AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2768-0487/042
*Corresponding Author: Aamir Jalal Al-Mosawi, Advisor doctor and expert trainer, Baghdad Medical City and Iraqi Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq.
Citation: Aamir Jalal Al-Mosawi. (2021) Iraq healthcare system: The first year of covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research. 3(4); DOI:10.31579/2768-0487/042
Copyright: © 2021 Aamir Jalal Al-Mosawi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 06 August 2021 | Accepted: 10 September 2021 | Published: 17 September 2021
Keywords: healthcare system; iraq; covid-19 pandemic; mortality
Background: The year 2020 witnessed the rapid spread of covid-19 pandemic in Iraq and in almost all the countries in the world. This spread has created a serious health crises and a public health emergency in Iraq and throughout the world. Throughout the world, healthcare systems have been negatively influenced by the pandemic and experienced unexpected changes. We have previously provided several descriptions of the Iraq health care system from its evolution. However, little is known about the health care system in Iraq during the first year of the coves pandemic. The aim of this paper is provide a description of the healthcare system in Iraq during the year 2020, the first year of covid-19 global pandemic.
Materials and methods: The available unpublished and published data about the Iraqi healthcare system during the first year of covid-19 pandemic, the year 2020 were examined. The data included more than 100 relevant unpublished and published information documents including journal articles, books, official reports of the Iraqi Ministry of Planning and Iraqi Ministry of Health. In addition, relevant useful data available at internet web sites were also reviewed. The available relevant data were classified into categories including; demographic data relevant to healthcare, Data related to covid-19 disease in Iraq, data related to the organizational structure of the healthcare system, data related to national healthcare policies including national healthcare mission, vision, strategic goals and plans, data related to healthcare system financing, data about healthcare services delivery, data about the workforce in the Iraq healthcare system, data related to child health and maternal, data about notifiable infectious disease, data about chronic disorders and the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and data about medical education and healthcare education. Many relevant healthcare data for three provinces (The Kurdish provinces in the north of Iraq) of the eighteen provinces in Iraq were not available in English or Arabic.
Results: The population of Iraq in 2020 was estimated at 40.150.174 (20.284.823 males and 19.865.351 females). During the year 2020, 595291 cases of covid-19 disease were registered by the Iraqi Ministry of Health. 12813 (2.15%) patients died and 537841 (90.3%) patients experienced recovery. The organizational structure of the Iraq health system, the backbone of the Iraq healthcare system witnessed no important change from the description before covid-19 global pandemic in 2019.
The declared mission and vision of the Iraqi Ministry of Health for the year 2020 were the same mission and vision of the Iraqi Ministry of Health that were declared in 2018. In 2020, the Iraqi Ministry of Health declared a strategic plan which included a vision and mission statements for the health information system. The first year of covid-19 pandemic in Iraq was not associated with an important increase in the number of primary healthcare centers. However, there was little increase in the number of governmental hospitals. Surprisingly, the bed occupancy rate of governmental hospitals during the first year of the pandemic was lower than the bed occupancy rate during the two years before the pandemic. The total number of hospitalized patients in 2020 was lower than the previous four years, but the mortality rate per 1000 hospitalized patients was significantly higher in 2020 than the previous four years.
Conclusion: Covid-19 disease in Iraq was associated with a significant mortality during the year 2020. It actually changed the previously reported national mortality pattern as covid-19 has become the second most common cause of death in Iraq. Contradictory, to the general belief that mortality associated with covid-19 disease was generally restricted to the older age groups, 117 children under the age of ten years died because of covid-19 disease in 2020. This number of childhood deaths suggests the need to consider vaccination of the younger age groups and to perform the relevant research. Covid-19 disease has emerged as a new notifiable infectious disease in Iraq and throughout the world; therefore, it changed the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq.
There are four genera of coronaviruses including alpha-coronaviruses, beta-coronaviruses, gamma-coronaviruses, and delta -coronaviruses. Alpha and beta-coronavirus can infect mammals, while gamma-coronavirus and delta-coronavirus generally infect birds. Four coronaviruses are known to cause mild upper respiratory infection in humans of all ages including infants.
