Network of the public administration of zoos in the Sustainable Development Goals

Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2768-2757/144

Network of the public administration of zoos in the Sustainable Development Goals

  • Víctor Hugo Meriño Córdoba 1
  • Julio E. Crespo 2
  • Cruz García Lirios 3*
  • Arturo Sánchez Sánchez 4
  • Enrique Martínez Muñoz 5

1Universidad Católica Luis Amigo.

2Universidad de los Lagos.

3Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México.

4Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala.

5Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo.

*Corresponding Author: Cruz García Lirios, Department of Pediatric Surgery FSBEI HE DSMU Ministry of Health of Russia, 367000, Makhachkala, Russian Federation.

Citation: Víctor H M Córdoba., Julio E. Crespo., Cruz G Lirios., Arturo S Sánchez., Enrique M Muñoz, (2024), Network of the public administration of zoos in the Sustainable Development Goals, Journal of Clinical Surgery and Research, 5(8); DOI:10.31579/2768-2757/144

Copyright: © 2024, Cruz García Lirios. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 30 September 2024 | Accepted: 21 October 2024 | Published: 07 November 2024

Keywords: public administration, human development, sustainable development goals, zoos

Abstract

Within the framework of the effects of climate change, the public administration of zoos is a scenario to observe the relationship between Sustainable and Human Development. Based on the analysis of risks and vulnerabilities, the management of recreational centers makes its visitors aware of the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The objective of this work was to establish the network of perceptions around the public administration of species in captivity and for investigative or cultural purposes. An exploratory, correlational and cross-sectional work was carried out with a sample of 100 professional practitioners and social servants from centers of captivity of endangered species. The results show that the dimensions of public administration were associated with SDGs 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15 related to the end of poverty, gender equality, affordable and clean energy, responsible production and consumption, life in terrestrial ecosystems. In relation to the studies of Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management (GIRD), lines of study are recommended for the analysis of risks and vulnerabilities in scenarios of captivity of species.

Introduction

The history of public administration is an account of how societies have organized and managed their public affairs over time (Henderson, 1960). The main milestones in the history of public administration:

Antiquity: In ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman, administrative structures were established to manage matters such as tax collection, construction of public works, and maintenance of order (Sibley, 1994). Imperial governments, such as the Roman Empire, developed bureaucracies to manage vast territories.

Middle Ages: During the Middle Ages, the public administration was strongly influenced by the Church and the feudal system (Rajamani, 1993). The administration focused on maintaining social order and collecting taxes.

Renaissance and Industrial Revolution: The Renaissance brought with it a revival of rational and humanistic thought, which also influenced administration (Riley, 1931). With the Industrial Revolution, new administrative needs arose due to urbanization and industrialization.

19th century: With the consolidation of nation-states and the rise of government bureaucracy, theories of public administration emerged. Frederick Taylor developed "scientific management," focusing on efficiency in production (Curtis, 1918). Woodrow Wilson advocated a merit-based, professionalized civil service.

20th century: Various theories of public administration emerged, including Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy, which emphasizes formalization and hierarchy (Maienschein, 1988). During this century, there was an increase in government regulation and the growth of public services.

New Public Management: Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, the "New Public Management" (NGP) emerged, which sought to apply private sector principles to public administration (Jang, Doh & Choi, 2020). This included decentralization, performance measurement, and the introduction of competition in some government sectors.

21st century: Public administration in the 21st century faces challenges such as globalization, information technology and the need for greater transparency and accountability (Andrews, 2008). The approaches of electronic governance, citizen participation and management of knowledge are gaining importance.

The history of public administration is an evolutionary process in which societies have sought more efficient and effective ways of managing public affairs and responding to changing needs and challenges (Rose & Finley, 1976). Theories and approaches have been changing over time, adapting to the circumstances and demands of each era.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a series of global targets set by the United Nations to address a variety of global challenges, including poverty, hunger, gender equality, education, health, environmental sustainability, and more. (Reed et al., 2020). The SDGs were adopted in September 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and their history goes back several decades:

1972 - Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment: It was one of the first international conferences on the environment, and laid the foundation for global concern for environmental problems (Rosin, 1976). Although it did not result in the creation of the SDGs, it was an important precursor.

1987 - Brundtland Report: The World Commission on Environment and Development published the report "Our Common Future", also known as the Brundtland Report (Lindenfeld, 1997). This report popularized the term "sustainable development" and called for action to balance economic growth with environmental conservation and social equity.

2000 - Millennium Development Goals (MDG): Established at the United Nations Millennium Summit, the MDGs are eight specific goals aimed primarily at reducing poverty and improving health and education by 2015 (Beck, Asenova & Dickson, 2005). Although progress was made on some objectives, shortcomings and limitations were also recognized.

