [9-11]
d.Social
Just as essential are the social complications for children with precocious puberty, as portrayed by the case of Lina Medina in the year 1939. Lina Medina was diagnosed with precocious puberty and gave birth at the age of five years old. [12] This portrays the elevated risks of physical and sexual abuse either during puberty or afterwards; this is termed as adolescent dating abuse. [13] Children who experience early sexual maturity often experience sexual harassment or aggression victimization, which may involve coercion with the use or threat of physical force, verbal pressure, or exploitation of an incapacitated state. [13-14] Also, they may have more friends who are male, older, or friends who engage in risk behavior compared to their peers. [13] In addition, there is the elevated risk of unwanted pregnancies. [13]
e.Pregnancy
Lastly, adding on to the case of Lina Medina, her baby was born by Caesarean section. [12] It is well-known that pregnancy before fifteen years old are associated with a great number of risks, not only to the prospective mother but also to her infant. [15] A few such risks include anemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and premature birth. [15] Another risk that is particularly relevant in mothers like Lina Medina is cephalo-pelvic disproportion, in which the baby’s head is wider than the pelvic opening and the safest delivery would be C-section. [16] Although life saving, undergoing C-sections is a great risk itself both during and after the procedure. As with any surgery, there are possible complications that may lead to permanent damage; [17] complications include infection, instrumental injury to organs close to the uterus such as the bladder or the intestines, and scar tissue, which may lead to future pregnancy complications. [18] If one applies this to a child with precocious puberty, there would logically be even higher risks particularly if she wishes to be pregnant in the future.
D.High Risk Groups
Precocious puberty has a predilection to affect females and African Americans. Children who are obese, have complications from other medical conditions that influence the hormonal pathways, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or have had radiation of central nervous system, such as for tumor or leukemia treatments are also at risk for developing precocious puberty. Another high risk group are those who have had exposure to exogenous sex hormones.[2]
E.Trends of sexual development and associations
The age of puberty onset has been steadily decreasing. In the last century, the average age of puberty was 16 years old. In the early 21st century, the age decreased to 13 years old. Currently, the age of puberty is around 10 years old.19-21 Studies have shown significant associations with daily environmental factors. Although many of these anthropogenic products contain only trace amounts- as approved and regulated by the FDA-23 children naturally have much smaller weights than adults, therefore, a trace amount that may not have effects on an adult hormonal system may have a significant impact on a child. [24]
a.Residuals from livestock production
With increasing population comes with increasing food demand and with it, the pressure of creating techniques for efficient livestock production. The livestock industry has since changed from small farms to factory-like production. The FDA, from the 1950s onwards, have approved the use of using numerous sex hormones in the form of implants or supplemental feed to increase growth rate and increase the efficiency of turning livestock into meat. [23] Traces of these hormones have continuously been found in human food. For example, sex hormones have been found in cow’s milk and breast milk which would transfer to infants and children. [26] In addition, the sex hormone estrogen accumulate in fat, suggesting that the physique and health of the livestock we consume also influence the amount of hormones humans are exposed to. Also, steroid precursors have been found in high concentrations in goose-fat and egg-laying hens. [26] Furthermore, the amount of sex hormones found in livestock also depends on where they are in their life cycle; whether humans consume adult cattle versus calves versus pregnant livestock also influence the amount of estrogen found in the meat we consume. [26] Although tests have deemed these safe for humans to eat, the amount of hormones found in livestock and consumed by humans are vastly variable. Also, studies have found positive associations between children with a diet rich in meat and developing precocious puberty. [19]
b.Environmental endocrine disrupters
There are numerous chemicals used today, whether during production or as by-products of consumer industries. There have been incidents of exposure that have caused harm to children. One classical case was the accidental exposure of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in cattle feed in Michigan 1973. [25] PBB production began in the 1970s and was a component found in plastics, such as computers and TVs. [24] Girls with high exposure to PBB experienced puberty a year earlier than girls who had lower exposure. [25] PBB has since been banned in the US in 1976 after the accident, however, synthetic chemicals continue to be used and created, such as chemicals in pesticides, BPA in food containers, and phthalates in toys. [25] There have been animal epigenetic studies, in which, they found that exposure to these endocrine disrupters in one generation leads to earlier puberty in subsequent generations. [25] It is well-known that there are other adverse conditions that can affect the next generation in humans; [25] it is not improbable that the daily chemicals we are commonly exposed to could also have the same effects.