The transmission of coronaviruses from animals (birds) to causes respiratory illness has been reported as early as 1969 by Kapikian et al. Community-wide outbreak associated with 229E-like coronavirus has be reported as early as 1970 by Cavallaro and Monto. Until December, 2020, two beta-coronaviruses (SARS coronaviruses and MERS-coronaviruses were known to cause severe, potentially fatal pneumonia-like illness [1-6].
Errors in the replication of viral genomic RNA of zoonotic coronaviruses led to the emergence of genetically related diverse quasi-species, while the transmission of some of them to a new host species led to the emergence of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). SARS-CoV emerged for the first time in Guangdong China in 2002 spread rapidly to many other counties causing more than 8000 cases with about10% mortality. In 2012, it was thought that MERS-CoV was transmitted to humans from bats through an intermediate camel host leading to 1700 cases in 27 countries with about 40% mortality [1-4].
Increasing number of cases of severe potentially fatal pneumonia caused by a new β-coronavirus was reported from Wuhan China in December 2019, and human-to-human transmission was confirmed early. On the 12th of January, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) officially named the condition coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). The Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee suggested naming the new coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2” [1-4].
The year 2020 witnessed the rapid spread of covid-19 pandemic in Iraq and in almost all the countries in the world. This spread has created a serious health crises and a public health emergency in Iraq and throughout the world.
Throughout the world, healthcare systems have been negatively influenced by the pandemic and experienced unexpected changes.
We have previously provided several descriptions of the Iraq health care system from its evolution. However, little is known about the health care system in Iraq during the first year of the coves pandemic.
The aim of this paper is provide a description of the healthcare system in Iraq during the year 2020, the first year of covid-19 global pandemic.
The available unpublished and published data about the Iraqi healthcare system during the first year of covid-19 pandemic, the year 2020 were examined. The data included more than 100 relevant unpublished and published information documents including journal articles, books, official reports of the Iraqi Ministry of Planning and Iraqi Ministry of Health. In addition, relevant useful data available at internet web sites were also reviewed.
The available relevant data were classified into categories including:
Demographic data relevant to healthcare.
Data related to covid-19 disease in Iraq.
Data related to the organizational structure of the healthcare system.
Data related to national healthcare policies including national healthcare mission, vision, strategic goals and plans.
Data related to healthcare system financing.
Data about healthcare services delivery.
Data about the workforce in the Iraq healthcare system.
Data related to maternal and child health.
Data about notifiable infectious disease.
Data about chronic disorders and main causes of morbidity and mortality.
Data about medical education and healthcare education.
Many relevant healthcare data for three provinces (The Kurdish provinces in the north of Iraq) of the eighteen provinces in Iraq were not available in English or Arabic.
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA RELEVANT TO HEALTHCARE
The population of Iraq in 2020 was estimated at 40.150.174 (20.284.823 males and 19.865.351 females, with 102 males for each 100 females).
40.5% of the population was under the age of fifteen years, and 5 Percentage above the age of 60 years. Figure-1 shows the age distribution of Iraq population during the year 2020. 69.8 % of the population was living in urban areas and 30.2% were of the living in rural areas.
Data Related To Covid-19 Disease In Iraq
During the year 2020, 595291 cases of covid-19 disease were registered by the local and national health authorities, 12813 (2.15%) patients died and 537841 (90.3%) patients experienced recovery. 256 patients who died from covid-19 disease were affiliated to the Iraqi Ministry of Health including 56 medical personnel and 133 health personnel.
The spread of covid-19 disease in Iraq was first recognized during February, 2020 with the report of the first confirmed cases of the infections on the 22nd of February in the province of Najaf.
The first reported case in Iraq was an Iranian student of religion. The first case of covid-19 in the Kurdish region of Iraq in the North of the country was reported on the first of March, 2020. However, the first death from covid-19 disease in Iraq was reported from the province of Suleimaniya in the Kurdish region of Iraq. The patient was a 70-year-old man who was known to have chronic heart failure associated with asthmatic manifestations.