2012 - Rio+20 Conference: At this conference, the need for a more comprehensive and balanced approach to address global challenges was recognized (Gecíková, & Papcunová, 2014). It was agreed to develop the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a continuation of the MDGs.

2015 - Adoption of the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs: In September 2015, world leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development. This agenda includes 17 SDGs with a total of 169 specific goals. The SDGs address a wide range of issues, from poverty eradication to climate action and gender equality.

Since their adoption in 2015, the SDGs have gained wide acceptance at the international level and have served as a guiding framework for the policies and actions of governments, international organizations, the private sector and civil society around the world, with the objective to achieve sustainable development in all its dimensions (Akhrorov, 2022).

The history of zoos is long and has evolved over the centuries (Lombard, 1995). Zoos, also known as zoological parks or zoological gardens, are facilities designed to house and exhibit a variety of animals, both for entertainment and education.

Ancient background: The ancient Egyptians and Romans kept collections of exotic animals for the entertainment of royalty and the aristocracy (Vorhies, 1943). These animals were exhibited in cages and improvised enclosures.

Middle Ages and Renaissance: During the Middle Ages, some European monarchs began to maintain private collections of exotic animals (Jull, 1946). However, these animals were often mistreated due to a lack of understanding of their needs and care.

18th century: As scientific knowledge increased, "beast gardens" arose, places where animals were kept with more attention to their natural needs and studied for scientific purposes (Huggins, Parsons & Pena, 1968). The Garden of Plants in Paris (founded in 1793) is one of the earliest examples of this type of installation.

19th century: Modern zoos began to emerge in the 19th century with a focus on education and conservation. The London Zoo, founded in 1828, is considered one of the first truly scientific and educational zoos. More zoos sprang up around the world, including the San Diego Zoo in 1916, which was noted for its focus on conservation and research.

20th century: During the 20th century, zoos continued to evolve (Inamdar,1993). They focused on providing more natural environments for the animals, mimicking their natural habitats as much as possible (Shipman, 1962). In addition, there was a growing emphasis on conserving endangered species and educating the public about the importance of biodiversity.

21st century: Modern zoos are increasingly oriented towards conservation, research and education (Fagerstone et al., 2010). Many participate in captive breeding programs for threatened species and work on reintroduction projects into the wild. They have also focused on environmental education and public awareness on the conservation of wildlife and ecosystems.

However, the history of zoos has also been the subject of controversy. There has been criticism regarding animal welfare, the ethics of keeping animals in captivity, and the need to provide environments more suitable for their health and well-being. In response to these concerns, many zoos have adopted more ethical and conservation-focused practices in recent decades.

Public administration plays a fundamental role in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are a set of global goals established by the United Nations to address a variety of social, economic and environmental challenges, with the aim of achieving sustainable development throughout the world (Pettigrew et al., 2012). The public administration has a key role in the planning, coordination and execution of policies and programs to achieve these objectives. The following details how public administration is related to the SDGs:

Planning and Public Policies: The public administration is responsible for policy formulation and strategic planning to address the SDGs at the national and local levels (Sawchik, Dufrêne & Lebrun, 2005). This involves identifying priorities, allocating resources, and designing strategies to achieve goals in areas such as poverty eradication, gender equality, quality education, and climate action.

Coordination and Collaboration: The SDGs require the collaboration of various actors, such as governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and civil society (Palomero et al., 2018). The public administration must coordinate and facilitate these alliances to guarantee effective joint action in the implementation of sustainable projects and programs.

Resource Management: The public administration is responsible for the efficient allocation of financial, human and technological resources to achieve the SDGs (Bigalke & Skinner, 2002). This involves making informed decisions about how to invest in key sectors such as health, education, sustainable energy and infrastructure.

Monitoring and Evaluation: The public administration should establish monitoring and evaluation systems to measure progress towards the SDGs (Brown, Durning & Selden, 2008). This involves collecting relevant data, analyzing indicators, and measuring the impact of implemented policies and programs.

Transparency and Accountability: The public administration must ensure that efforts to achieve the SDGs are transparent and subject to accountability (Wedeen, 2009). This implies effectively communicating the progress, challenges and results to society and other stakeholders.

Innovation and Adaptation: The public administration must be open to innovation and constant adaptation to face the changing challenges in the implementation of the SDGs (Yurievna, 2021). This can include the adoption of new technologies, participatory approaches, and creative solutions to complex problems.

