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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.31579/2688-7517/086
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
2Department of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.
3Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea.
4Current address: Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom †Joint first authorship.
*Corresponding Author: Dongil Chung, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
Citation: Hyeji Lee, Yoonji Jeon, Cheolin Yoo, HeeYoung Seon, Jiwon Park, et al., (2025), The Association of Opioid Use Disorder and COVID-19 in Shahroud, Iran, J. Addiction Research and Adolescent Behaviour, 8(2) DOI:10.31579/2688-7517/086
Copyright: © 2025, Dongil Chung. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 03 September 2025 | Accepted: 18 September 2025 | Published: 26 September 2025
Keywords: opioid use disorder; covid-19; iran; sars cov-2
Smoking is a severe addictive health risk behavior and notorious for the high likelihood of relapse after attempted cessation. Such an addictive pattern in smoking has been associated with neurobiological changes in the brain. However, little is known whether the neural changes associated with chronic smoking persist after a long period of successful abstinence. To address this question, we examined resting state EEG (rsEEG) in heavy smokers who have been smoking for 20 years or more, past-smokers who have been successfully abstaining for 20 years or more, and non-smokers. Compared with chronic current- or past- smokers, non-smokers showed higher relative power in theta frequency band, showcasing long-lasting effects of smoking on the brain. A few rsEEG features in alpha frequency band also revealed reversible impacts of smoking, such that only current-smokers, but not past- smokers, showed distinctively higher patterns than non-smokers in their relative power, EEG reactivity—power changes between eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions—, and coherence between channels. Furthermore, rsEEG feature differences between current- and past- smokers were accounted for by individuals’ self-reported smoking history and nicotine dependence. These data suggest long-lasting impacts of chronic smoking on the brain that are dissociable from the neural changes reversible with long-term abstinence.
Smoking is one of the most severe addictive health risk behaviors and the leading cause of preventable death that accounts for more than 8 million deaths [1]. A distinctive characteristic observed in smokers is that a large proportion of individuals who attempt to quit, particularly the ones who already attempted before [2], is highly likely to relapse [3]. Such an addictive pattern has been described as a “cycle of spiraling dysregulation” of brain [4] suggesting that neurobiological changes in the brain [5-7] account for the reason why individuals become addicted and why they are vulnerable to relapse. This perspective was corroborated by previous studies showing that among many factors, pronounced cue-induced neural responses [8-11] and smaller brain volume observed in smokers are associated with a high risk of relapse [12]. A natural question that follows is whether or not smoking has long-term and long-lasting effects on the brain. However, it still remains elusive whether these changes in the brain of smokers are permanent even after a long period of successful abstinence, or reversible at least to some extent. To address this issue, both the impacts of smoking and of abstinence need to be examined from individuals who have different histories of lifetime smoking. Previous studies showed that electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to capture neural characteristics in psychopathology [13,14]. Among various features in EEG, the differences in spontaneous and intrinsic brain activities measured under the resting state [15] have been found useful in dissociating smokers from non-smokers [16-18], and in characterizing smokers’ abstinence [19-21] and craving severity [22]. Particularly, being a smoker or administrating nicotine has been typically associated with decreased EEG powers in delta or theta frequency bands [16,17], but with increased powers in alpha band [23-25]. Note that most studies focused on the impact of smoking (acute or chronic) or a brief nicotine deprivation. The aim of the current study is to examine neural changes in individuals who have different smoking profiles and dissociate reversible from long-lasting (or potentially irreversible) impacts. Based on previous reports on EEG biomarkers associated with smoking, we hypothesized that resting state EEG (rsEEG) powers measured from smokers, past- smokers, and non-smokers would reveal irreversible neural changes associated with chronic smoking apart from reversible changes with successful long-term abstinence.