The second death from covid-19 diseases in Iraq was reported from the province of Baghdad, while the first recovery was reported on the 6th of March.
On the 27th of March, 2020, all 19 Iraqi provinces have reported confirmed cases, and on the 7th of April, 28,414 tests have been performed with 1202 of them were positive.
On the first of April, 2020, the total number of confirmed covid-19 disease cases in Iraq was 728. Early during June, the number of the reported cases exceeded 12,000, and the deaths exceeded 300. Table-1 shows the confirmed cases of covid-19 disease in the provinces of Iraq on the 7th of June 2020.
On the 28th of June, the Iraqi Medical association reported occurrence of 45402 cases of covid-19 diseases including 788 Iraqi doctors, and 1756 patients died and including 13 Iraqi doctors.
People whom were considered to be healthy and possibly having good immunity like former football players and bodybuilding champions (Figure-2A) also died during the year 2020.
The death of Ahmed Radhi (Figure-2B) , a former player of the Iraqi National football team during June 2020 was associated with public criticism for the Iraqi Minister of Health during that time who was regarded as a non-technocrat minister as he was a military pharmacist and nor a real physician. Shortly after the death of Ahmed Radhi, Haider Al-Mulla , a politician asked the prime minister to appoint a real Minister of Health.
It is worth mentioning that Hassan Mohammed Abbas, the minister of health during that time was forced to resign during the year 2021 following the occurrence of a huge fire in Ibin Al-Khateeb Hospital in Baghdad and killed many patients.
In Iraq, a high covid-19 disease ministerial committee was established by the Iraqi Ministry of health to lead the efforts to control. The committee designed an official protocol (Figure-3) for the treatment of the disease and distributed it to hospitals.
Lopinavir/ritonavir + ribavirin combination was at the top of the suggested therapies to be used in the treatment of covid-19 disease, and that was excellent from the evidence-based medicine point of view. However, the suggested treatment was not available at all in the country. The second suggested treatment was plasma therapy which was impossible to offer to any patient needs treatment supposing that it is an acceptable therapeutic option.
During the year 2020, 182607 cases of covid-19 disease were registered in Baghdad accounting for 31% of the total cases of the disease in Iraq. Table-2 shows the number of covid-19 disease cases in the Iraqi provinces during the year 2020 and their outcomes of death or recovery.
7680 (1.4%) of the covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 were under the age of ten years, and therefore this age group was the least to be affected with covid-19 disease in this study. 133176 (23.9%) of the covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 aged between
30 and 39 years, and therefore this age group was the most affected with covid-19.
Figure-4 shows the age distribution of covid-19 patients during the year 2020. Table-3 shows the percentage of the recovered patients in various age groups.
During the year 2020, 173928 individuals died in Iraq including 12813 deaths because of covid-19 disease which accounted for 7.36 % of the total deaths in Iraq during the year 2020. Covid-19 resulted in a death rate of 33/ 100000 population in Iraq during the year 2020.
117 (0.9%) of the patients who died because of covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 were under the age of ten years, and therefore patients in this age group are the least likely to die from covid-19 disease. 2418 (18.9%) of the patients who died because of covid-19 disease aged 50 to 59 years.
Therefore, according to this study, patients in this age group are the most likely to die from covid-19 disease. Figure-5A shows the number of deaths in various age groups, and figure-5B shows the percentage of deaths in various age groups.
Covid-19 disease was the second most common cause of death in Iraq accounting for 7.36% of all deaths in 2020. Covid-19 disease was also the second most common cause of death in males, but it was the sixth most common cause of death in females. However, covid-19 disease was the third most common direct cause of maternal death.
Covid-19 disease was the sixth most common cause of hospitalization of patients aged 20 to 24 years in Iraq except the Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq during the year 2020 accounting for 0.95 %.