c.Obesity
Diets heavy in dessert, fried foods, and snacks inevitably lead to obesity. Obesity in women is a risk factor for hormonal abnormalities that result in irregular menstrual cycles and reproductive disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility. [27] Studies have found significant association between the age of obesity onset and menstrual irregularities. [27] In other words, a substantial proportion of obese adolescents are now suffering from abnormal reproductive development. In the case of children, the trend of decreasing age of puberty onset has coincided with the trend of increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. [28] Studies have found evidence of insulin resistance, a major risk factor for obesity, in children with precocious puberty. [28] With obese adult women and adolescents experiencing the effects of hormonal abnormalities, there is a high probability that obesity has a role in premature sexual development in children.
F.Prevention strategies
According to the risk factors listed as well as the largely unknown origins of precocious puberty, there are many non-modifiable risk factors. However, obesity and exposure to exogenous sex hormones are risk factors that can be controlled. For example, children can be encouraged to eat a balanced diet and maintain a healthy weight. If parents or caretakers use oral contraceptives or other products that has estrogen or testosterone as part of the ingredients, take precaution as one would with any medication and ensure they are out of reach from children. [1] Moreover, the precautionary principle can also be applied- in general terms, this principle is used to emphasize that if we are unsure about an ingredient, then attempt to find a safer alternative. There are numerous chemicals we are exposed to daily, therefore, it is not possible for science to definitively and thoroughly know the effects they have on the human body; however, steps can be taken to limit the exposure of environmental hormonal compounds including wearing protective wear when handling or working with chemicals. [20] Furthermore, family and school support are particularly important for children; [20] decreasing age of puberty onset would need to be acknowledged and sexual educational programs would also need to change accordingly. [21] Moreover, it is advised to encourage children to be open about their feelings. [9] Lastly, it is important to observe for signs of abuse, such as expressing genital soreness, contracting sexually transmitted illnesses, having sexually inappropriate behavior for the child’s age, or having behavioral changes, such as avoiding the abuser. [22]
G.Case management
For the cases of precocious puberty that have known cause, such as tumors or prominent hormonal imbalance either from specific exogenous exposure or from a congenital medical condition, treatment and reversal is possible. [9] However, for children who have unknown causes, especially those in peripheral category, which is the majority of the cases, case management is essential. Frequent monitoring with the child’s primary care provider and referral to the pediatrics endocrinologist when abnormal signs appear are advised. [10] Social services and mental health services should also be made available as additional resources for both the children and their parents for financial assistance, coping strategies, or other forms of counseling. [9] Lastly, utilizing support groups or providing contact information of parents who have or have had children with precocious puberty will offer current parents personal connections with people who have gone through the same experience. [9]
The age of puberty onset has been steadily decreasing. Precocious puberty places significant strain on children who may appear physically and sexually mature when they are not socially ready and are still developing psychologically as pre-adolescents. And with constant exposure to environmental factors that predispose children to develop precocious puberty, the trend of decreasing age of puberty onset is not surprising. Because of the predominantly unknown causes of precocious puberty, it is possible that multiple exposures are part of the reason for premature sexual development. Therefore, society and the community can implement prevention strategies to decrease the interactions between children and risk factors. Case management is also important not only for the children but also for parents.
Many correlations have been found between premature sexual development and environmental factors, factors that are not likely to decrease any time soon for the sake of industry and consumer demands. It is very likely that the complications these children experience would soon be widely spread across populations instead of a few cases and would inevitably influence their lives as adults in the future. Changes must be implemented especially at the communal and societal level to support these children, who are not at the age in which they can speak for themselves.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.