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Medicinal Plants for The Treatment of Obesity

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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/294

Medicinal Plants for The Treatment of Obesity

  • Tahreem Riaz 1
  • Muhammad Akram 1
  • Umme Laila 1
  • Ibrahim M. Hamouda 2,3*

1 Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan.

2 Professor of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, KSA.

3 Professor of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

*Corresponding Author: Ibrahim M. Hamouda, Professor of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, KSA.

Citation: Riaz T., Akram M., Laila U., Ibrahim M. Hamouda, (2023), Medicinal plants for the treatment of Obesity. International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. 13(2); DOI: 10.31579/2690-4861/294

Copyright: © 2023 Ibrahim M. Hamouda, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 08 February 2023 | Accepted: 15 February 2023 | Published: 23 February 2023

Keywords: obesity; therapeutic plants; anti-obesity mechanism; weight loss; dietary supplements

Abstract

A persistent increase in morbidity indicators has been connected to the global epidemic of obesity; it is regarded as a societal issue & poses significant health dangers. Synthetic medications and surgery are examples of therapeutic approaches; both have high prices and potentially dangerous side effects. Plant-based drugs provide an alternative strategy. Traditional uses of medicinal plants are one of the options for treating obesity, and they help with the development and research of obesity phytotherapy. In this review, we provided information regarding plant species along with their mode of action used for the effective treatment of obesity. It was revealed that the species in the catalogue had anti-obesity properties, including actions to slow down the absorption of fat, reduce enzymatic activity, mediate lipid levels, and boost the effects of lipolysis, which were primarily linked to phenolic compounds. For species with phenolic compounds in their chemical components, more thorough botanical, chemical, pre-clinical, and clinical research are especially required. The safe therapy for obesity may involve taking standardized medicinal plant extracts. The effectiveness of some plant combinations for medical purposes, however, may be reduced, and they may also have unanticipated negative effects

Introduction

The increasing intake of high-calorie meals is the primary cause of obesity, which is regarded as a global epidemic as well as an energetic imbalance. Inactivity, environmental and social changes, particularly those affecting bargaining power and education levels, as well as the impact of others on food consumption are additional contributors [1-4]. Diabetes, osteoarthritis, dyslipidaemias, and musculoskeletal problems, including endometrial, breast, and colon cancer, are all linked to obesity [5]. Additionally, clinically apparent cardiac risk factors associated with obesity include hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and a high body mass index [6, 7]. Since 1980, the rates of morbidity and death have risen [8,9], making them a social issue that has attracted institutional and governmental attention [10]. Children under five who were obese numbered close to 42 million in 2013. In 2014, there were approximately than 1.9 billion overweight individuals, of whom and over 600 million were obese.

Correct diagnosis is essential to selecting the optimal course of treatment for obesity [11]. There are many integrative and complementary therapies, including diet plans, exercise, surgery, behavioural therapy, lifestyle changes, and medication-assisted treatments for hypnosis, drug addiction, acupuncture, or the utilisation of therapeutic plants [12, 13]. 

Because they are non-invasive, pharmacological approaches are advised for the obese person's treatment. Medications such as sibutramine, fluoxetine, sertraline, orlistat, and topiramate are among those that are advised [14]. However, since they could exacerbate the clinical picture in people with cardiovascular problems, these should be used with extreme caution.

Many people turn to alternative remedies when conventional medical treatments for chronic conditions are ineffective and ultimately dangerous. Plant-based medicines that may promote satiety, a quicker pace of weight reduction, and a higher metabolism are included in these treatments. Currently, dietary supplement-based weight loss treatments are common, indicating that ethno pharmacology & phytotherapy may be effective weight loss and preventive methods.

Plants are used medicinally because of ethno botanical and ethno pharmacological research that examines their potential for curing and preventing a wide range of illnesses. These methods draw on common knowledge, hence the conventional has grown in significance to science. Such methods also aid in the choice of study species & the creation of phototherapeutics drugs based upon ethno pharmacological research [15, 16].

In this respect, species of plants have evolved crucial for producing isolated & extract chemical components that are the basis for the creation of medicines for obesity. To ensure solid, secure, and dependable outcomes, all the factors that identify a plant as an unconventional treatment option for the treatment of illnesses must be systematically evaluated or the creation of treatment solutions, which take into consideration the cultural, social, environmental, & economic disparities between nations, evidence-based public policies, must be developed. Setting constraints for that goal and fostering knowledge exchange amongst producers, researchers, developers, and businesses are both facilitated by translational research.

Based upon the aforementioned factors, Species of plants are listed in this study which have been ethno pharmacologically mentioned as prospective remedies for obesity. These plants also possess the pharmacological potential to be turned into phototherapeutic drugs. The goal is to direct future ethno pharmacological, pre-clinical, and clinical research in the pursuit of therapeutic alternative treatments and the advancement of public health.