Data Related to The Organizational Structure of The Healthcare System
The organizational structure of the Iraq health system, the backbone of the Iraq healthcare system witnessed no important change from the description before covid-19 global pandemic in 2019 [7,8,9,10].
Data Related to National Healthcare Policies Including National Healthcare Mission, Vision, Strategic Goals And Plans
Many of the national health policies declared by the Iraqi Ministry of Health have been included in articles 30, 31, 32, and 33 of the constitution and witnessed no change [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, the year 2019 witnessed increasing public criticisms for the whole constitution of the country and serious demands for writing a new constitution [7, 8, 9, 10].
The declared mission and vision of the Iraqi Ministry of Health for the year 2020 were the same mission and vision of the Iraqi Ministry of Health which were declared in 2018.
The Mission stated “The Ministry of Health works to provide comprehensive health care to all members of the society and at the highest level of quality and to invest efficiently available resources in accordance with ethics of the profession and values of the society to ensure sustainable health development to reduce mortality and morbidly with participation of stakeholders”. The general vision statement “Physically, psychologically, and socially healthy society”. [7, 8, 9, 10].
In 2020, the Iraqi Ministry of Health declared a strategic plan which included a vision and mission statements for the health information system. The vision statement was “Comprehensive, efficient and applicable health information system”.
The mission statement was “The Iraqi Ministry of Health works to provide the infrastructure and logistic supplies to build a statistical information base and an integrated sustainable health information system to insure access to health information by decision makers, policy makers, and researchers in the field of health to improve the comprehensive coverage, quality and efficiency of healthcare with highest quality”.
Data Related to Healthcare System Financing The Iraqi Ministry of Health remained largely funded centrally by the government. The total governmental budget allocation for the Iraqi Ministry of Health (excluding the budget of the Ministry of Health in Kurdistan) was reduced from 6,082,442,913,943 Iraqi Dinnars.
Data about Healthcare Services Delivery
The health services are delivered through hospitals, primary health centers and public health clinics [[7, 8, 9, 10].
The number of primary health centers in Iraq in 2020 was 2805 including 1192 (42.5%) centers managed by physicians and 1613 (57.5%). Therefore, each primary health center has to provide health services for a population of 14314, and there were 7 primary health centers for each 100,000 population.
There were 239 specialized centers in Iraq including 55 specialized dental centers, 21 specialized centers for respiratory diseases, and 8 asthma and allergy specialized centers.
There were 341public clinics in Iraq in 2020.
BCG vaccine was received by 98% of the target population, the third shot of poliomyelitis vaccine was received by 78 % of the target population, 76 % of measles vaccine target population received the vaccine.
In 2020, there were 295 governmental hospitals including specialized centers with inpatients, and 155 private hospitals. Figure-6 shows the main types of governmental hospitals in Iraq in 2020.
Governmental hospitals included 49836 beds. Governmental hospitals beds’ occupancy rate was 54.4%. It was estimated that there was 1.2 hospital beds for each 1000 population.
A total of 1883 premature neonates’ incubators were available.
A total of 2333187 patients were hospitalized in 2020, and the hospitalization rate was estimated at 58 patients per 1000 population, and the hospitalized patients’ mortality rate was 26.3/1000 hospitalized patients.
Data about the Workforce in the Iraq Healthcare System
In 2020, the total workforce in Iraq healthcare system was 346920 (188018 males and 158902 females) including 38865 physicians (20020 males and 18845 females), 14003 dentists (6106 males and 7897 females), 16512 pharmacists (6414 males and 10098 females), 89990 nursing staff (39617 males and 50373 females), 90327 paramedical staff (52363 males and 37964 females), and 13579 laboratory staff (6325 males and 7254 females). It was estimated that there were 9.68 doctors, 3.49 dentists, 4.11 pharmacists, and 22.41 nursing staff for each 10000 of population.
Data Related to Maternal and Child Health
533620 pregnancies that were considered risky were registered in 2020. Table-4 shows the numbers and percentage of the causes of risky pregnancies.
The total number of birth that occurred during the year 2020 was 1019277 (520376 males and 498901) births and 99.3% of them were live births.
