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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/258
Faculty of Sciences of the Health. University International of The Rioja. (Spain)
*Corresponding Author: Teresa Vazquez Resino, Faculty of Sciences of the Health. University International of The Rioja. (Spain).
Citation: Teresa Vazquez Resino, (2024), Positive psychology and personal strengths in adolescents in the use of icts. A current review. "To a positive technology”. Psychology and Mental Health Care, 8(2): DOI:10.31579/2637-8892/258
Copyright: © 2024, Teresa Vazquez Resino. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 05 February 2024 | Accepted: 20 February 2024 | Published: 27 February 2024
Keywords: adolescents; strengths; personal virtues; TICs
Strengths are positive, universal, measurable, and relatively stable psychological traits, yet they are considered flexible enough to allow for development and training (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). From Positive Psychology tries to empower and train adolescents and young adults to develop their personal strengths, with the aim of making them more autonomous and capable of functioning in the world (Caruana Vañó, 2010). From this point derives a more flexible and optimistic conceptualization of this period of life, as opposed to the reflection of a traumatic image in search of personal growth and vital meaning (Seligman, 1999).
On the other hand, the introduction of new technologies in society has led to important changes in the way of relating to others and the environment (Bernete, 2009). The problematic and dysfunctional use of Internet is a growing problem that interferes with the family and academic
life of adolescents. It may have serious consequences, which would be exacerbated by the emerging health crisis and the confinement derived from Covid-19. (Civic and Cols. 2021).
This paper is a revision of the last seven years of studies in these areas, highlighting the personal variables that influence and converge in a healthy relationship of young people in the use they make with technologies.
Adolescence is considered a complex phase, marked by the transition from childhood to adulthood. adulthood (WHO, 2014). The development of human strengths, initially studied by Peterson and Seligman (2004) offer an ideal “breeding ground” for knowing the skills, competencies and capabilities of the teenagersand Adults youths,betting by a paradigm centeredin the potentialities and No so much in the vulnerabilities in saying processof transition. Peterson and Seligman (2004) presented a taxonomy that allows identifying 24 strengths originally grouped into six virtues of character: a) virtue of wisdom and knowledge:creativity, curiosity, openingmental, love to thelearning and perspective; b) virtue of thecourage: honesty and authenticity, courage,perseverance and vitality;c) virtue of the humanity:kindness, love and social intelligence; d) virtue of justice: equity, leadership and work in equipment; e) virtue of temperance: forgiveness, modesty, prudence and self-regulation; f) virtue of the transcendence: appreciation of the beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor,spirituality and religiosity. In some of these studies HE they have addressed explicitly the virtuesand strengths psychological, its origin, conceptualization and implications. sayingsstrengths and virtues,in balance, are protective factors against the problematic use of ICTs. in adolescents and young adults. In this way, the most predominant strengths in adolescents are of Privacy,Gratitude and Humor (Gimenez, 2010; park &Peterson, 2006). The girls they score further high in the strengths of Kindness, Fairness, Appreciation of Beauty, and Perspective (Ferragut et to the., 2014b; park & Peterson, 2006; Peterson &Seligman, 2004) and the guys in Humorand Optimism (Gimenez, 2010). By consequent, is from the Psychology Positive where HE develop perspectives scientifically informed, about aspects of the conditionhuman that they leadto the happiness, the sense of achievement, the realization and the flowering staff (Fox & Alex, 2011). In adolescence, the construction of identity is also associated with the relationship that is establishes with their peers through ICTs, such as mobile phones, the Internet or networks social. In fact, said independence is established by offering these interconnections more privacy and control over teens' lives and the opportunity to be connected freely and permanently with their peers (Campbell & Park, 2014; Döring, 2014; Lehdonvirta & Räsänen, 2011; Ling, 2005). However, while the use of ICTs increases and facilitates theinteraction social, his evil use can produceconsequences negative, of character eminentlypsychological and emotionalin the health of the teenagers (Gomez,Harris, Barreiro, Isorna, & Rial, 2017; Kopecký, 2012; Sadhir,Stockburger, & Omar. (2016). Despite this importance in the construction of identity, promotion of strengths and formation of values in adolescents and young people (Park, 2004; Huebner, Gilman and Furlong, 2009) There are few studies that relate these capabilities to the positive use they make of the ICTs., specifically, he use of the phone mobile and Internetin the was current (Given,Medina and Tell me,2022). By so much, the aim of this revisionsystematic is examinethe literature scientific that analyze the factors that make up personal consistency, focusing attention on studies made in the use and abuse of the ICTs, with population young and Teen, in the last five years.