To examine long-term effects of smoking and abstinence, we explored EEG coherence as an additional feature in EEG. Previous studies showed that individuals with substance dependence (e.g., nicotine [26], cannabis [27], alcohol [28], and heroine [29]) or behavioral addiction (e.g., gaming disorder and internet addiction [30]) demonstrate altered EEG coherence. In a recent study, Prashad et al. [27] reported EEG coherence patterns in cannabis users, and suggested a possibility of using EEG coherence as a biomarker for substance use disorders. Winterer et al. [28] examined EEG coherence in long-term abstinent alcohol users and showed that an increase in EEG coherence may be a trait-like (i.e., irreversible or invariant) feature for substance abuse. Based on these previous reports, we expected EEG coherence to provide a useful measure for investigating both the long-term effects of smoking and abstinence. In a series of studies examining the impact of neurodegenerative changes in the brain (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease), alpha reactivity—relative reduction in alpha band EEG power during eyes-open compared to eyes-closed resting state—has been suggested as a biomarker of cholinergic system integrity [31-33]. Specifically, a recent study suggested that individuals’ alpha reactivity levels are associated with their functional connectivity between the visual cortex and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) [32], a brain region considered as the main source of cortical cholinergic innervation. Given that chronic nicotine exposure is known to induce increases in the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and losses in their functional sensitivity [34,35], we expected that chronic cigarette smoking may affect functional connectivity between the associated brain regions and EEG patterns which are suggested to reflect the relationship. Across various previous studies that examined the relationship between smoking and alpha rhythm EEG, the focus has been on the impact of acute nicotine administration or temporary deprivation [19,20,24,36] and of cue-induced responses [10,37]. Here, based on previously reported neurobiological changes linked to chronic smoking, we hypothesized that alpha reactivity in addition to EEG power and coherence may reflect long-term effects of smoking. Data from 20 chronic heavy smokers who at least had been smoking a pack of cigarettes for 20 years, 28 past-smokers who successfully stayed abstinent for 20 years, and 33 non-smoker controls (non-smoker hereafter) were analyzed for the current study. To characterize and investigate the impacts of cigarette smoking on the brain, participants’ rsEEGs recorded their eyes- open and closed were analyzed. If there exist irreversible neural alterations associated with smoking, similar neural patterns should be observed between smokers and past-smokers even if they have been successfully staying abstinent for a long period, whereas the patterns should be different from that of non-smokers. To further examine individual differences, we explored correlations between individuals’ EEG features (power, coherence, and alpha reactivity) and their smoking related self-report measures (e.g., cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, and the number of quit attempts).
Participants. Twenty-five chronic smokers, 38 non-smokers, and 31 past-smokers were recruited for the current study. Smokers were recruited from a one-week group behavior therapy for smoking cessation, organized at Ulsan University Hospital, and all the smokers have been smoking at least one pack of cigarettes per day for 20 years (20 pack-years). The exclusion criteria included neurological or psychiatric disorder, traumatic brain injury, and current use of psychoactive substances other than nicotine, and were initially assessed at the sign-up interview for the current study. Only three out of 25 smokers who met the inclusion criteria were female, which reflects higher prevalence of male than female smokers in South Korea [38]. Due to this gender bias, we decided to exclude these female participants from the analyses and left it as a limitation of the current study (see Discussion). Two additional smokers were excluded due to large EEG artifacts (see EEG analysis for artifact definition). At study intake, all smoker participants were abstinent for at least 24 hours and only five participants smoked 6.20 ± 5.63 cigarettes in last 48 hours. Before the EEG measurement, participants’ abstinence was confirmed by the exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) level of 3 ppm or below (Micro Smokerlyzer, Bedfont Scientific Ltd., Maidstone, Kent, UK; BMC- 2000, Senko International Inc., Osan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). Non-smokers and past-smokers were recruited from local community via online advertisements. Non-smokers were defined as individuals who smoked < 5 xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed> 75 μV throughout the entire EEG or EEG spectral power deviated > 3 SD from the group mean in each condition). In the remaining participants, EEG data with the spectral power deviated > 3 SD from the group mean in a