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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/IJBR-2021/005
*Corresponding Author: Bin Zhao, School of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Citation: Zhao B., Cao J., Jiang X., (2021) Logistic model of credit risk based on MCMC method, International J. of Biomed Research. 1(2); DOI: 10.31579/IJBR-2021/005
Copyright: © 2021 Bin Zhao, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 22 February 2021 | Accepted: 26 February 2021 | Published: 30 March 2021
Keywords: data analysis; monte carlo model; open bugs; overdue risk
In this paper, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is used to estimate the parameters of Logistic distribution, and this method is used to classify the credit risk levels of bank customers. Open BUGS is bayesian analysis software based on MCMC method. This paper uses Open BUGS software to give the bayesian estimation of the parameters of binomial logistic regression model and its corresponding confidence interval. The data used in this paper includes the values of 20 variables that may be related to the overdue credit of 1000 customers. First, the "Boruta" method is adopted to screen the quantitative indicators that have a significant impact on the overdue risk, and then the optimal segmentation method is used for subsection processing. Next, we filter three most useful qualitative variable According to the WOE and IV value, and treated as one hot variable. Finally, 10 variables were selected, and OpenBU-GS has been used to estimate the parameters of all variables. We can draw the following conclusions from the results: customer’s credit history and existing state of the checking account have the greatest impact on a customer's delinquent risk, the bank should pay more attention to these two aspects when evaluating the risk level of the customer.
The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC), originated in the early 1950s, is a Monte Carlo method that is simulated by computer under the framework of Bayesian theory. This method introduces Markov process into Monte Carlo simulation, and achieves dynamic simulation in which the sampling distribution changes as the simulation progresses, which makes up for the shortcoming that traditional Monte Carlo integral can only simulate statically. MCMC is a simple and effective computing method, which is widely used in many fields, such as statistics, Bayes problems, and computer problems and so on. Credit business, also known as credit assets or loan business, which is the most important asset business of commercial Banks. By lending money, the principal and interest are recovered, and profits are obtained after deducting costs. Therefore, credit is the main means of profit for commercial Banks.
By expanding the loan scale, the bank can bring more income, and inject more power into the social economy, so that the economy can develop faster and better.
However, with the expansion of credit scale, it is often accompanied by risks such as overdue credit. Banks can reduce credit overdue risk from two aspects, one way is to increase the credit overdue penalties, such as lowering the personal credit, dragging into the blacklist, and so on. With the rapid development of Internet, personal credit registry has more and more influence on the individual. A bad credit report will bring much inconvenience for the individual, so, in order to avoid the adverse impact on your credit report, borrowers tend to repay the loan on time, but these means are all belong to afterwards, although reduced the frequency of overdue frequency, but still caused a certain loss to the bank.
Selectively lending to "quality customers" can reduce Banks' credit costs even more if they anticipate the likelihood of delinquency in advance, before the customer takes out the loan.
How to identify whether the client is the "good customer" will need to collect overdue related information about the customer in advance, through the establishment of probability model between relevant variables and overdue, thus to rank the customer's risk grade of overdue, if customers risk level is extremely high, the bank should choose to increase loan interest or refuse to reduce the risk of credit bank loans [1].
This paper includes the following three parts: model introduction and data description, data
Preprocessing and Open BUGS simulation, and summary.
If we want to use linear regression algorithm to solve the problem of a classification, (for classification, y value equal to0 or 1), but if you are using the linear regression, then assumes that the function of the output value may be greater than 1, or much less than zero, even if all the training sample label y is 0 or 1 but if algorithms get value is greater than 1 or far less than zero, will feel very strange. So the algorithm we're going to study in the next section is called the logistic regression algorithm has the property that its output value is always between 0 and 1. So logistic regression is a classification algorithm whose output is always between 0 and 1.
First, let's take a look at the LR of the dichotomy. The specific method is to map the regression value of each point to between 0 and 1 by using the sigmoid function shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Sigmoid function
As shown in the figure, let z = w. x + b, when z > 0, the greater z is, the closer the sigmoid returns to 1 (but never more than 1). On the contrary, when z < 0>z is, the closer the sigmoid return value is to 0 (but never less than 0). This means that when you have a binary classification task (positive cases corresponding labeled 1, counterexample corresponding labels 0) and samples of each of the sample space for linear regression z = w. x + b, then the mapping using sigmoid function of g = sigmoid (z), and finally output the corresponding class label each sample (all value between 0 and the one greater than 0.5 is marked as positive example), then, two classification is completed. The final output can actually be regarded as the probability that the sample points belong to the positive example after the model calculation. Thus, we can define the general model of the dichotomous LR as follows:
For a given input x, p(Y =1| X ) and p(Y = 0 | X ) can be obtained, and the instance x will be classified into the category with high probability value. Odds of an event refers to the ratio between the probability of its occurrence and the probability of its non-occurrence. If the probability of its occurrence is P, the probability of the event is P/(1-P), and the log odds or logit function of the event is
Logistic regression can be obtained
That is, the logarithmic probability of output Y=1 in the logistic regression model is a linear function of input X.