Public administration plays an essential role in transforming the SDGs into concrete actions and tangible results (Tzoumis & McKinley, 2002). Their ability to design effective policies, coordinate efforts, appropriately allocate resources, and ensure transparency and accountability is crucial to achieving sustainable development in line with the goals set out in the 2030 Agenda.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have implications in several areas, and zoos can contribute to a number of these goals in different ways. Zoos can be related to the SDGs:

Education and Awareness (SDG 4 and 15): Zoos can play an important role in educating society about biodiversity, conservation and the importance of ecosystems. They provide opportunities for people to connect with wildlife up close, which can inspire greater interest in and commitment to protecting nature.

Wildlife Conservation (SDG 15): Zoos are often involved in captive breeding of endangered species and conservation programs. By breeding and caring for endangered animals, zoos contribute to the preservation of biodiversity and may eventually reintroduce individuals to the wild.

Scientific Research (SDGs 9 and 17): Many zoos carry out scientific research on the biology, behavior and health of animals. These investigations can provide valuable information for the conservation of species and the understanding of ecosystems.

Climate Change Awareness (SDG 13): Zoos can be effective platforms to educate the public about the effects of climate change on wildlife and ecosystems. They can also demonstrate sustainability practices and promote carbon footprint reduction.

Gender Equality and Diversity (SDGs 5 and 10): Zoos can be inclusive environments that foster gender equality and diversity. They can also promote respect for all forms of life and the importance of harmonious coexistence between species.

Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12): Zoos can influence people's behavior by promoting responsible consumption and informed decision-making about products that affect wildlife and ecosystems.

Partnerships for Development (SDG 17): Zoos often collaborate with government, non-government, and civil society organizations to achieve conservation and education goals. These alliances are essential to address the broader challenges related to biodiversity and the environment.

Importantly, while zoos can have a positive impact on education and conservation, they have also been the subject of criticism in relation to animal welfare and the ethics of keeping animals in captivity. Many zoos are working to improve the living conditions of animals and adopt more ethical and sustainable practices.

Public administration of zoos refers to the management and operation of zoos by government entities. Public zoos are those that are owned by the government or run by government agencies at the local, regional or national level. Public zoo management involves a number of unique responsibilities and challenges. The key areas of focus in the public administration of zoos:

Planning and Policies: The public administration of zoos involves the formulation of policies and strategies for the effective management of zoos (Glaubrecht, 2008). This includes long-term planning, the definition of objectives and the creation of guidelines for the operation of the zoo in line with the needs of conservation, education and animal welfare.

Financial Resources: Public zoos must manage their financial resources efficiently to ensure financial sustainability. This involves the allocation of funds for the care and maintenance of animals, infrastructure, education and research.

Animal Welfare: The public administration of zoos should ensure the welfare of animals in captivity (Li et al., 2023). This includes the provision of suitable habitats, quality veterinary care and environmental enrichment to promote natural behavior of animals.

Education and Conservation: Public zoos play an important role in educating and raising public awareness about wildlife conservation and environmental issues (Cummings et al., 2003). The administration must develop educational programs and interactive activities for the public, schools and community groups.

Research and Conservation: Public zoos are often involved in research and conservation programs, including captive breeding of threatened species and scientific research to better understand the biology and behavior of animals (Freitas & Balutski, 2009).

Safety and Visitors: The public administration of zoos must ensure the safety of both visitors and animals (Nakagawa et al., 2018). This implies the implementation of adequate security measures, the design of secure rooms and the training of personnel.

Community Participation: The management of public zoos should encourage the participation and commitment of the local community (Ueoka et al., 2009). This may include collaboration with schools, community groups, and non-governmental organizations.

Transparency and Accountability: Public zoos must be transparent in their operation and management, as well as accountable to citizens and government authorities for their performance and achievements in terms of conservation, education, and animal welfare (Ziegler & Barr, 2018).

Ultimately, the public administration of zoos is a balance between the goals of conservation, education, and animal welfare, and the need to operate in a financially and ethically responsible manner. Consideration of best management practices, scientific research, and collaboration with other organizations is important for successful public zoo management.

However, the public administration of zoos within the framework of the SDGs follows a diversified agenda if it is considered that they are global objectives with local incidence. Such a process from the global to the local can be demonstrated from a systematic review of the dimensions that explain the determinant variables of a public administration of zoos. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish the axes and themes of the research agenda around the public administration of zoos within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Are there significant differences between the guidelines of public administration and the SDGs in the evaluations of students at a public university in central Mexico?

Hypothesis 1. Given that the public administration conforms to the SDGs, the dimensions that explain the management of zoos will conform to the guidelines of 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15 and 17.

Hypothesis 2. Since the public administration of zoos conforms to the guidelines of the SDGs, then the perceptual differences of the students should not be significant.