single condition (i.e., eyes-open or eyes- closed) were only excluded from the statistical analysis for the corresponding condition: 5 smokers, 6 past-smokers, and 3 non-smokers. To examine impacts of smoking status among groups, we calculated relative spectral powers, alpha reactivity, and alpha band coherence. The relative spectral power of each frequency band was defined as a ratio between the absolute power of the corresponding frequency band and the total sum of absolute power from 1-50 Hz. To examine alpha band reactivity, we calculated EEG band power changes between eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions as follows [32]: According to this definition, individuals who show larger alpha power difference between eyes- open and closed conditions have larger EEG reactivity. The alpha band coherence was defined as the magnitude-squared coherence of the two signals using Welch's mean-corrected periodogram [44]. Given the two stationary signals x and y, the magnitude-squared coherence is defined as follows: where Pxx(f) and Pyy(f) are the power spectral density of signals x and y, respectively, and Pxy(f) is the cross power spectral density of the two signals. The alpha band coherence was calculated between all pairs of EEG channels in alpha frequency band. Statistical analyses. We conducted one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey’s tests for comparing age, income levels, and self-report depression levels (K-BDI-II) among the groups, and used the chi-squared test for comparing education levels among the groups. To test whether smokers and past-smokers differed on their smoking behaviors and self-report attitude against nicotine (dependence and craving), we used independent sample t- tests and compared age of smoking initiation, years of smoking, average number of cigarettes smoked per day, nicotine dependence (FTND total score), and nicotine craving (QSU-brief score). Mann-Whitney U test was used in comparing the number of quit attempts between smokers and past-smokers, because the data violated assumptions of normality. Group differences in EEG band powers, alpha reactivity, and alpha band coherence were evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis test, a non-parametric test equivalent to one-way ANOVA. In all tests comparing EEG features, significance level was set at p-value < 0 xss=removed>
Smokers, past-smokers, and non-smokers were matched for all demographics but smoking-related measures. Participants across three groups were matched for age (F(2, 78) = 1.76, P = 0.18), gender (all male), education (c2(8) = 14.37, P = 0.073), and income level (F(2, 78) = 0.37, P = 0.69; Table 1).
| Non-smoker (n = 33) | Past-smoker (n = 28) | Smoker (n = 20) | Test statistics | |
| Age (years) | 53.09 ± 4.96 | 54.64 ± 6.48 | 56.30 ± 7.12 | F (2, 78)= 1.76 P = 0.18 |
| Educationa | 3.67 ± 1.14 | 3.32 ± 1.12 | 3.00 ± 0.97 | c2(8) = 14.37 P = 0.073 |
| Income levelb | 3.15 ± 1.25 | 3.14 ± 1.41 | 2.85 ± 1.42 | F (2, 78)= 0.37 P = 0.69 |
| K-BDI-II | 8.63 ± 6.89 | 9.96 ± 6.50 | 8.75 ± 6.27 | F (2, 78)= 0.35 P = 0.71 |
| Ageof smoking initiation** | - | 19.43 ± 1.32 | 18.10 ± 1.80 | t (46) = –2.95 P =0.0049 |
| Yearssmoking*** | - | 10.21 ± 6.43 | 37.80 ± 7.54 | t (46) = 13.63 P = 9.07e-18 |
| Cigarettesper dayc | - | 18.24 ± 9.05 | 19.50 ± 8.02 | t (39) = 0.47 P = 0.64 |
| Quit attemptsc | - | 2.11 ± 2.11 | 2.15 ± 1.04 | U = 142.00 P = 0.12 |
| Abstinence years | - | 24.84 ± 4.70 | - | - |
| FTND total**, c | - | 3.15 ± 3.17 | 5.58 ± 2.09 | t (37) = 2.81 P = 0.0079 |
| QSU-brief***, c | - | 10.80 ± 2.73 | 21.32 ± 10.17 | t (37) = 4.46 P = 7.30e-05 |
Table 1: Demographic information and smoking measures
Means ± SDs are reported for each item. K-BDI-II, Korean Version of Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition [43]; FTND, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence [39,40]; QSU-brief, brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges [41]; aAverage education where 1 = ≤ middle school graduate, 2 = high school graduate, 3 = some university or community college graduate, 4 = Bachelor’s degree, 5 = ≥ Postgraduate studies; bAverage household monthly income where 1 = ≤ $1800, 2= $1800 to 3500, 3 = $3500 to 5300, 4 = $5300 to 7000, 5 = $7000 to 8800, and 6 = ≥ $8800; cQuit attempts data are missing from ten past-smokers, and cigarettes per day data are missing from seven past-smokers. FTND and QSU-brief data are missing from one smokerand eight past-smokers; **P < 0>P < 0 xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed>
Figure 1: Relative EEG band power (eyes-closed condition).
(A) Each row illustrates the average relative band powers calculated in each group. (B) Statistical group differences in relative band powers were observed in theta and alpha bands, particularly between the Smoker and the Control groups. Specifically, non-smoker controls showed larger relative power in theta band comparedto the smoker and past-smoker groups, while smallerpower in alpha band than the smokergroup. The channels that showed a significant group difference are marked with larger unfilled markers (PFDR < 0>
Figure 2: EEG reactivity between the eyes-closed and the eyes-openconditions.
