AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Mini Review | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/083
1 Sudan university of science and technology, Sudan.
2 Sudanese chemical society Khartoum, Sudan.
3 Sudan University of science and technology, Sudan.
*Corresponding Author: Sahl Yasin, Sudanese chemical society Khartoum, Sudan.
Citation: Rabei Seliman, Sahl Yasin, and Mohammed Sulieman Ali Eltoum, (2022). Ionic Liquids Nitrogen-Based, Preparation, Characterization, and Application. Journal of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research. 5(6). DOI: 10.31579/2693-7247/083
Copyright: © 2022 Sahl Yasin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 02 April 2022 | Accepted: 20 April 2022 | Published: 04 May 2022
Keywords: ionic liquids; nitrogen based; imidazole
Nowadays Ionic Liquids (ILs) salts becomes a major class of attention due to their numerous industrial applications in various fields such as softest solvents, catalysts, batteries, wastewater treatment…etc. In this review, we highlight and present ionic liquid nitrogen-based in both aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Aliphatic based nitrogen ionic liquids are prepared from different sources like trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, -tripropylamine, iso-propylamine, n-tributylamine, and n-butylamine. However, to prepare aromatic based nitrogen ionic liquids, it’s better to use amidazole, Quinine, pyridine, Pyrrolidin, Pyrrol and Piperidine. A set of physicochemical methods used to characterize ionic liquids such as UV, FTIR, NMR, and TGA are used for thermal investigation. It can be seen that during ionic liquid preparation some impurities remain such as negative radical impurities. This review shows an opportunity to understand ionic liquids preparation from different sources, stability, characterization and their main application.
Ionic liquids are salt composed of unsymmetrical segment’s organic cations and inorganic anions. They can be used as a green solvent as well as catalysis due to their unique properties, such as their high-thermal stability, very low flammability, high electrical conductivity, highly polar, miscibility with a wide range of organic solvents, and negligible vapour pressure [1]. Depending on the cationic segment the ionic liquids can be named and categorized as further; imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, ammonium, phosphonium, pyrrolidinium, cholinium, sulfonium, picolinium, piperidinium, thiazolium, triazolium, guanidinium etc, However, inorganic anions such as acetate, trifluoroacetate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate or bromide anions can be negative radicals [2]. Or by chemically modifying either the cation or the anion.
In 1914 a low melting-point salt (ethylammonium nitrate) was discovered by Paul Walden, from that time at least approximately 106 ionic liquids salts had been prepared easily from different sources. (Citation Yun Deng). Due to the dual nature of ionic conductivity and glass-forming wild range of ILs have been prepared, which open up for good nature of ILS as supercooled liquid and glassy states area [3].
Ionic liquid can be prepared easily by ammonium, imidazolium or phosphonium as cations; while, anions as sulphate, phosphate, fluoride, thiocyanate and carboxylate.
The main goal of this is studied to review and demonstrate ionic liquid-based nitrogen, as green tools solvent.
Ionic liquids based nitrogen was prepared easily by direct reaction of non-aromatic amines and acids.
The simple ionic liquid can be formed as {amine}{X}. Researchers used trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, -tripropylamine, iso-propylamine, n-tributylamine, and n-butylamine, as back pone materials for cationic radical, while X represent anionic radical. X= H2PO4- ,BF4-, HSO4- and CH3COO- …etc
Table 1 summarizes the preparation of simple ionic liquids ammonium-based. It can be seen that the yield and conversion of HSO4- is better than other radicals H2PO4, BF4, and CH3COO- , on other hand, cation radicals, dosage and temperature influence the yield percentages. (4) (5). Novel
ionic liquids nitrogen-based have been synthesized and characterized by Weng et al 2005 a general formula is followed [amine] [HSO4]. Di and Tri ethylamine mixed with H2SO4. The reaction formed white crystalline powder after the kept temperature at 0 ℃ (6)
R1,2,3= H, Me, Et, Pr, Bu; X=H2PO4, HSO4, BF4
Heterocyclic ionic liquids nitrogen-based were classified into six main types due to nitrogen position; imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, guanidinium and quinolinium. They can be abbreviated as Im, Py, Pyr, Pip, Gu and Qu‖, respectively.
Imidazolium
In 1858 DEBUS discovered the first methods for preparing amidazole from ammonia and glyoxal (1,2-dicarbonyl). It had been introduced to industrial by HANTZSCH in 1950, from that time a wide range of derivatives is now available for industrial. Radziszewski`s reaction is considered to be a famous method for producing imidazoles [3] .