2.1.- Strategies searchand selection.
The strategyof search was of agreement with he systemPRISM (Preferred ReportingItems for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). HE proceeded to carry out a revision systematic of the literature scientific combining the words clue: "adolescence", "useand abuse ICTs”, "psychology positive", strengths and virtuespersonal”, "addiction to the technologies", "use problematic of technologies”, “personality”, “mobile, “networks”, “information” and “internet”, mostly. Articles were searched, in English and Spanish, until December 2022, in the followingbases of data: PubMed, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), Cochrane Library,PsycINFO, Library of the University International of Rioja, Google Academic and Base of data bibliographic from college Official of the psychology of Madrid (Psychodoc). Next, the original full-text documents were selected, with the in order to examine the adequacy of the present study with respect to the inclusion elements and exclusion established. The studies included only adolescents and young adults, both nationally and international, excluding works of more than ten years and those aimed at prevention of the symptoms, perception to the exposureand by ende aftermath psychological and traumas relational.
3.1.- Selection of studies
HE they reviewed 203 studies published in relationship with he use of Internetand he mobile and he study of characteristics personal (strengths) and personal virtues).
Of these, he 94.15% were Rejectedby No achieve with the criteria of inclusion. TO continuation, The PRISMA diagram is shown (figure 1), with the sequence of the process of searchperformed.
Figure 1. Diagram Prism
A time made the search of the articles, HE they extracted and analyzed the main variables, which are show in the Board 1.
Board 1.- Studies reviewed
| Qualification Study | Year | Authors | Sample | Issue (Summary) | Variables studied | Results obtained |
| The dataof the present | ||||||
| Technologies of the Information and the | 2018 | Eduardo J. Pedrero-Perez; | 1,276 | He study aims to study the | .- Age differences | studyinform of the |
| Communication (ICT): use | José Maria Ruiz-Sanchez | subjects | issuesthat affect the | .- Sex differences | high frequency | |
| problem , | of Lion; GloryRed- | peopleof all the ages in he | .- Incidence Mental disorder | issues associates to the use | ||
| video games, mobile phones, | Speck;frames | controlof the use of are ICTsand Yeah | .- Predispositions individual: | and excessive immersion in the | ||
| Messenger service snapshot and networks | Llanero-Luque,Jara | are related with issues | personality, values, meaning | calledTechnologies | ||
| socialthrough he MULTICAGE- | Pedrero-Aguilar; Sarah | mental health, stress and | vitaland goal. | of the Information and the | ||
| TIC. | Morales-Alonso and Carmen | difficulties in he control superior | Communication (TIC), being | |||
| Puerta-García | of behavior and | this made widespread in | ||||
| personality. | different countries, in | |||||
| both sexes, in all the | ||||||
| ages and in all the | ||||||
| levelscultural. This use | ||||||
| excessive HE relates with | ||||||
| difficulties for he control | ||||||
| behavioral, | ||||||
| emotional And social in | ||||||
| activities oflife _ | ||||||
| daily, as well as | ||||||
| symptoms of risk for | ||||||
| developissues of | ||||||
| mental healthyla | ||||||
| experimentation of | ||||||
| greaterlevels of stress | ||||||
| He genderfemale this | ||||||
| Addiction to Internet, video game and | 2022 | TO. Menendez-Garcia, TO. | 112 subjects | He use of the new technologies HE | .- Sex differences | associated with ATM, |