37% of infants under six month were exclusively beast fed, 22% had breast feeding with fluids, 18% had artificial feeding, and 24% had mixed feeding.
Congenital malformations including chromosomal abnormalities accounted for 10.9% of stillbirths in 2020, while intrauterine hypoxia accounted for 1.2% and complications of prematurity, postmaturity, and intrauterine growth retardation accounted for 1.2%.
The crude birth rate was 25.8 / 1000 population. 84 % of births occurred in medical facilities. 90.2% of births were attended by skilled personnel, and 38.6% of the babies were delivered by a caesarean section.
7.7% births that occurred during the year 2020 during 2020 were less than 2.5 kilograms.
During the year, 2020, 18684 perinatal deaths (10544 males and 8140 females) were reported and the perinatal mortality rate was 18.3 /1000 total births.
3129 births occurred in 2020 had congenital malformations which occurred in 3.1 / 1000 live births. Table-5 shows the percentage of the most common congenital malformations registered by health authorities during the year 2020 which accounted for 63.51% of all congenital malformations.
25298 deaths of children under the age of 15 years occurred during the year 2020 in Iraq (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq) and accounted for 16% of all deaths. 13861 neonatal deaths in Iraq including the 3 Kurdish provinces (8114 males and 5747) were reported and the neonatal mortality rate was 13.7 /1000 live births. Table-6 shows the percentage of the main causes of neonatal death (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq).
18684 deaths (10711 males and 7973 ) occurred in infants under the age of one year in Iraq including the 3 Kurdish provinces, and the infant mortality rate (Deaths during the first year of life) was 18.5 / 1000 live births. Table-7 shows the percentage of the main causes of infant death in Iraq (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq).
Under 5 year mortality was 23.6 per 100000 live births.
3523 deaths (1974 males and 1549 females) occurred in children aged one to four years during the year 2020 in Iraq (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq), and accounted for 2.2% of all deaths.
7390 cases of respiratory diseases were registered in children under five years in healthcare centers in Iraq (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq) including 0.65% with pneumonia. Cases of pneumonia in children under five years in hospitals accounted for 10.3% of the hospitalized under five years children in 2020.
23829 deaths (13627 males and 10202 females) occurred in children less than five years, and the under 5-year mortality rate was 23.6/ 1000 live births. Table-8 shows the percentage of the main causes of death in under five-year children.
2163 deaths (1264 males and 899 females) occurred in children aged 5 to 9 years 2020 in Iraq (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq) and accounted for 1.4% of all deaths.
1907 deaths (1100 males and 807) occurred in children aged 10 to 14 years 2020 in Iraq (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq) and accounted for 1.2% of all deaths.
In addition, 2690 deaths (1702 males and 988 females) occurred in the age group of 15-19 years 2020 in Iraq (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq) and accounted for 1.7% of all deaths. Table-9 shows the percentage of the most common causes of death in the age group 10 to 19 years in Iraq (Excluding the 3 Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq).
A total of 346 maternal deaths were registered in 2020, and the maternal mortality rate was 34.2 /100000 live birth. Covid-19 disease was the third most common direct cause of maternal death (Table-10).
During the year, 2020, there were 49298 registered abortions in Iraq (Excluding the Kurdish provinces in the North) including 42.9 % spontaneous abortion, 28.3 % medical abortion, and 5% missed abortion.
Data About Notifiable Infectious Disease
Covid-19 disease has emerged as a new notifiable infectious disease in Iraq and throughout the world. However, there were 123102 patients with notifiable infectious diseases other than covid-19 disease registered by the national and local health authorities in Iraq in 2020.
Therefore, the registered cases of covid-19 disease was about 4.8 times more than the number of all notifiableinfectious disease registered in Iraq during the year 2020.
42714 (21432 males and 21282 females) of scabies were registered in Iraq in 2020 [106/4/100.000 population]. 5551 patients were under the age of one year, 5205 were between 1-4 years, 8756 were between 5-9 years, 7533 were between 10-14 years, 7213 were between 15-19 years, 5510 were between 20-44 years, 1715 were between 45-64 years, and 1231 were above 64 years.
