AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Case Report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2642-9756/228
1Department of Pharmacy Practice, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, Inda
2Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
3School of Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
*Corresponding Author: Kiran Dudhat, School of Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
Citation: Riddhi Shah, Hetvi Shah, Foram Khamar, Jainy Shah, Kushal Parekh, et al, (2024), Pompe Disease: From Basic Science to Therapy, J. Women Health Care and Issues, 7(7); DOI:10.31579/2642-9756/228
Copyright: © 2024, Kiran Dudhat. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 05 November 2024 | Accepted: 12 November 2024 | Published: 19 November 2024
Keywords: black women; depression; somatic symptoms; cultural competence; mental health; systemic barriers; community support; holistic health; misdiagnosis; healthcare access
This literature review explores the complex mental health challenges faced by Black women, with a particular focus on depression and its somatic symptoms. Depression in Black women often presents with unique manifestations, including increased physical pain and stress-related symptoms such as hypertension. These somatic expressions are influenced by cultural beliefs, community dynamics, and systemic barriers to care. The paper highlights the importance of culturally sensitive mental health resources and the role of community support in fostering resilience and healing. Significant barriers, including limited access to competent care and the risks of misdiagnosis, underscore the need for tailored, inclusive approaches. Emphasizing the need to believe Black women when they report somatic symptoms, the paper argues that healthcare providers must listen, assess, and treat these symptoms with empathy and competence. A call to action is made for increased awareness and research, advocating for more inclusive studies that consider the intersection of race, gender, and mental health. By addressing both mental and physical health in a holistic manner, and through culturally competent care, we can improve the quality of life for Black women, ensuring they receive the comprehensive and compassionate care they deserve.
Mullerian duct anomalies (MUA) occur from malformations at any step of the Mullerian developmental process. They are seen in 5.5% of the unselected population, in 8% amongst infertile women, and in 13.3% of those with miscarriages.1 Septate uterus is the most common of the Mullerian duct anomalies. It has the worst prognosis and is associated with high incidence of miscarriage and habitual abortion.1, 2 The persistence of the partitioning from a defective fusion of paramesonephric ducts during embryogenesis is the basis for uterine septum. It is largely asymptomatic making the true prevalence difficult to ascertain.3 Although there is not so much robust evidence to show the association between septate uterus and infertility and other reproductive outcomes. However, the plausible link may be that that uterine septum can lead to increased rates of spontaneous abortion, preterm labour, intrauterine growth restriction, abnormal placentation, malpresentation of the fetus, and caesarean section rate.4 Management of Uterine septum has undergone tremendous changes from conservative management to Jones or Tompkins open abdominal metroplasty and now hysteroscopic metroplasty which is regarded as the gold standard in the contemporary obstetrics.5 However, in developing countries where there is paucity of hysteroscopic equipment and expertise, open abdominal metroplasty can still be of relevance to help alleviate the suffering of these women with infertility from septate uterus.
Patient information
She was a 31-year-old woman with three previous miscarriages who presented to our facility for infertility evaluation. She has been married for three years. She attained menarche at 13 years. Her menstrual cycle had been regular with severe primary dysmenorrhea that will sometimes last up to 5 days. She was not using any hormonal or non-hormonal contraceptive method. There was no associated heavy menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia, intermenstrual or post coital bleeding. She has had three consecutive miscarriages, each between gestational age of 7 to 9 weeks, two of which she had manual vacuum aspiration with no post abortal complications. Her last cervical smear was six months prior to presentation which was negative for intraepithelial neoplasia or malignancy. Her last menstrual period was two weeks prior to presentation.
Clinical findings
Her external genitalia were grossly normal looking with no obvious abnormality and no evidence of female genital mutilation. Her Blood pressure was 120/70mmHg, heart rate of 88 beats per minute, respiratory rate was 16 cycles per minute and oxygen saturation was 98% at room air. Other examination findings were unremarkable.
Diagnostic approach
Her hormone profile, blood sugar, thyroid function and antiphospholipid antibody screening were normal. Transvaginal ultrasound scan revealed two separate uterine cavities with a common cervix and septum almost close to the cervix and normal uterine fundus. Ovaries were radiologically normal. (Fig 1).
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) also showed two uterine cavities with a common cervix and angle between the uterine horns was 65 degrees (less than 75°) suggestive of septate uterus.
She was counselled on further diagnostic options including an MRI, hysteroscopy and laparoscopy but she declined because of unavailability of funds or insurance coverage. She was then consented for open abdominal surgery.