It can be started from the treatment of alcohols with alkanesulfonyl chlorides in the presence of a base such as triethylamine affords the pure
alkyl sulfonate esters due to their easier and possibility to use different R1 and R2 groups and thus generate a large variety of 1, 3-dialkylimidazolium alkanesulfonate Salts, The alkylation of N-alkylimidazoles such as N-methylimidazole with the alkyl sulfonate can be generated in without solvent conditions at room temperature affording the corresponding1,3-dialkylimidazolium alkanesulfonate salts as crystalline solids in almost quantitative yield [7]
Quinine was extracted from the bark of cinchona trees, its attractive starting material for its stability, flexibility and availability in nature. To increase the stability of quinine as aromatic quinolinium ionic liquids and install a positive charge nitrogen atom can be alkylated under basic conditions. The results indicate that the quinuclidine cation is relatively stable under basic conditions, unlike many traditional ionic liquids. Quinine derivative salts maintain high melting points due to various functional groups: an aromatic ring, a terminal double bond, a methoxy group and an OH group. Several of the salts decompose rather than melt. Most of the researchers argued that quinine cation would suffer from base instability and be difficult to derive directly from a natural molecule. Preparation of ionic liquid-based quinine usually begins with the quaternisation of a saturated Lewis base with an alkyl halide, followed by ion exchange. Always the alkylation was fulfilled in methanol (MeOH) prevents overalkylation, acetonitrile, using (MeCN) to provide a higher yield of 64%, and preparation of [MeQn] by using methyl tetrahydrofuran (Me-THF) gave only 38 % yield [8]
Pyridinium
Pyridinium is found in nature as secondary metabolites in; marine sponges, it may be found as primary metabolites such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Pyridine and functionalized pyridine have been introduced in the preparation of ionic liquid. Hydroxyl functionalized pyridinium ionic liquids have been prepared by C. D. Roux and his co-work, furthermore, they used alkylpyridines to prepare N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyridinium ILs under a bromide salt. Physiochemical properties are determined such as density, viscosity, conductivity, and thermal decomposition temperature, therefore, their result meets theoretical calculations [9]. Computational measurements were used to calculate the effect of involved inions and cations on pyridinium ionic liquids, viscosity was analyzed during calculation, however, it assists by quantum, density functional theory, and classical molecular dynamics simulations. The computational experimental results showed that there was a complex effect controlling the viscosity of studded parameters such as the strength of ionic pairs, molecular sizes, and mobility of pyridnium based ionic liquids [10]. In addition, N-functionalized pyridinium scaffolds as a single electron, redox-triggered functional group transfer reagents [11]
Pyrrolidinium
Pyrrolidin stands on the five-membered nitrogen-containing ring. Researchers used to prepare pyrrolidin from different sources, pyrrolidin-1-oxyl–(nitronyl nitroxide)-dyad and pyrrolidin-1-oxyl–iminonitroxide-dyad had been prepared under controlled temperature and magnetic susceptibility [12]. Furthermore, pyrrolidinium and piperidinium based ionic liquid and linked to platinum compounds ([Pt(cod)Cl2] and K2[PtCl6]) they applied as catalysts for hydrosilylation 1-octene and allyl glycidyl ether with 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane [13]. Burrell et all discover a new method for producing large quantities of high pyrrollidinium based ionic liquids. The experiment started by alkylation of methylpyrrolidine under cool conditions. The results showed that pyrrolidinium ionic liquid salt is more stable than imidazoles IL salts.
Piperidinium
Piperidine structure contains C5H11N (Hexahydropyridine, perhydroazine). It was isolated from alkaloid piperine which occur in black paper piper nigrum [14]. Recently, 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-yloxyl derivatives were investigated after being substituted with hydrogen and ionic radicals such as [-OSO3 -Na+, -OSO3-K+, …etc] Their viscosity has been described by Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation, therefore, well determination of the dependence of the spin density on nitrogen on the substitution pattern of the 4-position of the probe was described by quantum chemical calculations of the spin probes [15]. The phase diagrams for the binary systems of {1-butyl-1 methylpiperidinium thiocyanate} and {1-ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide} have been prepared under influence of alcohol. Their solubility is checked under the increase of the alkyl chain length of alcohol. Meanwhile, (Solid + liquid) phase equilibria with complete miscibility in the liquid phase region were demonstrated [16].