12251 (6573 males and 5678 females) cases of chicken pox were registered in Iraq in 2020 [30/100.000 population]. 1878 were under one year of age, 1496 were between 1-4 years, 2123 were between 5-9 years, 2005 were between 10-14 years, 1817 were between 15-19 years, 1559 were between 20-44 years, 779 were between 45-64 years, and 594 were above 64 years.
7957 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (4417 males and 3540 females) were registered in Iraq in 2020 [19.8/100.000 population]. 463 patients were under the age of one year, 1815 were between 1-4 years, 1367 were between 5-9 years, 913 were between 10-14 years, 621 were between 15-19 years, 2068 were between 20-44 years, 619 were between 45-64 years, and 91 were above 64 years.
5015 cases (2461 males and 2554 females) of tuberculosis were registered in Iraq in 2020 [12/100.000 population] including 2643 patients (1415 males and 1228 females0 with pulmonary tuberculosis [7/100.000 population] and 2372 patients (1046 males and 1326 females) with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis [6/100.000 population].
860 cases of mumps (490 males and 370 females) were registered in Iraq in 2020 [2/100.000 population. Only one patient was under one year of age, 163 were between one to years, 277 were between 5 to 9 years, 265 were between 10 to 14 years, 53 were between 15 to 19 years, 77 were between 20 to 44 years, and were 24 above, 2 of them were over 64 years.
There were a total of 1521 cases of infective hepatitis registered in Iraq in 2020.
662 (335 males and 327 females) cases of hepatitis A infection were registered, and the disease occurred in 1.6 individuals of each 100.000 population. Only one patient was under the age of one year, 155 were between the age of 1 to 4 years, 259 were between the age of 5 to 9 years, 125 were between 10-14 years, 51 were between 15-19 years, 60 were between 20-44 years, and 11 patients were above the age of 44 years including 2 above the age of 64 years.
574 (332 males and 242 females) cases of hepatitis B infection were registered, and the disease occurred in 1.43 individuals of each 100.000 population. Only one patient was under the age of one year, 2 were between the age of 1 to 4 years, 14 were between the age of 5 to 9 years , 12 were between 10-14 years, 21 were between 15-19 years, 342 were between 20-44 years, 133 were between 45-64 years, and 40 patients were above 64 years.
284 (127 males 157 females) of hepatitis C were registered in Iraq in 2020 [0.7/100.000 population. 4 patient were under the age of one year, 4 were between the age of 1 to 4 years, 16 were between the age of 5 to 9 years, 8 were between 10-14 years, 20 were between 15-19 years, 111 were between 20-44 years, 87 were between 45-64 years, and 34 patients were above 64 years.
Only one case of hepatitis E which occurred in a male was registered in Iraq in 2020.
361 cases (213 males and 148 females of Acute flaccid paralysis were registered in Iraq in 2020 [0.9/100.000 population. 179 patients were between the age of 1 to 4 years , 136 were between the age of 5 to 9 years , and 46 patients were under the age of one year.
330 (202 males and 128 females) cases of brucellosis were registered in Iraq in 2020 [0.8/100.000 population. 16 were under the age of one year, 26 were between 1-4 years, 21 were between 5-9 years, 24 were between 10-14 years, 18 were between 15-19 years, 139 were between 20-44 years, 61 were between 45-64 years, and 25 patients were above 64 years.
298 (165 males and 133 females) of typhoid fever measles were registered in Iraq in 2020 [0.7/100.000 population. Two patients were under two years of age, 51 were between 1-4 years, 68 were between 5-9 years, 43 were between 10-14 years, 15 were between 15-19 years, 84 were between 20-44 years, and 35 were between 45-64years.
281 cases (132 males and 149 females) of measles were registered in Iraq in 2020 [0.7/100.000 population. 63 were under one year of age, 95 patients were between 1 to 4 years, 41patients were between 5 to 9 years, and 21 patients were between 10 to 14 years, 6 patients were between 15-19 years, 50 patients were between 20-44 years, and 5 patients were above 44 years, 4 of them aged more than 64 years.