(A) Each row illustrates averageEEG reactivity measurescalculated in each group, for each frequency band. (B) Statistical group differences in EEG reactivity were observed in alpha band. Particularly, smokers showed larger alpha reactivity compared with past-smokers or non- smoking controls. The channels that showed asignificant group difference are marked with larger unfilled markers (PFDR < 0>
Figure 4: Correlations between EEG features and individuals’ smoking-related characteristics.
Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the association between EEG characteristics (relative EEG band powers and coherence) and individuals’ smoking history measures(cigarettes per day, FTND, and the number of quit attempts). (A) Across smokers and past-smokers, individuals who have smokedmore (or had smoked more inthe past for past smokers) showedlower theta band power, (B) buthigher alpha coherence. (A) In addition, individuals who self-reported higher nicotine dependence (FTND score) showed lower theta band power, and who had more quit attempts showedhigher theta power. Each dot represents an individual participant, and the color-coded lines are the regression line between the corresponding measures. Particularly, individuals who smoked more number of cigarettes per day (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = -0.28, bootstrapped P = 0.039) or reported higher nicotine dependence (FTND: r = -0.40, bootstrapped P = 0.002) showed lower theta band power, while individuals who had more attempts to quit smoking showed higher theta band power (r = 0.43, bootstrapped P = 0.033). A significant association with individuals’ nicotine dependence was also observed in the alpha band power, averaged over the occipital regions (O1, Oz, and O2). Individuals who reported higher nicotine dependence showed higher alpha band power (r = 0.30, bootstrapped P = 0.031). Although statistically not significant, other two smoking-related measures (cigarettes per day, quit attempts) showed trending associations consistent with the pattern observed in theta band power, considering the opposite relationship theta and alpha powers showed among the groups; individuals who smoked more cigarettes or had less quit attempts tend to show higher alpha power (cigarettes per day: r = 0.16, bootstrapped P = 0.30; quit attempts: r = -0.12, bootstrapped P = 0.46). No significant correlation was found between alpha reactivity and smoking-related self-report measures. These results indicate that low frequency band powers measured from eyes-closed rsEEG not only project individuals’ smoking status, but also capture detailed individual differences in their nicotine dependence severity. Alpha coherence is associated with individuals’ smoking status. To test whether EEG coherence is associated with smoking as observed in other substance use disorders, we examined group differences in alpha band coherence across every pair of channels. As in the aforementioned patterns of EEG powers, significant group differences were observed from the coherence during the eyes-closed condition (Kruskal-Wallis test: PFDR < 0>
Figure 3: Group differences in alpha band coherence.
(A) Alpha band coherence between EEG channels was calculated in each group.(B) Significant group differences in alpha band coherence were observed most distinctively betweenthe Smoker and the Controlgroups. (C) For an illustrative purpose, all significant group differences in inter-channel coherences are depicted with three different thickness levels (PFDR < 0 xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed>
The current study examined three groups of individuals with different smoking profiles and investigated both the long-lasting and reversible effects of smoking on the brain. We compared resting state EEGs between the two smoker groups and non-smokers to characterize long-lasting effects of smoking, and found that individuals who ever smoked showed lower theta band power. Suggesting for reversible effects of smoking on the brain, current-smokers showed higher alpha band power, higher alpha reactivity, and higher alpha band coherence compared with non-smoking controls, but such differences were not observed between past- and non- smokers. In addition, individuals’ self-report smoking behaviors and dependence accounted for the individual differences in the band powers and coherence across current- and past- smokers. These results delineate smoking induced chronic functional changes apart from transient changes in the brain. Supporting the widely accepted view of addiction as a brain disease [5,45], long-term exposure to addictive substances, regardless of their legality, is known to trigger functional and structural changes in the brain [46]. Based on these neurobiological changes, pharmacological targeting [47] and brain stimulation [48] have been suggested as plausible treatments for reversing the impacts of addiction on the brain. To date, however, previous studies focused on either the impacts of brief abstinence or that of acute nicotine consumption [49], and it still has not been directly examined whether the neural hints of individuals’ smoking history in the brain ever disappear even after a long period of successful abstinence. The current study addresses this gap by including past-smokers who smoked for at least six months and stayed abstinent for longer than 20 years. Moreover, smokers were recruited from a group behavior therapy for smoking cessation, and all the participants in the smoker group were mandated to be free from the recent influence of nicotine at the time of experiment. These settings matched sobriety of the two smoking groups. Thus, the differences we report cannot be interpreted as results of instant satiety in the smoker group, but rather as patterns distinguishing the long-lasting impacts of smoking from the impacts of chronic smoking. Previous studies reported that nicotine-deprived smokers compared to non-smokers or to non- deprived smokers showed reduced power in low frequency bands (i.e., delta and theta) [16,25]. In contrast to these results, another study that specifically examined rsEEG of non- deprived smokers observed a