Hypothesis 3. If the expectations of the students regarding the public administration of zoos are similar, then the SDGs would demonstrate their importance as academic axes around the care of species.

Materials and Method

A cross-sectional, exploratory and correlational study was carried out with a sample of 100 students (M = 21.23 SD = 2.4 age and M = 8'978.00 SD = 1'456.00 monthly income) professional practitioners and social workers from a public university in central Mexico.

The SDG Public Administration Expectations Inventory was used. It includes six dimensions related to 1) planning and public policies, 2) coordination and collaboration, 3) resource management, 4) monitoring and evaluation, 5) transparency and accountability, 6) innovation and adaptation. The items that make up the instrument are answered with five response options ranging from 0 = “not at all in agreement” to 5 = “quite likely”. The reliability and validity of the instrument reached alpha and omega values between 0.767 and 0.780, as well as factor weights between 0.432 and 0.654.

Students were contacted through their institutional email. The objectives and those responsible for the project were reported. The homogenization of the concepts was established by means of a focus group and the Delphi technique. The application of the instrument was carried out remotely: https://meet.jit.si/FollowingPathsUndermineHappily 

Data was captured in Excel and processed in JASP version 16. Centrality, clustering, and structuring parameters were estimated. The contrast of the hypotheses was established with the proximity of the values to unity, which suggests the prevalence of nodes as moderators of the entry and exit of other nodes.

Results and Discussion

The nodes that make up the public administration and the SDGs are distributed according to node 15 corresponding to the life of terrestrial ecosystems. This finding corroborates the theoretical assumption that the public administration of zoos directs its capacities and resources to this SDG as it consolidates as an area of development of local sustainability. In other words, SDG 15 regulates the other nodes related to public administration and the SDGs in the context of the management of species in captivity for research, recreation and appreciation (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Centrality of zoo management in the framework of the SDGs.

Very different from the centrality of the node that represents SDG 15, is the node that symbolizes SDG 5 related to gender equality. A grouping of the dimensions of public administration with respect to the SDGs can be seen in the first Barrat coefficient. Next, the grouping is established according to the node linked to SDG 12 corresponding to responsible production and consumption. In other words, SDGs 5 and 12 suggest that the public administration of zoos is established around gender equality and production with responsible consumption. The two remaining parameters Ws and Zhang indicate that SDG 7 linked to affordable and clean energy, as well as the distinctive node 1 for the end of poverty are the SDGs on which the public administration of zoos is configured. In other words, the diversification of nodes to which the configuration of a structure is attributed are different according to the coefficients that measure them. Unlike the centrality where ODS 15 is the node in charge of regulating the other nodes, the cluster has four different nodes that attract the other nodes (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: Centrality of zoo management in the framework of the SDGs.

The nodes related to security and planning begin and end the learning process of the public administration of zoos within the framework of the SDGs. It can be seen that node 15 regulates the other nodes and nodes 1, 

5, 7 and 12 group them together. In other words, the zoo management network is represented as part of the SDGs associated with the end of poverty, gender equality, affordable and clean energy, as well as responsible production and consumption (see Figure 3).

Figure 3: Centrality of zoo management in the framework of the SDGs.

The values of centrality, grouping and structuring suggest the non-rejection of the hypotheses. The public administration of zoos is associated with SDGs 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15.

Conclusion and Recommendation

The contribution of this work to the state of the art consists in the establishment of a learning neural network in which the surveyed sample associates the dimensions of public administration with the SDGs. In this sense, the results show that SDGs 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15 are binding nodes with the dimensions of public administration related to 1) planning and public policies, 2) coordination and collaboration, 3) resource management, 4) monitoring and evaluation, 5) transparency and accountability, 6) innovation and adaptation. These findings correspond to the theory of public administration within the framework of the SDGs, although the studies do not associate sustainable development with human development or public administration. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the study towards the link between sustainable development and human development. That is, the analysis of the interaction of humans with other species can clarify the barriers or the reasons for humanity to develop sustainably. In addition, the Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management (GIRD) studies warn that both sustainable development and human development are binding if the dangers, threats and risks that make individuals, groups and societies more vulnerable, resilient are considered, helpless and happy. The GIRD studies also point to the possibility of communicating to reduce and prevent risks, threats and dangers, although in this paper it is noted that public administration is linked to five SDGs. Such a relationship between SDGs and public administration can be analyzed as risk prevention since the awareness of zoo visitors can indicate preventive risk communication. In this way, the area of opportunity of the study lies in the establishment of a preventive relationship of the public administration of zoos in the face of the challenges of the SDGs.

References

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Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

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Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

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Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

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Luiz Sellmann