Surgical/Therapeutic intervention
She had surgery during the follicular phase of her menstrual cycle. Following laparotomy, a single Antero fundal incision on the uterus was made and dissected sideways to access both halves of the endometrial cavities. Findings revealed a normal sized uterus with normal external contour, two uterine cavities smaller than usual separated by a thick septum just short of the cervix which was excised with both cavities unified and cervix probed and dilated to size 6 dilator to reduce stenosis from adhesion. Endometrium was closed with polyglactin 910 number 3/0 suture. The myometrium closed with polyglactin 910 number 2 and serosa closed with the continuous base-ball pattern with polyglactin 910 number 1 and anti-adhesion barrier applied (‘Surgicel’). Fallopian tubes and ovaries were normal. A tight cervico-isthmic tourniquet made with a size 16 Foley catheter ensured negligible blood loss. An intrauterine Lippes loop (an intrauterine device without the copper) was inserted into the uterus to prevent adhesion.
Follow-up and outcome
Post-operative care included oral antibiotic and analgesics. Her post-operative recovery was uneventful. She was discharged third post-operative day. Her menses returned three weeks post procedure. She subsequently missed her period on the 5th post operative month.
Ante-natal was uneventful except for heightened anxiety during the first trimester and third trimester. She had a male neonate following an elective caesarean section at 39 weeks.
Figure 1 & 2; Pre-operative HSG and Pre-operative transvaginal sonography respectively.
Figure 3 and 4; Images of external surface of uterus pre metroplasty and probes in both halves of endometrial cavity during open metroplasty respectively.
Figure 5 & 6; Images of Post metroplasty appearance of external surface of uterus and post caesarean section appearance of uterus respectively.
Septate uterus is the most common of all congenital uterine anomalies and Mullerian duct anomalies. The septal tissue is made of fibromuscular tissue with an endometrium with reduced sensitivity to pre-ovulatory hormonal changes and significantly reduced transmembrane vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors than the normal uterine tissue.5, 6 Infertility and dysmenorrhoea may be common.1 A diagnosis of septate uterus alone is not an indication for surgery unless complicated with poor reproductive outcome.
2.Hysterosalpingography (HSG) which has over the years been used to screen for anatomic anomalies is limited by its inability to evaluate external uterine contour, and so cannot reliably differentiate between septate and bicornuate uterus or differentiate between an incomplete septum or an arcuate uterus from a bicornuate uterus.6 Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) also serves a similar purpose without the danger of exposure to radiation.6 Laparoscopy after HSG suspicion is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis.
Transvaginal sonography (TVS) has proven helpful in diagnosing septate uterus with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 80%.7Three-dimensional ultrasonography allows for planar reformatted sections through the uterus giving a accurate evaluation of the fundal and entire external contour with results similar to endoscopic evaluation.7
MRI allows for a non-invasive alternative approach of assessing both the internal and the external contour of the uterus and useful in virgins with suspicion of congenital uterine anomaly.8 Although our patient had transvaginal ultrasound scan and HSG, she was financially constrained to do other investigations.
Hysteroscopic (transcervical) metroplasty with or without concurrent laparoscopy is the standard treatment of choice for septate uterus.9 Open or abdominal metroplasty has given way with the advent of modern endoscopic instruments and techniques; however, an abdominal uterine septum resection can still be performed for septate uterus in a limited resource surgical setting achieving remarkable improved fetal survival rates post-surgery as was done for our patient.
Metroplasty improves reproductive outcome associated with Mullerian anomalies. Hysteroscopic (transcervical) metroplasty has replaced abdominal metroplasty in patients with septate uterus by reducing morbidity but abdominal metroplasty is a useful alternative in developing nations with limited availability of minimal access surgical procedures.
We are grateful to all the nurses, medical record staff, radiologists and theatre staff in our facility who contributed immensely to the patient care.
All authors contributed to the conception of the case report. Literature search and review were performed by OA, NM, AK, KO. The first draft of the case report was written by NM and critically reviewed by OA and AK. All authors commented and reviewed the final draft of the case report.
Not applicable for a case report.
Not applicable for a case report.
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, she has given her consent for her images/photographs and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. She understands that her name and initials will not be published, and due efforts will be made to conceal her identity.
Authors declare that the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
Nil.
There are no conflicts of interest.
We hereby declare that no generative AI technologies such as Large Language Models (ChatGPT, COPILOT, etc.) and text-to-image generators have been used during writing or editing of manuscripts.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