| phonesmobiles in | Jiménez-Arroyo, M. | has generalized to level world. | .- ADHD, factorof risk | whilethat he gender | ||
| children and teenagers: A study of | Rodrigo-Yanguas, M. | There is a growing worry | .- Adjustment social | malethis associated | ||
| cases and controls. | Marín-Vila, | regard of the "disorder of addiction | .- Activity physical | with he TJI. He ADHDis a | ||
| F. Sánchez-Sanchez, AND. | to Internet" (TAI),he "disorder of | factorof risk for he | ||||
| Roman-Riechmann, H. | game in Internet" (TJI) and the | development of the TAI andhe TJI. He | ||||
| Blasco-Fontecilla | « mobile phone addiction» | ADHD/Cand he ADHD/HI are | ||||
| (ATM).Study | eachone associated withhe | |||||
| naturalist of cases and controls | TJI.A good adjustment social | |||||
| protects against | ||||||
| Development of TJI. |
| .- Differences between sexes. | In how much to the applications | ||||||||
| Use Problematic of the TIC in | 2019 | Diaz-Vicario, | TO., | 906 subjects | The investigation analyzesthe habits | .- Difference age | problematic in the | ||
| teenagers. | Merchant, c. and Gairín, J | of use of the TIC by part of the | .- Importance of the dimension | field , | |||||
| teenagers Spanish people of between | socio-relational: conflicts family | confirms thatlasTIC | |||||||
| 12 and 17 years, identifying the applications | and friends. | can generate | |||||||
| problematic in the areas | .- Isolation social | distractions in class and | |||||||
| academic, social and familiar | .- Low performance academic | propitiate the decrease | |||||||
| .- Importance of the education | of thetime dedicated to the | ||||||||
| study. | |||||||||
| The TIC they can affect | |||||||||
| negatively the | |||||||||
| dimension socio-relational | |||||||||
| of the youths,so much in he | |||||||||
| aroundsocial and familiar | |||||||||
| as of leisure. | |||||||||
| HE they have detected as | |||||||||
| Addiction to the mobile and Internet in | 2019 | Jose Luis | Vicente- | 269 subjects | This study analyzed the relationship | .- Difference age | variable protectors | ||
| teenagers and his relationship with | Squire,Pedro Saura- | betweenpsychopathology and abuseof the | .- Difference sex | as the belonging to | |||||
| issues | psychopathological | and | Garre,Concepción López- | mobileand Internet in teenagers, | .- Factor of belonging, as | organizations, autonomy | |||
| variables protective. | To usually do, Antonia Martinez and | besides, HE analyzed Yeahcertain | protection. | staff,the relationship with | |||||
| mavi | protective variables | .- Relations of communication and | the parents and he performance | ||||||
| Alcantara | psychopathology protect also | friends. | in mathematics.The | ||||||
| of theabuse of the mobileand Internet and HE | .- Autonomy staff | belongto the less to a | |||||||
| they calculated the points of court two | .- Adaptation and relationship suitable | organization in the thatthe | |||||||
| questionnaires that measure he abuse | with the world. | minorsparticipate, have | |||||||
| of are technology | personal autonomy | ||||||||
| unwrapgood in he | |||||||||
| world, a suitable | |||||||||
| relationship with the parentsand | |||||||||
| a good performance in | |||||||||
| math,are keys | |||||||||
| for decrease he abuse of | |||||||||
| are new technologies. | |||||||||
| Other studies have | |||||||||
| identified also as | |||||||||
| protective of the abuse of | |||||||||
| internet andmobile | |||||||||
| intelligence emotional. | |||||||||
3.2.- Results of the study.