Anti-obesity mechanism of therapeutic plants

1. Inhibition of enzymes

Treatment for obesity has included targeting the inhibition of dietary fat breakdown and absorption. In order for triglycerides to be broken down into mono & diglycerides and smaller fatty acids that the body can absorb, it is known that the most significant enzyme, known as PL (Pancreatic Lipase), is involved. Researchers and medical professionals agree that a PL inhibitor can lessen fat breakdown, which in turn reduces fat assimilation and absorption. In obese patients, this can simulate a reduction in calorie consumption and aid in preventing further weight gain.

Due to research showing that obese people have higher levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the therapy of obesity has also included targeting this enzyme. As LPL catalyses the dissolution of blood triglycerides to release free fatty acids (FFA), which increases the buildup of triglyceride in adipose tissue, suppression of LPL is envisaged to lower assimilation of FFA and assist in the control of obesity [43]. Treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus is mostly focused on inhibiting the enzymes responsible for metabolism and digesting of carbohydrates. Because carbs make up the majority of calories consumed by humans in their meals, it could also be taken into account and relevant in study on obesity. These enzyme inhibitors reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by slowing down carbohydrate metabolism, which delays hydrolysis of glucose to triacylglycerol in adipose tissue [44].

2. Inhibition of adipogenesis

The primary energy reserve in both humans and animals is called white adipose tissue (WAT), and this is where extra energy is kept in the form of triglycerides. The equilibrium of such a process determines how well energy intake and output are balanced, which is known as metabolic homeostasis and regulates body weight. Rapid weight gain has been caused by an imbalance in energy consumption and energy expenditure. In contrast to peripheral tissues like the muscles & adipose tissue, the centralized nervous system, especially the hypothalamus, controls and coordinates energy consumption and expenditure. It has been suggested that a sophisticated network of both long- and short-term signals controls how much energy is consumed. These signals, which include neuropeptides that regulate hunger and metabolism known as orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides, are absorbed by the hypothalamus [45, 46].

Triacylglycerols are recruited to make up for the shortage of energy during periods of energy restriction or hunger. One of the main causes of the predominance of obesity in the modern society is believed to be an overabundance of WAT [47]. The process of forming additional adipocytes from precursor cells, which leads to an increase in the volume of the adipocyte, is known to be involved in the expansion of adipose tissue. The development of anti-obesity-associated bioactivities has been linked to therapies that control adipocyte size and number, expression of signals related to energy balance, and inhibition or increase of particular adipokines [48].

3. Appetite suppression

In order to create long chain fatty acids from acetyl coenzyme A and malonyl-CoA, fatty acid synthase (FAS) is known to catalyse a reductive reaction. It has been demonstrated that FAS inhibition can lower food consumption & body mass in mice given FAS inhibitors. As a result, FAS inhibition is a prospective treatment goal to reduce appetite & promote lose a lot of weight [49].

Numerous plants & the compounds they produce have been demonstrated to inhibit FAS, which has a detrimental effect on appetite. Green tea's epigallocatechin gallate was discovered to be a potent inhibitor of chicken liver FAS by both irreversible slow binding and reversible quick binding. Similar to known FAS inhibitors like cerulenin and the synthetic FAS inhibitor C75, the inhibitory effects were equivalent to those of these substances [50].

Medicinal plants with anti-obesity activity

In medicine and as nutritional supplements, natural plant compounds are frequently used. Natural products are nearly as old as living itself because they have been used from the beginning of human civilization on this planet. Recent years have seen a significant increase in interest in dietary phytochemicals as potential treatments for weight loss and health enhancement. Natural compounds have long been a prolific source for the development of new medications due to their diversity in chemical composition and capacity to act on a variety of biological targets, and these drugs are used in the majority of alternative and complementary systems. Plant medicines with numerous phytochemical combinations may have a synergistic impact by acting on many biological targets, providing benefits above therapies that just use one component. The following table represent anti-obesity potential of some medicinal plants with their mechanism of action.

Table: Medicinal plants with anti-obesity mechanism.

Conclusion

According to several in vivo investigations on the effectiveness of anti-obesity herbal remedies, they might work by promoting thermogenesis, reducing lipogenesis, boosting lipolysis, stifling appetite, and lowering lipid absorption. Different outcomes may result from using isolated or combined anti-obesity medicinal plant remedies. In conclusion, consuming single medicinal plants through food may be safer and more effective than consuming concoctions made from multiple medicinal plants. These results corroborate the advice of health organisations to regularly consume vegetables and particular herbs like curcumin, capsicum, ginger, & green tea. It is important to keep raising awareness of anti-obesity medication use and enticing obese people to take it, along with an improved exercise routine & a nutritious diet. Further research in the fields of chemistry, biology, and medicine is required to determine whether some medicinal plants, especially which are used as spices & condiments, can reduce and treat human obesity. Such anti-obesity information would be helpful for food & medication producers when novel goods are produced, as well as for governments in regulating food stuffs as a strategy to encourage and improve public health.

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I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

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Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

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Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

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Luiz Sellmann