Characterization
A set of physicochemical methods is used to characterize ionic liquids such as UV, FTIR, NMR, and thermal characterization like TGA. It can be seen that during ionic liquid preparation some impurities remain such as negative radical impurities like chloride, sulphate and water and/or other solvents. Most of the imidazolium based ILs salt shows important absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) region and long tail in the visible region due to extended hydrogen bond and other functional groups attached to it, which recorded at weak absorption around 300nm [17]. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate spectra were checked at 190 and 260nm respectively in UV regions [18]. Imidazolium based RTILs show different absorption in IR spectra due to the relative position of the anion concerning imidazolium cation. Structural factors like the position of cation and anion determine the physical and chemical [19]. The main feature in the IR spectra is the characteristic functional groups such as C≡N vibrations. The C≡N vibrations decrease in wavenumber as the length of the alkyl chain increases, i.e., from 2261 cm-1 in 1a to 2241 cm-1, however, The IR spectra exhibit C-H bond stretches between 3150 and 2950 cm-1 and weaker C-H bond stretches between 2850 and 2460 cm-1, possibly arising from the formation of hydrogen bonds with the anion [20].
High-performance NMR is used to detect ionic liquid salts. It May help to reveal the liquid state structure and reactivity of the solvent, allows for process and purity control in industrial environments, and open a way toward in situ investigations of reactions in ionic liquids [21]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was used to reveal an extensive series of hydrogen bonds between H atoms on the cation and the anion. This technique presents the crystal type of ionic liquid as well as the bond Lengths [20]
The ionic liquids are used in wild range applications, in catalysis, as solvents, in solar energy, heat transfer, power storage, etc.
Ionic liquids based nitrogen is used as a catalyst in cracking reactions for eliminating dialkoxypropanes as alternative traditional volatile solvents, the results clearly showed that ionic liquid can be separated and reused without losing their activity and quality. Furthermore, the yield, conversation, and selectivity of this method are better than traditional methods. [6]
At room temperature, some ionic liquids based nitrogen has novel applications for minimising and reversible Capture of CO2 (see Scheme 1). The process took place by using mono and di ethanolamine. Aforementioned ionic liquids are capable to capture carbon dioxide due to amine functional groups, under the condition of low temperature and pressure. [22]
On other hand, a new novel liquid porous materials with tetrahedral coordination cage have been prepared from ionic liquid-based nitrogen,
Imidazole-based ionic liquids have found uses in potential water treatment agents due to their ability to coordinate with metal atoms, also recognized for their potential as green organic solvents due to their lack of volatility [23]
Ionic liquids are used to reduce pharmaceutical residues from the environment, Potential of ILs as pharmaceutical solvents for solubilizing poorly soluble pharmaceutical active ingredients (APIs) has been reported. In addition, their use as a drug delivery vehicle was investigated. AP-IL provides multiple ways to modify the chemical and physical properties of an API (melting point, chemical stability, physical stability, solubility, bioavailability, dissolution rate, etc.) with a relatively simple approach. It is attractive to the pharmaceutical industry. Additionally, it permits a synergetic movement upon the perfect choice of the counter-ion. API-ILs counter-ions which might be appropriate for pharmaceutical use continue to be to be completely enumerated, however over 370 materials are indexed as “Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS)” through the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), which includes vitamins, meals components and different well-well-known materials. Additionally, incredibly secure drugs, inclusive of paracetamol and aspirin, also are legitimate counter-ions. (24). Some problems are related to solid drugs. Polymorphic, metastable and poor water solubility is a major issue that can affect bioavailability. Development Ingesting the active ingredient salt is one of the strategies to overcome these problems. Since 2007 there is growing interest in the development of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). uses active pharmaceutical ingredient (AP-IL) (25). Numerous studies show that a wide variety of pharmaceuticals are present in wastewater effluents and are a matter of great concern for public health.
In this review, nitrogen-based ionic liquids were presented and deep analyzed, for forming ionic liquids. Two kinds of materials based on nitrogen are used as start sources aliphatic and aromatic. It has been seen that the preparation of IL is done in two different parameters; room temperature and from 60 and 100℃. One of the problems with using ionic liquids in chemical applications is that the viscosity of IL decreases at high temperatures. As a result, IL becomes fluid lost.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