Regarding the results found, they follow the same line as systematic reviews made with anteriority, highlighting the review of Spanish empirical studies about internet and mobile addiction (Carbonell et al. 2012), where twelve empirical studies were reviewed published, in relationship with the personality I symptoms psychopathological through quantitative instruments and whose results observe a positive correspondence between the hours of Connection in he use of Internet and communication interpersonal and factors of consumption of tobacco, alcohol and depression with the rates of prevalence in the use of the telephone mobile. Other study of revision in this same line is he that makes Aguilar, S. (2016), where the author reviews published research (between 2006 and 2016) about problematic use of Internet in teenagers for know his prevalence, the factors of risk and their consequences in it development staff and social. Their data concludes that the risk of problematic Internet use is greater in adolescents with issues emotional, relatives and schoolchildren, and entails consequences psychological, manifestation of mental disorders, problems of sleep), physical (headaches, overweight), functional (decrease of the performance) and social (isolation), besides of introduce some Symptoms of abstinence and of increase of the probability of consume of substances. Although they are not decisive, both studies confirm the need for control and emotional balance in adolescents and young people, as well as the development of adequate interpersonal communication as positive relational factors in the problematic use of ICTs. A study also determinant in how much to the importance of the personality and development of strengths in adolescents, as positive aspects, is the theoretical review carried out by Arab and Days (2014), where HE stands out the importance of the education and he knowledge of the traits of personality of youths and teenagers, the which are items important in the planning of an intervention to level school and suitable family. Along these same lines, Yepez et al. (2020) relate the personal strengths and virtues of the younger, obtaining a significant correlation with data on resilience, satisfaction with life and well-being. Likewise, the study by Ferragut (2014) carried out in adolescents centered in analyze the variables strengths and virtues, sample the appearance of the strenghts and virtues as relatively stable over time from 12 to 14 years, with a increase light in humanity and justice, observing as the girls show elderly proportion of the six virtues analyzed that boys and these trends do not vary according they comply years. It is established that in most studies there is a differential relationship between sex and age concrete of the subjects studied, So HE do patents in the studies of Pedrero-Perez and cols. (2018), Diaz Vicar and cols. (2019), Squire and cols. (2019), where HE sample that, to elderly age, elderly prevalence use mobile and Internet, being further frequent in men, as difference of gender and that is also they confirm in sayings studies. In the present, the attention to the strengths personal in youths and teenagers is considered a tool essential of management staff No only as ability that enables he development comprehensive of the guys and girls that it possess, but that HE converts in a shape of promote and consolidate changes predominant between teenagers and youths, converting them in more personalities resilient and safe (Giménez, Hervás and Vázquez, 2010). The factors protectors and emotional intelligence, as the main protective factor, are the predominant ones In various studies such as that of Alshakhsi et al. (2022) and its importance in the development of skills social forehead to use of the technologies. Likewise, in relation to psychological well-being, García-Álvarez et al. (2020), presented a study where strengths are predicted with the psychological well-being of adolescents and its dimensions, likewise, a positive relationship is established with life satisfaction and health. mental, besides of performance and perception positive in he ambit school, all they variables consistent with attributes such as persistence, teamwork, prudence and self-regulation, data that HE they repeat and HE present in he study of Perez and Deudelis (2021) where HE establishes the importance of a stable emotional pattern and an important element such as satisfaction with life in relational use with the mobile phone. Likewise, the study of Lacunza and cols (2022), in this same line, establish factors of effort and success as factors of coping in behaviors vulnerable in he use of networks social and Internet. He study done by Arias and cols, (2020), contributes to establish the variables positive in the students, in relation to their educational results, therefore contributing to their well-being. With this, these authors contemplate a model of generic competencies that influence the development of skills and abilities, guiding the put in practice of the knowledge acquired. The results found by sayings authors contribute to show attitudes of commitment, control and challenge in their learning processes, but also in the control of situations that affect to a attitude constructive and stable in view of a world changing. Comparing with the studies presented, the results are repeated and in this way the study done by Bravoy cols (2021) they underline the correlation positive between he performance academic, attitudes of challenge related with he sport and he use of phone mobile and Internet in students of secondary. The results obtained by Garcia and Canton (2019), HE channel along these same lines, highlighting academic performance as a positive factor in the use that perform technology students. Finally, the study by León et al. (2022) shows both the