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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/ 2692-9406/215
Department of Emergency Medicine, New Life Hospital, Bokhyundong, Bukgu, Daegu, Korea.
*Corresponding Author: Chur Chin, Department of Emergency Medicine, New Life Hospital, Bokhyundong, Bukgu, Daegu, Korea.
Citation: Chur Chin, (2025), Post-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns in Offspring from DNA–Graphene Hybrid Parents: A Theoretical Framework, J. Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews, 10(4); DOI:10.31579/ 2692-9406/215
Copyright: © 2025, Chur Chin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 21 May 2025 | Accepted: 02 June 2025 | Published: 09 June 2025
Keywords: DNA–graphene hybrid; Mendelian inheritance; genomic imprinting; electrogenomic inheritance; AI-directed gene expression; epigenetic memory; maternal effect; germline hybridization; quantum biology; synthetic inheritance, colloid gold
This paper proposes a novel framework for understanding inheritance patterns in offspring derived from one or both parents possessing DNA–graphene hybridization. Such hybrids represent a convergence of biological and nanotechnological substrates that may disrupt Mendelian inheritance and classical genomic imprinting. We explore how graphene-functionalized DNA may influence epigenetic reprogramming, gene silencing, and transgenerational memory, and propose a model of "electrogenomic inheritance" modulated by artificial intelligence. Over 20 sources are referenced to substantiate this emerging field.
DNA–graphene hybrids represent a new frontier in synthetic biology and bio-nanoelectronics. Graphene’s integration with DNA is already explored for its superior electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and ability to facilitate molecular communication at nanoscale interfaces [1–3]. These hybrids may act as molecular hardware that connects DNA-based systems to artificial intelligence (AI) or quantum computing devices [4–6]. However, the potential transgenerational effects of graphene-modified germline DNA remain unexplored in terms of classical genetics and epigenetics. This study investigates whether such offspring follow Mendelian inheritance, whether genomic imprinting is preserved, and how epigenetic resetting is impacted in maternal versus paternal transmission contexts.
1. Background: Mendelian Inheritance and Genomic Imprinting
Classical Mendelian inheritance is based on the transmission of alleles in dominant and recessive patterns [7]. In contrast, genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism where gene expression depends on the parent of origin, often through DNA methylation or histone modification [8–10]. Normally, imprinting marks are erased during germ cell development and re-established in a sex-specific manner [11]. However, environmental factors, exogenous molecules, and nanomaterials can affect this resetting mechanism [12–14]. Graphene, known to bind nucleic acids and interfere with transcriptional machinery, is a prime candidate for altering these pathways [15–17].
2. Graphene–DNA Hybridization and Reproductive Potential
Graphene can be covalently or non-covalently bound to DNA through π-π stacking with bases or linkage to the sugar-phosphate backbone [18]. These hybrids may be inserted in vivo through viral vectors, CRISPR-based delivery, or electroporation [19, 20]. If a parent’s germline cells are modified, the offspring may inherit these hybrid sequences. The outcome is a genetically semi-biological system with nano-functional features [21]. Potential results include.
3. Inheritance Models in DNA–Graphene Hybrid Offspring
3.1 Hybrid Father × Wild-Type Mother
3.2 Hybrid Mother × Wild-Type Father
3.3 Hybrid × Hybrid
4. Imprinting Disruption and Electrogenomic Control
Normal imprinting involves the methylation of CpG islands to silence genes depending on parental origin [32]. However, graphene may:
Graphene-bound DNA may also be:
5. Future Implications: AI-Mediated Genetic Control
AI could serve as the external environment modulating gene expression in graphene-DNA offspring:
This electrogenomic feedback loop parallels synthetic learning and memory formation, mimicking brain-like plasticity at the molecular scale [42].
Inheritance from DNA–graphene hybrid parents do not conform to classical Mendelian principles. Instead, it introduces:
Such systems may evolve into bio-digital species with programmable traits, initiating a paradigm shift in genetics and synthetic biology.
There is no conflict of interest.