AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/325
1 Head of Clinical Pharmacy Department, 1Unit of Clinical Research.
2 Head of Clinical Research unit, El Minia Hospital for mental health and addiction Treatment.
*Corresponding Author: M.A. Nagy, Head of Clinical Pharmacy Department, 1Unit of Clinical Research.
Citation: M.A. Nagy, M.M. Mahmoud, (2023), Oncoaddictology: Glucose and Glutamine Addiction in Cancer, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, 14(3); DOI:10.31579/2690-4861/325
Copyright: © 2023, M.A. Nagy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 19 July 2023 | Accepted: 31 July 2023 | Published: 08 August 2023
Keywords: oncoaddictology; addiction; glucose; glutamine
The most obvious behavior in oncology or cancer biology is the addiction of cancer cells to some nutrients or metabolites as glucose and glutamine in their reprogrammed metabolism. Studying and blocking the metabolic pathways of glucose or glutamine or both is a therapeutic target and also has clinical diagnostical importance. This is not just a remark or an approach but I think it will be a promising branch of oncology that will be called Oncoaddictology as the first time.
Carbon and nitrogen are essential elements for life. Glucose as a carbon source and glutamine as a nitrogen source are important nutrients for cell proliferation. The metabolism of neoplasms has evolved to meet the demands of their high proliferative activity and growth in adverse conditions of hypoxia, nutrient shortage, and immunological pressure of the host. The reprogrammed metabolism of neoplasms, eventually adapting them to specific growth requirements and conditions, involves addiction to glucose (the Warburg effect, oxidative glycolysis) and/or glutamine (Liberti and Locasale. 2016).
Addiction of Glucose
About 100 years ago, it was discovered that cancer cells that have acquired unlimited proliferative capacity and undergone malignant evolution in their host manifest a cancer-specific remodeling of glucose metabolism (the Warburg effect). (Manabu Kodama and Keiichi I Nakayama, 2020).
Increased uptake of glucose by cancer cells with subsequent lactate production irrespective of oxygen availability was described almost 100 years ago. Known today as the Warburg effect, most of (if not all) the hallmarks of cancer could be the consequence of the Warburg's effect which. To compensate the reduced energy yield, there is massive glucose uptake, anaerobic glycolysis, with an up-regulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway resulting in increased biosynthesis (Schwartz et al22017). This metabolic phenotype is exploited clinically in the form of PET scanning with the glucose analog 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) for cancer staging Michael and Robert Leone (2022).
NADH shuttles, including malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, can shuttle the reducing equivalents of cytosolic NADH into mitochondria. It is widely accepted that the major function of NADH shuttles is to increase mitochondrial energy production. the novel major function of NADH shuttles in cancer cells is to maintain glycolysis by decreasing cytosolic NADH/NAD (+) ratios instead of increasing mitochondrial energy metabolism. (Piet Borst., 2020)
Glucose addiction in glioblastoma
Tumor cells need glucose to ensure their survival and growth, so the type of transport proteins like GLUT are critical for them. Previous studies have shown that GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 may play an important role in the development of some types of malignant tumors, including glioblastoma (Beylerli et al.,2022).
Glucose addiction in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (CHREBP) is acentral player in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver, on the development of HCC in in vitro and in vivo models. It is found that genetic deletion of CHREBP (that will be referred to as CHREBPKO mice) strongly delays or impairs hepatocarcinogenesis driven by AKT or AKT/c-Met overexpression in mice, respectively. In contrast, HCC development was found to be completely unaffected by CHREBP depletion in mice co-expressing AKT and N-Ras protooncogenes. In mouse and human HCC cell lines, suppression of CHREBP via specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) resulted in decreased proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Of note, these cellular events were strongly augmented by concomitant inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (Ribback ET AL.,2018).