similar pattern of reduced low frequency power compared to that of non-daily smokers [50]. This finding suggested that the changes in rsEEG might not simply be reflecting a state of withdrawal, but also associated with categorical smoking status (e.g., daily smoker, nondaily smoker). As noted above, all participants in the current study were abstinent, and thus any observed differences could be attributed to individuals’ smoking history (e.g., severity, quit attempts, dependence) and status (e.g., current-, past-, and non- smoker). The group difference between current- and past- smokers, which we reported as long-lasting impacts of smoking, was consistent with previous results, such that theta band power in the frontal and occipital regions was lower for current-smokers. Beyond this group difference, these patterns were more distinctive in individuals who have (or had) smoked more number of cigarettes per day, had less quit attempts, and had higher nicotine dependence. These results suggest that reduced low frequency power is a neural marker reflecting both individuals’ smoking history and dependency, and that the ‘scar’ remains through a long abstinence. Another set of features in alpha band indicated the impacts of chronic smoking. Specifically, under eye-closed condition, current-smokers showed increased alpha band power compared with non-smokers. There was no significant group difference between current- and past- smokers, while the association between individuals’ nicotine dependence and their alpha power suggested that past-smokers are at an intermediate state in-between the other two groups. Complementary to these results, smokers showed similar patterns in their alpha reactivity measure, such that current-smokers showed the most distinctive and highest alpha reactivity, and past-smokers showed an intermediate level of alpha reactivity. Unlike previous studies that examined the effects of acute administration of nicotine [24,25,36], these results provide converging evidence for neural changes accompanied by chronic smoking. Long-term nicotine exposure induces upregulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their desensitization [35,51,52], which may underlie the changes in functional connectivity between cortical regions and the NBM [32], and in turn cortical activities and EEG changes (e.g., alpha reactivity) [53]. On the contrary to a previous study that reported normalization of nAChR availability from smokers who stayed abstinent for 6-12 weeks [54], our results from past-smokers who successfully abstained for more than 20 years suggest more persistent effects of smoking. Future study may directly collect both EEG and metabolic imaging (e.g., single-photon emission computed tomography; SPECT) to confirm these long-lasting effects. Relatively little is known about the impacts of smoking on EEG coherence [49]. One previous study, while the sample size was small, reported a consistent pattern in alpha coherence, such that smokers showed higher coherence than age-matched non-smokers [55]. Our data replicate and expand this result. Current-smokers showed higher alpha coherence than non-smokers across the whole brain, and moreover, past-smokers still showed higher coherence compared with non-smokers between the frontal and occipital regions. Most interestingly, such an alteration in alpha coherence was associated with the number of cigarettes individuals smoked a day, regardless of their smoking status; individuals who smoked the most cigarettes a day, even after 20 years of abstinence, showed the highest alpha coherence. These results support that not only can EEG coherence be used as a biomarker detecting substance use disorder (e.g., cannabis use [27], internet addiction [30]), but also as a measure reflecting a trace of long-term substance uses (e.g., alcohol use [28]). The current study has the following limitations. First, it is a cross-sectional study and thus, we cannot answer whether the observed neural patterns (e.g., higher alpha power) are indeed consequences of chronic substance use (or abstinence) or individuals’ traits that should get credits for making them more (or less) prone to be addicted to substances. Future study that uses longitudinal tracking of individuals’ substance use history in conjunction with their neural data may provide further insights about causal roles of their brain’s characteristics in initiation of substance dependence [56] as well as in sustained remission [57]. Second, the current study only includes data from male participants, and thus leaves it untested whether the same EEG features can be used in characterizing female smokers. Previous studies suggested that female smokers have different smoking behavior [58] and moreover, different nicotine metabolism [59]. Given these reports, it is reasonable to expect that female smokers may show different neural signatures along their chronic smoking and abstinence. Direct investigation about and comparison between smokers of all genders would further expand our understanding of why there is a higher percentage of male smokers in general [60] and why some individuals succeed better at quitting. To conclude, we investigated how chronic smoking and long-term sustained remission affect the brain. Our data show that the features observed from chronic smokers’ resting-state EEG remain at a significant level even after more than 20 years of sustained remission, which suggests long-lasting and potentially irreversible impacts of smoking. It has been already well known that smokers who attempt to quit are highly likely to relapse and there are various factors associated with their failures [2,3]. Most of these risk factors (e.g., nicotine dependence, social environment) predicted relapse within the first few months of quitting, but failed to predict why some individuals still relapse after a few years of abstinence [61]. Our findings provide a neural explanation why individuals who ever initiated smoking in a lifetime may have changes in their brain and show different neural responses to perceptual [11] and social information [62], and also might be at constant risk of further problem behavior [63].