280 (169 males and 111 females) of all types of meningitis were registered in Iraq in 2020 [0.7/100.000 population.
179 cases of viral meningitis were registered including 71 patients under the age of one year, 64 were between 1-4 years, 19 were between 5-9 year, 11 were between 10-14 years, 2 were between 15-19 years, 5 were between 20-44 years, and 7 were above 44 years, 3 of them were above 64 years.
88 cases of bacteria meningitis were registered including 45 patients under the age of one year, 21 were between 1-4 years, 6 were between 5-9 year, 2 were between 10-14 years, 4 were between 15-19 years, 5 were between 20-44 years, and 5 were above 44 years, 3 of them were above 64 years.
210 (175 males and 35 females) of human immune deficiency infection was registered [5.2 affected individuals of each 100.000 population], and 12 (8 males and 4 females) patients died.
203 cases of food poisoning were registered in 2020 including one patient under the age of one year, 19 were between 1-4 years, 41 were between 5-9 year, 43 were between 10-14 years, 25 were between 15-19 years, 62 were between 20-44 years, and 12 were above 44 years, 2 of them were above 64 years.
76 cases of pertusis (38 males and 38 females) were registered in Iraq in 2020 [0.02/10.000 population. 28 patients were under one year of age, 23 patients were between 1 to 4 years, 21 patients were between 1 to 4 years, 2 patients were between 5 to 9 years, and 2 patients were between 10 to 14 years.
46 cases of kala azar (25 males and 21 females) were registered in Iraq in 2020 including 14 patients under the age of one year, 29 were between 1 to 4 years, 2 were between 5 to 9 years, and one patient was between 10 to 14 years.
41 cases of hydatid cyst (10 males and 31 females) including 3 patients between the age of between 5 to 9 years, 5 between 10 to 14 years, 6 between 15-19 years, 14 between 20-44 years, and 13 were above 44 years including one patient above 64 years.
There were 26 (14 males and 12 females) registered cases of H1N1 influenza, and 5 cases (2 males and 3 females) of confirmed H3N2 in 2020.
Eleven cases of rabies (9 males and 2 females) including 2 patients between the ages of 5-9 years, 5 were between 10-14 years, 2 were between 20-44 years and 2 were above the age of 44 years, one of them was above the age of 64 years.
Ten cases of tetanus were registered including five patients between the age of 5 -9 years, 2 between 10-14 years, three patients were above 19 years including one patient above 44 years, and one patient above 64 years.
Eight cases of toxoplasmosis which occurred in 8 females aged 20 to 44years.
One case of rubella which occurred in a female aged 5-9 years, one case of hemorrhagic fever which occurred in a male, and one case of bacillary dysentery which occurred in a male aged 15-19 years were registered.
Infectious diseases that have to be notified to the health authorities that were not registered during the year 2020 include cholera, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, malaria, bilhariziasis, and diphtheria.
Data about Chronic Disorders and Main Causes of Morbidity and Mortality
20941 cases of pneumonia (not caused by covid-19 disease) were registered in 2020 including 9203 cases under the age of one year, 6369 were between 1-4 years, 2963 were between 5-9 years, 1567 were between 10-14 years, 552 were between 15-19 years, 200 were between 20-44 years, 71 were between 45-65 years and 16 were above the age of 64 years.
Acute tonsillitis was the most common cause of outpatient morbidity. Table-11 shows the percentage of the most common cause of outpatient morbidity in Iraq in 2020 (Excluding the three Kurdish Provinces in the North of Iraq).
65909 (5516 males and 60393 females) cases of genital infectious including sexually transmitted diseases were registered in Iraq in 2020 (Table-12).
13237 cases of animal bites were registered in 2020 including 868 cases under the age of one year, 807 were between 1-4 years, 2919 were between 5-9 years, 2798 were between 10-14 years, 2565 were between 15-19 years, 2002 were between 20-44 years, 910 were between 45-65 years and 368 were above the age of 64 years.