Glucose addiction in ovarian cancer
Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) gene amplification occurs in approximately 20% of ovarian high grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and is associated with chemotherapy resistance and, in some studies, overall poor prognosis. The role of cyclin E1 in inducing S phase entry relies upon its interactions with cyclin dependent kinases (CDK), specifically CDK2 (Kanska et al.,2016). Cyclin E-driven OVCA cells appeared addicted to glucose metabolism via TCA. Combined CDKI with modalities targeting TCA, like SDHA inhibition showed promising effects for this genotype.
Glucose addiction in breast cancer
The glucose uptake by mammalian cells is facilitated by GLUT family members. Of the 14 isoforms, GLUT-1 is the primary mediator of glucose uptake by mammary cells. GLUT-1 expression in breast cancer was associated with high proliferation and total histologic score (Roy et al.,2019).
Glucose addiction in lung cancer
Orchestrated activation of glucose absorption and metabolism towards anaerobic pathways characterize the majority of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and this phenotype is strongly linked with an aggressive clinical behavior. This glycolytic addiction of lung cancer cell is revealed as a key therapeutic target (Giatromanolaki et al.2017).
Glutamine
Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized from glucose. The high rate of glutamine uptake exhibited by glutamine-dependent cells does not appear to result solely from its role as a nitrogen donor in nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis. Instead, glutamine plays a required role in the uptake of essential amino acids and in maintaining activation of TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase. Moreover, in many cancer cells, glutamine is the primary mitochondrial substrate and is required for maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential and integrity and for support of the NADPH production needed for redox control and macromolecular synthesis (David and Craig ,2010).
Many types of cancers are characterized by elevated glutamine consumption. Dysregulation of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase are key events that allow anabolic adaptation of tumors. Several specific drugs that inhibit metabolic enzymes dealing with glutamine metabolism have been able to eliminate some neoplasms (José E et al.,2019).
Explanation of “Warburg effect” in a way to demonstrate the importance of glucose as a supplier of building block, beyond to be an energetic molecule, partially solves the puzzle. However, some recent studies suggest glutamine, the most abundant amino acids in plasma, may contribute to cancer cell proliferation through the glutaminolysis pathway, which is eventually integrated into the TCA cycle (Li et al.,2018).
Among them are the transporters for amino acids. Fourteen of them, capable of transporting glutamine across the plasma membrane, are found in four families: SLC1, SLC6, SLC7, and SLC38. However, it is generally thought that the members of the SLC38 family are the principal transporters for glutamine. Some of the glutamine transporters are obligatory exchangers whereas some function as active transporters in one direction. While most glutamine transporters mediate the influx of the amino acid into cells, some actually mediate the efflux of the amino acid out of the cells. Glutamine transporters play important roles in a variety of tissues, including the liver, brain, kidney, and placenta. Owing to the obligatory role of glutamine in growth and proliferation of tumor cells, there is increasing attention on glutamine transporters in cancer biology as potential drug targets for cancer treatment (Yangzom D Bhutia, Vadivel Ganapathy (2016).
Glutamine addiction in gliomas
Glutamine addiction becomes a solution. Increased transport provides glutamine as a source of carbon for the TCA cycle, and then it may be redirected via the malate shuttle to become a source of additional energy and to add up lactate. Further, glutamine becomes essential for nucleotide synthesis and augments the GSH redox system capability, enabling gliomas to resist radio- and chemotherapy Marta Obara-Michlewska and Monika Szeliga (2020).
oncogene c-Myc is one of the major players responsible for this metabolic alteration. p32, a mitochondrial protein known to play a role in the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, as a critical player in Myc-induced glutamine addiction. p32 is a direct transcriptional target of Myc (Fogal et al.,2015). Thus, the mitochondrial protein p32 is a validated therapeutic target of cancer overexpressed in glioma.
Glutamine addiction in Kidney cancer
Metabolic reprogramming of the glutamine and NADH pathways are responsible for this state of affairs at least in kidney cancer (Omran Abu Aboud et al.,2017). Cancer cells in which HIF is activated, by contrast, lose the ability to use glucose as major TCA cycle ‘fuel’, thus developing a particular dependence on glutamine. This may explain why interfering with glutamine utilization via glutaminase inhibition negatively impacts cancer cells preferentially compared to normal cells (Hoerner et al.,22019).