importance of intelligence emotional in the use of mobile phones, such as the functioning of said emotional understanding, that act in pro achievements academics. One of the aspects that are changing the most quickly and transformatively are the experiences that adolescents develop in relation to leisure, establishing themselves within ten years a totally technological leisure, constituting relationships of multipurpose devices to through of the connectivity total (Nueno and Ricarte, 2010). In this context, for the teenagers, these supports technological are especially attractive, in principle for its ease of access and interaction, as well as in the development of the communicative flows and multiple possibility of responses (Bringue and Sádaba, 2009), but it is important to take into account the need for social interaction, crucial for the identity of the Teen. Is by it, that he use excessive of the screens presents of beforehand a scenery (Lara et al. 2009) full of dysfunctional consequences in relation to the mental health of these guys. By other side, the cause of the greater misfortunes in the countries industrialized No is the poverty. What gives rise to the greatest suffering are mental health problems, being the virtues and potentialities human the better solution to sayings issues (Guillen and cols., 2017; layard, 2005) Pedrero-Perez and cols. (2018) manifest the incidence to the issues of health mental in the further young people, to be isolated and lack of a model of meaning full vital. The need of lend attention to all these factors positive ha proven function as protective factor from the impact that negative events and potentially help prevent the development of a psychological disorder (Wood and Tarrier, 2010). A science that highlights human potentialities and virtues helps the useful use of technology promotes a elderly welfare learning to use it in pro of the progress of the species human, from there The importance of the socio-relational dimension (Díaz-Vicario and Gairín, 2019). The results of the present study show relationship between the symptomatology psychopathological and the satisfaction that adolescents feel (Pérez and Deudelis, 2021). This result is in line of other studies (Heras et al., 2011), which show that students who perceive a dynamic familiar in the that HE them It allows participate and involve of a manner further active, do one use more functional and healthy of ICT. Other evidence that strengthens this confidence was obtained by Carbonell et al. (2012), whose objective was to establish a differentiating line between the healthy use of the pathological in ICTs. After a review of studies along these lines, they confirmed that the abuse of cell phones and Internet, are a source of psychological discomfort, there being a relationship between said discomfort and the problematic use of technology, among them the possibility of suffering from insomnia and irritability. With all this, they conclude that utilitarian and problematic access to networks and the Internet No only alters the perception and identity of the child that the uses, to the create a false reality, but that There are also alterations on a psychological level that can be foreseen from the consolidation of strengths as the communication and factors prosocial and that in our study HE establish with the line carried to cape by Munoz and cols. (2018) setting the lack of control and addictive behaviors in he use problematic of the Technologies.
The review carried out in this work in young people and young adults allows us to verify that the results obtained converge in the same line of the made with anteriority by others authors. This way, we highlight: The older you are, the greater the prevalence of mobile and internet use, with the inherent risks that this causes, there is also a greater risk and negative consequences in the use of technologies, in men. A positive correlation is found with academic performance in healthy, functional and appropriate of the technologies. Strengths and virtues, linked to resilience, well-being and satisfaction with life, converge in a elderly welfare and HE erect as factors protectors in view of he use that HE makes of the themselves. Intelligence, awareness, control and emotional regulation are essential factors in the use and development of technologies, by the youngest. A stable personality implies likewise a better relationship with the technologies.
The results of the present study they put of manifest the need of develop programs and preventive actions, especially in primary prevention, that affect the aspects that constitute factors of risk for he evil use of the technology. In this sense, the training of parents and teachers in the use of the Internet and its risks will allow the problem to be detected as as soon as possible to launch social and leisure skills development programs alternatives in he period Teen. The lack of consensus in the criteria diagnoses No only makes it difficult to estimate the problem, but also makes it difficult to develop actions preventive and the choice of the treatment further appropriate for address it, although is clear that a treatment therapeutic for he use pathological I would be different to the of any other addiction, well he objective not is to make disappear the use, but that person be able to self-regulate. The realization of reviews of the literature about the addictions to the technologies can suppose important and necessary progress in his investigation, well are each time further present in the lives of people, for the that it would be better to prevent the evil use from ages early. In this line, HE does necessary enlarge this revision with studies that analyze the applications and habits of consumption of the technology from first years.
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