Covid-19 disease was the sixth most common cause of hospitalization of patients aged 20 to 24 years in Iraq except the Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq during the year 2020 accounting for 0.95 % (Table-13).
Ischemic heart disease was the most common non-communicable diseases. Figures 7A and B show the numbers and gender of patients with main non-communicable diseases in Iraq in 2020.
During the year 2020, 173928 individuals died in Iraq including 92210 (53%) individuals died in medical facilities and 81718 (47 %) died out side medical facilities.
The crude death rate during the year 2020 was 4.4 / 1000 of the population.
During the year 2020, ten conditions accounted for 64.6% of the total deaths in Iraq except the Kurdish provinces in the North of Iraq during the year 2020 (Table-14A). Covid-19 disease was also the second most common cause of death in males (Table-14B), but it was the sixth most common cause of death in females (Table-14C).
36873 premature deaths from major non-communicable diseases were registered in individuals aged 30-69 years died (3.6 individuals of each 1000 population).
Forensic medicine deaths accounted for 14.2% of the total deaths during the year 2020.
369 fatal suicide cases were registered including 201 females and 168 males (1.1 per 100000 populations).
4505 individuals died from road traffic accidents (11.2 per 100.000 populations).
Deaths caused by unintentional poisoning occurred in 0.19 per 100000 populations.
Data about Medical Education and Healthcare Education
In 2020, there were 31 governmental and 3 private colleges of medicine, 22 governmental and 31 private colleges of dentistry, 19 governmental and 28 private colleges of pharmacy, 20 governmental and 18 private colleges of nursing, 7 governmental and 44 private health technical colleges, 48 governmental and 3 health technical institutes, 8 governmental nursing, 7 midwifery schools (Equivalent to ordinary secondary schools).
Like most of the world’s health systems, in Iraq, the most important factor affected the healthcare system in Iraq in 2020 was the spread of covid-19 disease. The covid-19 pandemic changed the mortality pattern in Iraq as covid-19 disease emerged as the second most common cause of death. Table -15 shows the most common causes of death in Iraq in 2018 and 2019.
Covid-19 disease has emerged as a new notifiable infectious disease in Iraq and throughout the world; therefore, it changed the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq.
A total of 718393 cases of notifiable infectious disease including covid-19 disease were registered in Iraq in 2020. Figure-8 shows the percentage of the main notifiable infectious diseases including covid-19 registered in Iraq in 2020.
The first year of covid-19 pandemic in Iraq was not associated with an important increase in the number of primary healthcare centers (Figure-9). However, there was little increase in the number of governmental hospitals (Figure-10).
Surprisingly, the bed occupancy rate of governmental hospitals during the first year of the pandemic was lower than the bed occupancy rate during the two years before the pandemic (Figure-11).
The total number of hospitalized patients in 2020 was lower than the previous four years (Figure-12), but the mortality rate per 1000 hospitalized patients was significantly higher in 2020 than the previous four years (Figure-13).
On the first of June 2021, 1,201,352 cases of covid-19 disease were reported by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, and 16375 patients died because of the disease. During, the first week of June, 2021, the death of three Iraqi patients having covid-19 disease complicated by mucormycosis was reported [11, 12, 13]. We are recommending adding mucormycosis to the list of notifiable infectious diseases,
Covid-19 disease in Iraq was associated with a significant mortality during the year 2020. It actually changed the previously reported national mortality pattern as covid-19 disease has become the second most common cause of death in Iraq. Contradictory, to the general belief that mortality associated with covid-19 was generally restricted to the older age groups, 117 children under the age of ten years died because of covid-19 disease. This number of childhood deaths suggests the need to consider vaccination of the younger age groups and to perform the relevant research. Covid-19 disease has emerged as a new notifiable infectious disease in Iraq and throughout the world; therefore, it changed the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq.
Some of the figures published in this book were included in previous author’s publications, but the author has their copy right.
None.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