Glutamine addiction in Hepatocellular carcinoma
human liver cancer was dependent on extracellular glutamine. However, cancer cells often suffer from glutamine starvation, which largely results from the fast growth of cancer cells and the insufficient vascularization in the interior of cancer tissues (Zhang et la.,2022).
Targeting glutamine addiction using the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 as monotherapy had a very limited anticancer effect, even against the most glutamine addicted human liver cancer cells (Jin et al.,2020).
Glutamine addiction in Breast cancer
Glutamine-indispensable triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells rely on a non-canonical glutamine-to-glutamate overflow, with glutamine carbon routed once through the TCA cycle. Importantly, this single-pass glutaminolysis increases TCA cycle fluxes and replenishes TCA cycle intermediates in TNBC cells, a process that achieves net oxidation of glucose but not glutamine. The coupling of glucose and glutamine catabolism appears hard-wired via a distinct TNBC gene expression profile biased to strip and then sequester glutamine nitrogen, but hampers the ability of TNBC cells to oxidise glucose when glutamine is limiting (Lake et al.,2022).
Glutamine addiction in ovarian cancer
Potential therapeutic approaches for ovarian cancer including blocking the entry of glutamine into the tricarboxylic acid cycle in highly aggressive ovarian cancer cells or inhibiting glutamine synthesis in less aggressive ovarian cancer cells. Glutamine metabolism is associated with poor prognosis of ovarian cancer. Combining platinum-based chemotherapy with inhibition of glutamine metabolic pathways may be a new strategy for treating ovarian cancer, especially drug-resistant ovarian cancer (Yang et al.,2022).
Glutamine addiction in colorectal cancer
Glutamine represents an important metabolite for cell growth and that its deprivation reduces the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Glutamine depletion induces cell death and cell cycle arrest in the GO/G1 phase by modulating energy metabolism, the amino acid content and antioxidant defenses (Spadaet al.,2023).
Glutamine addiction in multiple melanoma
Glutamine (Gln) metabolism in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and its potential role as a therapeutic target are still unknown, However, MM cells strictly depend on extracellular Gln and show features of Gln addiction. Therefore, the inhibition of Gln uptake is a new attractive therapeutic strategy for MM (Marina et al.,2016).
Melanoma cells, irrespective of their oncogenic background, depend on glutamine for growth. A quantitative audit of how carbon from glutamine is used showed that TCA-cycle-derived glutamate is, in most melanoma cells, the major glutamine-derived cataplerotic output and product of glutaminolysis. In contrast to melanoma cells, melanocytes could grow in the absence of glutamine. Melanocytes use more glutamine for protein synthesis rather than secreting it as glutamate and are less prone to loss of glutamate and TCA cycle metabolites when starved of glutamine (Ratnikov et al.,2015).
Glutamine addiction in Lung cancer
Over the past years, increasing evidence has shown that lung cancer cells require glutamine to fulfill their metabolic needs. As a nitrogen source, glutamine contributes directly (or indirectly upon conversion to glutamate) to many anabolic processes in cancer, such as the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleobases, and hexosamines. It plays also an important role in the redox homeostasis, and last but not least, upon conversion to α-ketoglutarate, glutamine is an energy and anaplerotic carbon source that replenishes tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. The latter is generally indicated as glutaminolysis(Vanhove et al.,2019).
The present review aims at presenting the research and clinical attempts targeting the different metabolic pathways involved in glucose and glutamine metabolism in different types of cancer. That will forego a detailed comparison of the therapeutic strategies undertaken to inhibit glucose and glutamine addiction by cancer cells.
The unit of clinical research thanks Prof. Dr. Menan Rabie secretary general of mental health and addiction treatment. Ministry of Egyptian health for her kind support. Also, Clinical Pharmacy department appreciate the great efforts and encouragement of Dr Monsef Mahfouz, clinical research unit, El Minia hospital for mental health and addiction treatment.
The Author has declared that there are no conflicts of interest in relation to the subject of this work.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