When learning logistic regression models, for a given data set
The maximum likelihood estimation method can be used to estimate the model parameters, and then the logistic regression model can be obtained set.
The likelihood function is
The logarithmic likelihood function is
By gradient descent algorithm and newton method can get the maximum value in the L(w) and the estimates of w : w , then the logistic regression model :
The formula of Markov Chain is as follows p( X t+1 = x | Xt , X t 1 ) = p( X t+1 = x | Xt ) That is, the state transition probability value is only related to the current state. Let P be the transition probability matrix, where pij represents the probability of the transition from i to j .So we can prove that
Where p is the solution to pP = p . Since the probability of x obeys p(x) after each transfer, it is possible to sample from p(x) by transferring the different bases to this probability matrix. Then, given p(x). We can construct the transition probability matrix by the Gibbs algorithm.
The German credit card data set is adopted in this paper, which contains 20 variables, including 7 quantitative variables and 13 qualitative variables. The details are shown in Table 1.
The data set includes 20 variables, the influence of different variables on credit overdue is different, adopting too many variables will not only increase the cost of collecting data, and wast customer’s, also increases the complexity of the model, reduce the accuracy of prediction, so before to fitting the model we need to screen all the indicators which have a significant effect. The following content will be introduced from the screening of quantitative indicators and the screening of qualitative indicators.
“Boruta” Screening of quantitative indicators
The goal of Boruta is to select all feature sets related to dependent variables, which can help us understand the influencing factors of dependent variables more comprehensively, so as to conduct feature selection in a better and more efficient way.
Algorithm process:
Figure 1. Quantitative variable importance.
The first three quantitative variables duration, create amount and age were selected into the model in order of importance, and the continues variables were divided into boxes, with WOE (weight of evidence) and IV (Importance Value) values dividing the variables with the best predictive ability into groups
Where goodi stands for the number of good tags in each group, goodT for the total number of good tags; The same for bad.
Where N is the number of grouped groups, and IV can be used to represent the grouping ability of a variable, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. IV VS. Ability to predict
To make the difference between groups as large as possible, smbinning package in R soft wear is used to segment the continuous variable duration, credit amount and age using the optimal segmenting method the result of segmenting is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Optimal segmentation of continuous variables
The Duration loan variable was divided into three sections: [0,11], (11,33) and (33,+ ∞ ); Credit amount loan amount (a continuous variable) was divided into four paragraphs: [0,3446] and (3446,3913], (3913,7824], (7824,+∞] The Age of the Age applicant is divided into [0,25] and (25,+∞). All segments of the variable are corresponding to the WOE value with a large difference, indicating a large difference between groups. The IV value calculated according to the WOE value of the group are respectively duration: 0.225, Credit amount: 0.229, age: 0.073.
Screening of qualitative indicators
IV values were calculated for all types of variables and sorted from high to low. Since the data only contained 1000 rows and the sample size was relatively small, only variables with large IV values, namely those with obvious classification effect, were selected in this paper. Three variables with IV values greater than 0.15 were selected, and the results were shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Screening of qualitative indicators.
For each of the three selected qualitative indicators, the possible values of the variables are matched to a 0-1 variable. For example, the variables checking account status are treated as:
Variables A11, A12, A13, and A14，Variables may have values as shown in the Table 4.
Table 4. Variable Values.
Step forward likelihood ratio test
After preprocessing, there are 17 variables, not all of which have significant influence on the overdue risk. Before fitting the model, variables with small correlation and more significant significance are screened out, which can not only improve the classification accuracy of the model, but also simplify the model and reduce the cost of collecting customer information for Banks [2].
Variables with significant influence on overdue risk were selected by using the forward likelihood ratio test. The simulation results of SPSS are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Step forward likelihood ratio test result
The significance level was set as 0.05. A total of 10 variables were screened to establish the model:
Where 0 is the constant term i (i =1,2,...,10) is the partial regression coefficient of independent variable; Parameters of the model have been given independent "non-informative" prior distribution, and Open BUGS software is used for modeling and sampling, as well as Doodle modeling through Open BUGS, to specify the distribution type and logical relationship of various parameters, as shown in the Figure 3.