This work was supported in part by UNIST internal funding (1.210046.01) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018R1D1A1B07043582 to Chung). K.B. was partly supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1F1A1063968), Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (grant No. 2020-0-01450, Artificial Intelligence Convergence Research Center [Pusan National University]), and Ministry of Education of South Korea (the BK21 Four program, Korean Southeast Center for the 4th Industrial Revolution Leader Education).
Conceptualization: D.C.; Methodology: H.L., Y.J., C.Y., K.B., and D.C.; Formal analysis: H.L., Y.J., and K.B.; Funding acquisition: K.B. and D.C.; Investigation: H.L., Y.J., H.S., J.P., M.H., K.B., and D.C.; Writing – original draft: H.L., Y.J., K.B., and D.C.; Writing – review and editing: H.L., Y.J., C.Y., H.S., J.P., M.H., K.B., and D.C.; Supervision: K.B. and D.C.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is a high quality journal that has a clear and concise submission process. The peer review process was comprehensive and constructive. Support from the editorial office was excellent, since the administrative staff were responsive. The journal provides a fast and timely publication timeline.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, What distinguishes International Journal of Clinical Case Report and Review is not only the scientific rigor of its publications, but the intellectual climate in which research is evaluated. The submission process is refreshingly free of unnecessary formal barriers and bureaucratic rituals that often complicate academic publishing without adding real value. The peer-review system is demanding yet constructive, guided by genuine scientific dialogue rather than hierarchical or authoritarian attitudes. Reviewers act as collaborators in improving the manuscript, not as gatekeepers imposing arbitrary standards. This journal offers a rare balance: high methodological standards combined with a respectful, transparent, and supportive editorial approach. In an era where publishing can feel more burdensome than research itself, this platform restores the original purpose of peer review — to refine ideas, not to obstruct them Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi, FCCP PULMONOLOGIST AND THORACIC IMAGING.
Dear Grace Pierce, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews I appreciate the opportunity to review for Auctore Journal, as the overall editorial process was smooth, transparent and professionally managed. This journal maintains high scientific standards and ensures timely communications with authors, which is truly commendable. I would like to express my special thanks to editor Grace Pierce for his constant guidance, promt responses, and supportive coordination throughout the review process. I am also greatful to Eleanor Bailey from the finance department for her clear communication and efficient handling of all administrative matters. Overall, my experience with Auctore Journal has been highly positive and rewarding. Best regards, Sabita sinha
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I write here a little on my experience as an author submitting to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews (IJCCR). This was my first submission to IJCCR and my manuscript was inherently an outsider’s effort. It attempted to broadly identify and then make some sense of life’s under-appreciated mysteries. I initially had responded to a request for possible submissions. I then contacted IJCCR with a tentative topic for a manuscript. They quickly got back with an approval for the submission, but with a particular requirement that it be medically relevant. I then put together a manuscript and submitted it. After the usual back-and-forth over forms and formality, the manuscript was sent off for reviews. Within 2 weeks I got back 4 reviews which were both helpful and also surprising. Surprising in that the topic was somewhat foreign to medical literature. My subsequent updates in response to the reviewer comments went smoothly and in short order I had a series of proofs to evaluate. All in all, the whole publication process seemed outstanding. It was both helpful in terms of the paper’s content and also in terms of its efficient and friendly communications. Thank you all very much. Sincerely, Ted Christopher, Rochester, NY.
