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Short Communication | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/135
Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Mohammadreza Shahidipak, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Iran.
Citation: Mohammadreza Shahidipak (2023), Islamic Medicine in Granada, end of (AD 1306 - 1370) Late Medieval, J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research, 6(4); DOI: 10.31579/2693-7247/135
Copyright: © 2023, Mohammadreza Shahidipak. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 01 May 2023 | Accepted: 20 May 2023 | Published: 22 May 2023
Keywords: avecinn; medicine; granada; andalusiaa
Avicenna is one of obvious miracles of medical history. This prophet of medicine, who was born in Iran and produced his hand, and rose in North Africa (Maghreb, Afriqiyah) and in Europe, he lit up medical sky of world from 10th to 15th AD. Ibn Sina's presence in Europe reached such an extent that some Spanish historians introduced him as born in Andalusia in southern Europe and mentioned some medical doctors in Andalusia and the Maghreb as Avicenna II. This medical genius of Islamic world, who was never born like him, after Renaissance, his medical encyclopedia still has a high impact factor and is second book that was published in Europe after Bible about five hundred years ago. It has been translated many times into Latin, French, English and other European languages. He is main medical heritage of Europe and Islamic West, which was brought to its final evolution by Averroes in this region. And this article introduces two scholars of Islamic civilization who are symbols of last stage of Islamic civilization in Andalusia. In last period, Islamic government in Europe was limited to south of Iberia and continued its power for about three hundred years in form of kingdom Emirate of Granada with financial and military support of Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt. This state resisted invasion of Aragon and Castile and European crusader countries. The establishment of Islamic civilization in Andalusia and Islamic medicine as a symbol of Islamic civilization during time of Bani Ahmar (1238-1492) fueled its development and several new medical texts were written and innovative physicians appeared. These three are Shafrah, Ibn Khatamah and Ibn Khatib. that Ibn Khatama provided first medical report on a global epidemic - the Black Plague
After fall of Toledo and Valencia and defeat of AL-Mohads Empire in War of Alark , power of Muslims in Andalusia was dismantled, and European and Mediterranean era of Islamic civilization came to an end, and Islamic power was able to dominate sector for another three hundred years with help of Cairo, Tunisia and Morocco. from southern Europe on western Mediterranean coast. This small region combined few cities, experienced final and independent period of a very magnificent civilization and presented last stage of its evolution in mathematics and arithmetic to history of science and became owner of an independent school in literature and historiography and formed revolution in Islamic historiography and flourished in field of Botanical and medicine. Bani Ahmar which was one of survivors of AL_ Mohads Empire, was a small kingdom of Granada that established by Bani Ahmar that Like great Islamic countries, they had a wide and comprehensive civilization. Present article is an example of medicine and botany in this period, which shows that Islamic culture and civilization of this period produced an era independent of human civilization, many of its traces are still left.
2- Avicenna in sought of Europe in Iberian Peninsula in late middle Ages:
Avicenna’s book, Qhanun, is still a pioneer and unique in transferring structure and content of ancient medicine to medieval period and preparing basic medical materials of medieval and modern period. One of structures of medieval medicine is Galenic medicine and rule of philosophy and rationalism on its structure, and it has implemented same form in structure and content of Avicenna in Qhanun , and one of main reasons for attention of Jewish, Islamic and Christian medicine to qhanun, is this point. It started in Andalusia and it ended in Andalusia by Averroes with compilation of alkaliyat in medicine, and therefore some researchers called him end of Islamic medicine because of Averroes’s artistic and holistic understanding of Qhanun What is certain is that basic material of medicine throughout Andalusia in Middle Ages, especially in late Arab period, belongs to Islamic society, especially Avecinna . Now, some have admitted this matter and some have presented medical Arabic material in service of newly established kings of Aragon and Castile in their name as an independent author, such as book of al-Tab al-Qashtali al-Maluki fi Amur al-Alamiya( Medicine of Castile kingdom in scientific affairs) by Jewish physician belonged to Alphonse XI of Castile in 1327.
-2- Avicenna in medicine of late medieval Christian societies of Andalusia: spirit of Avicenna
Gentile, an Italian Christian, nicknamed the thinker and soul of Avecinna (1348). He is fluent in Arabic and Latin, and his documents are Razes, Honain, Avicenna, and some andalusian physian as a Ibn Maimon, Ibn Khatama, Muhammad Bin Ali Shghuri, and AL-mriawi, one of his written is Commentary on first part of fourth article of Avecinna’s Qanun on fevers. Like him, Henri de Monde Ville (1325), Jan Yepperman1331, Tomas Scellinck, 1317, Bartholomah Bruges, 1315, are influenced by Avicenna, these showed, Christian Europe was influenced by medieval Arabic works of medicine.
3- Innovation and development of medicine in late Middle Ages by close physicians of Bani Ahmar court:
The Bani Ahmar period, last stage of evolution of civilization in Andalus, encountered new approaches in preparation of medicine and treatment, and medicine developed quantitatively and qualitatively.
1-3-Mohammed Shafrah gharbalyani:
Mohammad Gharbaliani, nicknamed Shafrah, is his characteristic feature in his medical experiences and his denial and fight against superstitious folk medicine, with the charms and barbers of common people, and his belief in effect of climate in curing disease, and by using appropriate garden of Botany was established in Granada. He updated knowledge of surgery in Islamic civilization and wrote an independent book called al-Istaqsa wa al-Abram fi al-heal al-Uram al-Jarharat(The final frontier of effort in the treatment of injuries and swellings .
2-3-Ibn Khatama
The name of this Andalusian doctor is Ibn Kha Tameh in European research sources. His importance is in providing the first report on the European Mediterranean epidemic of the Black Plague.
3-3- Ibn Khatib, historian, -
Ibn Khatib is more famous as a historian and politician, and he left a book on medicine. He lived in midst of Black Plague and lost several of his contemporaries and wrote several works on medicine, which are valuable among views on spread of epidemic. Al- Moghnah – AL sael …- (enough answere to questioner about pervasive disease (. His actions in epidemic research have been noticed and translated by Europe.
3-4- Family medicine of Al-Shaghurieyah family
In the texts of the period of this government, it is mentioned that the family of Al-Shghuriyah, tried to develop medicine and hired special physicians.
5-3-Ibn al-Fara’ 1300, explained Avicenna’s arousal (scientific poem in medicine) with poems in form of arjouzah.
3-6- Ibn al-Sarraj 1330, Ibn al-Mahna and the doctor Mrs. Tabiba Umm al-Husain 1350,
7-3- Ibn Zarzar, a Jewish astrologer, fortune teller, and a close physician at Bani Ahmar court, who prophesied emergence of Timur.
4-Result and achievement and discussion:
Avicenna has a physical role in medical history of world and has been used in East and West alike. And medical trend of the world is based on framework that established by Avicenna and is moving more and more towards rationalism.
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