Figure 3. Doodle model
Each ovals represent a node IN the graph, rectangle with constant node, single arrow from the parent node to the random child nodes, hollow double arrows indicate the parent node to the logical type child nodes the rectangular outside for tablet, the lower left corner "for (I IN 1: N)" said for loop, is used to calculate the likelihood function of all samples, and the overall likelihood function is obtained [3].
The posterior distribution statistics for each parameter were obtained using OpenBUGS software, as shown in Table 6.
Where, MC_error represents the error of monte Carlo simulation and is used to measure the variance of the mean value of parameters caused by simulation.Val2.5 PC and VAL97.5 PC represent the lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval of the median, respectively; Median is usually more stable than mean; Start represents the starting point of Gibbs sampling. In order to eliminate the influence of initial value on sampling, sampling is started after 1001 times. Sample represents the total number of samples extracted. A total of 10,000 samples were extracted in this paper [4].
Table 6. Parameter estimation result of MCMC
According to the parameters of Bayesian estimation, the error of model Colot simulation is generally relatively small, which indicates that the model has a good effect. With each parameter of the Gibbs sampling sample mean as a parameter to estimate, from the point of the results, the variable whether checking account status values for A13 (greater than 200 DM) and A14 (no checking account), variable credit history whether values for A30 (not credit) and A31 (have to pay all the bank's credits) have bigger influence on the overdue risk, relative variable savings for A61 values (<100>
The logistic regression equation can be obtained log it (pi) = 1.732 0.4183 X1[i] 1.578 X 2[i]0.6884 X3 [i] 0.8637 X4 [i] 0.7879 X5 [i]+ 0.8786 X6 [i]+1.585X7 [i]+0.6755X8 [i ]+0.5603 X 9 [i] 0.3755X10 [i]
When dividing the overdue risk level of customers, there may be two wrong divisions that is, dividing "high-quality customers" into high-risk customers and high-risk customers into "high-quality customers". Generally speaking, the economic costs of these two wrong divisions are different. For Banks, the cost matrix is shown in the table7 (0=Good, 1=Bad) [6].
Table 7. Cost matrix
The rows represent the actual classification and the columns the predicted classification. It is worse to class a customer as good when they are bad (cost=5), than it is to class a customer as bad when they are good (cost=1). Define the loss function as
pre(i) and real(i) is The classification results of the ith sample and the actual category respectively, and f (x) is a piecewise function
Each sample input the results of logistic regression model as a probability value, if the probability value is greater than a given probability value is the sample classification is 1, otherwise the classification of 0, due to the loss of the two types of error, according to the different probability of loss matrix can be calculated at a given value under the condition of overall losses, the results as shown. It can be seen that when the given probability value is 0.21, the overall loss is the smallest. The Confusion matrix are shown in the table8. The precision of the model is 85%. The model identifies the vast majority of high-risk customers.
Figure 4. Loss diagram
Table 8. Confusion matrix.
Figure 5. Iteration history of Open BUGS.
Figure 6. The Autocorrelation diagra of OpenBUGS
Figure 7. The Nuclear density of Open BUGS
Figure 5 ~7 shows the iteration history diagram, autocorrelation function diagram and kernel density diagram of all parameters.
Monte Carlo simulation starts from the initial value given for each parameter. Due to the randomness of extraction, the first part of extracted value is used as an independent sample obtained by annealing algorithm. Therefore, we must judge the convergence of the extracted Markov Chain. The convergence of Markov chains can be analyzed according to the results of parameter extraction [7].
Iteration history diagram
From the graphs in Figure 5 we can safely conclude that the chains have converged as the plots exhibits no extended increasing or decreasing trends, rather it looks like a horizontal band.
Nuclear density figure
According to the distribution density of extracted samples, it can be seen that the samples extracted by Gibbs algorithm are mostly concentrated in a small area, which can also explain the convergence of Markov chain [8].
Autocorrelation diagram
Autocorrelation plots clearly indicate that the chains are not at all auto correlated. The later part is better since samples from the posterior distribution contained more information about the parameters than the succeeding draws. Almost negligible correlation is witnessed from the graphs in Figure 6. So the samples may be considered as independent samples from the target distribution, i.e. the posterior distribution [9].
This paper constructs a binomial logistic regression model based on the customer characteristic data of Banks.
Content mainly includes two parts, the first is the part of data pretreatment, the original data contains 20 variables, in order to make the model more concise, and improve the accuracy of classification model, reduce the cost of information collection and the time cost of customers, using "Boruta" method of screening of three quantitative indicators, and use the optimal segmentation method will be treated as continuous variable section.
Then, three qualitative variables were selected into the model by calculating the IV value of the variable, and the qualitative variables were treated with a unique heat type.
Two logIST-IC regression of SPSS software was used to screen out 10 variables with significance less than 0.05 into the model.
All the selected variables were brought into OpenBUGS software to obtain the parameter Bayesian estimation of the binomial logistic regression model. From the estimation results, it can be seen that the customer's historical credit (Credit history) and current economic status (Checking account status) have the greatest impact on credit delinquency. Banks should pay more attention to these two aspects when evaluating the customer's credit risk level [10]
We have no conflict of interests to disclose and the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors.
This work was supported by the Philosophical and Social Sciences Research Project of Hubei Education Department (19Y049), and the Staring Research Foundation for the Ph.D. of Hubei University of Technology (BSQD 2019054), Hubei Province, China.
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I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is a high quality journal that has a clear and concise submission process. The peer review process was comprehensive and constructive. Support from the editorial office was excellent, since the administrative staff were responsive. The journal provides a fast and timely publication timeline.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, What distinguishes International Journal of Clinical Case Report and Review is not only the scientific rigor of its publications, but the intellectual climate in which research is evaluated. The submission process is refreshingly free of unnecessary formal barriers and bureaucratic rituals that often complicate academic publishing without adding real value. The peer-review system is demanding yet constructive, guided by genuine scientific dialogue rather than hierarchical or authoritarian attitudes. Reviewers act as collaborators in improving the manuscript, not as gatekeepers imposing arbitrary standards. This journal offers a rare balance: high methodological standards combined with a respectful, transparent, and supportive editorial approach. In an era where publishing can feel more burdensome than research itself, this platform restores the original purpose of peer review — to refine ideas, not to obstruct them Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi, FCCP PULMONOLOGIST AND THORACIC IMAGING.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I write here a little on my experience as an author submitting to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews (IJCCR). This was my first submission to IJCCR and my manuscript was inherently an outsider’s effort. It attempted to broadly identify and then make some sense of life’s under-appreciated mysteries. I initially had responded to a request for possible submissions. I then contacted IJCCR with a tentative topic for a manuscript. They quickly got back with an approval for the submission, but with a particular requirement that it be medically relevant. I then put together a manuscript and submitted it. After the usual back-and-forth over forms and formality, the manuscript was sent off for reviews. Within 2 weeks I got back 4 reviews which were both helpful and also surprising. Surprising in that the topic was somewhat foreign to medical literature. My subsequent updates in response to the reviewer comments went smoothly and in short order I had a series of proofs to evaluate. All in all, the whole publication process seemed outstanding. It was both helpful in terms of the paper’s content and also in terms of its efficient and friendly communications. Thank you all very much. Sincerely, Ted Christopher, Rochester, NY.
Dear Grace Pierce, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I had a very positive experience with Auctores - Journal throughout the publication process. The Editorial Team was highly responsive, professional, and supportive at every stage. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the Editor: Grace Pierce, for her guidance and assistance. The peer-review process was smooth and constructive, helping improve the quality of my work. I would gladly recommend Auctores Journal to fellow researchers and authors. Dr. SABITA SINHA, Medical Oncologist, MD (Electro Homeopathy).
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of - Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. ''I am pleased to provide this testimonial following the publication of our recent case report in this journal. The peer review process was rigorous, constructive, thorough, and conducted in a timely manner. The reviewers’ comments were thoughtful, detailed, and highly constructive, contributing substantially to the refinement, clarity, and scientific robustness of our manuscript. The process was conducted with professionalism and academic integrity throughout. The support provided by the editorial office was exemplary. Communication was consistently prompt, clear, and courteous at all stages of the submission and publication process. The editorial team demonstrated a high level of organization and responsiveness, ensuring that all queries were addressed efficiently and that the process remained transparent and well-coordinated. The overall quality of the journal is reflected in its strong editorial standards, commitment to scientific excellence, and dedication to publishing clinically meaningful research. It has been a privilege to publish our work in this journal, and we would welcome the opportunity to contribute further in the future.'' Best wishes from, Dr. Efstratios Trogkanis, Cardiologist.
Dear Reader: We have published several articles in the Auctores Publishing, LLC, journal, Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports in recent years (CMRR). This is an ‘open access’ journal and the following are our observations. From the initial invitation to submit an article, to the final edits of galley proofs, we have found CMRR personnel to be professional, responsive, rapid and thorough. This entire process begins with Catherine Mitchell, Editorial Coordinator. She is simply outstanding, and, I believe, unparalleled in her capacity. I cannot imagine a more responsive and dedicated Editorial Coordinator. As I read the dates and timing of her correspondence with us, it seems that she never sleeps. I hope Auctores Publishing, LLC, appreciates her efforts as much as these authors do. Thank you to Auctores Publishing, LLC, to the Editorial Staff/Board, and to Catherine Mitchell from a grateful author(s).
