Women’s health is extensively impacted by diverse infections that can have profound consequences on each physical and mental well-being. This summary explores the prevalence, causes, and outcomes of infections specific to women’s, inclusive of urinary tract infections (UTIs), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and reproductive tract infections. UTIs are a few of the most unusual infections experienced by using ladies, regularly leading to recurrent episodes and lengthy-time period fitness implications. STIs, along with chlamydia and gonorrhea, pose additional dangers, together with infertility and headaches throughout pregnancy. Additionally, infections throughout pregnancy can result in negative effects for both the mom and the fetus, highlighting the significance of preventive measures and timely treatment. Knowing the precise vulnerabilities women face regarding infections is important for developing centered public fitness strategies and interventions. Social elements, consisting of access to healthcare, education, and socioeconomic popularity, play a tremendous function in women's susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, cultural stigma surrounding positive infections can prevent girls from looking for necessary hospital treatment. This abstract underscores the necessity of comprehensive education on ladies' health problems, selling recognition of infection prevention, and enhancing healthcare access. By addressing these elements, we will decorate the overall fitness outcomes for girls and decrease the load of infections on this populace.

Both men and women are at risk for plenty of infections, but this study focuses on the infections that affect ladies disproportionately, both in phrases of numbers or severity. For the maximum component, meaning reproductive tract infections, together with sexually transmitted sicknesses (STDs) In comparison to men, women are without difficulty with STDs, and much more likely to be a symptomatic, are less without difficulty identified, and more likely to experience unfavorable outcomes,1 such as severe, long-lasting repercussions for their health and reproductive functionality. Reproductive tract infections that are not always sexually transmitted (e.g., bacterial vaginosis and yeast infections) are also principal sources of morbidity that commonly affect women. Also discussed here is information on influenza and pneumonia, infections that pose a special burden for elderly women. Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are a first-rate supply of reproductive health morbidity. Maximum RTIs in women are acquired through sexual interest, however, some (e.g., candidiasis) are not always transmitted in this manner. Most sexually transmitted infections can motivate localized symptoms (e.g., chlamydia, genital herpes), and others (e.g., syphilis) begin as localized infections and may if left untreated, progress to systemic disease. Different sexually transmitted infections, along with HIV and hepatitis B, can cause devastating systemic infections. A few sexually transmitted infections that start within the vagina may have serious, noninfectious results (e.g., the affiliation of human papillomavirus with cervical cancer). The closing outcomes of contamination frequently are not found until years after the infection. for instance, infections are a first-rate motive of infertility in girls due both to acute consequences and to the following improvement of pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID).2,3,4,5 An envisioned 15 million new instances of STDs occur every 12 months inside america.6 The rates of all sexually transmitted infections are a great deal higher in us than in other advanced U.S., and the fees of many sexually transmitted infections had been increasing.1 For example, the overall wide variety of girls diagnosed with received immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) between 1991 and 1995 expanded by 63%, more than in some other institution regardless of race or mode of exposure to HIV.7 despite the fact that sexually lively girls of all ages are prone to such STDs, more youthful ladies are at the very best chance, with two-thirds of all instances occurring in individuals beneath 25 years of age. Younger ladies are the fastest developing section of the population infected with HIV. 1 The expanded burden of contamination for young women is associated with both better-hazard behaviors and biologic factors. variations exist inside our bodies of more youthful girls, mainly within the reproductive tract tissues, which can also lead them to biologically extra liable to those infections.1 rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections also are higher among negative women and minority women’s.Reproductive Tract Infections Chlamydia Trachomatis Chlamydia is the most common STD within the U.S.A with 657,097 instances stated in 1999, of which 80% had been in ladies. Eight those numbers possibly underestimate the real fees because 75% of women with chlamydia infections remain asymptomatic.9Experts estimate that there are 2.5 to a few.3 million new cases (women and men) each year.10 Table 3-1 gives 1999 stated chlamydia costs by way of age and race/ethnicity.8 For most girls' costs boom with age, top between age 15 and 24 years, and then lower sharply. Throughout all age groups, non-Hispanic black girls have the best prices accompanied through American Indian/Alaskan local women after which Hispanic women. Amongst ladies under 25 years.

Source: Division of STD Prevention.Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999.Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000.

Table 3-1: Chlamydia rates per 100,000 U.S. women by age and race/ethnicity, 1999

Vertical Bar Graph: Chlamydia Infection Rates by Gender (1995–1999)

Example Visual (Vertical):

Horizontal Bar Graph: Chlamydia Infection Rates by Gender (1995–1999)

Example Visual (Horizontal):

Figure 3-1 Chlamydia infection rates by gender, United States, 1995–1999*

Source: Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999.Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000. Of age, the rates for non-Hispanic white and Asian/Pacific Islander women are very comparable. After age 25, however, the fees diverge with a lot better fees visible among Asian/Pacific Islander women. 8 Within the last few years, the prices of said chlamydia infections in women and men have elevated (discern three1).8Expanded screening applications funded using the federal government, use of greater sensitive diagnostic assessments, and adjustments to reporting structures primarily explain the expanded quotes. 8 The fee of pronounced chlamydia in women is approximately fourfold higher than in guys.8 based totally on facts from studies of cohorts of union infected girls, about one in ten adultscent women and one in 20 ladies of reproductive age in the USA are inflamed with chlamydia. In a 1997 study carried out on 13,000 girl recruits to the U.S. Navy, the general incidence of chlamydia turned to 9.2%. Chlamydia incidence sharply declined with growing age; 17-yr-olds had the very best occurrence rate (12.2%) amongst age organizations. Black girls had a incidence of 14.9%, compared to 5.5% in whites and 81% in different races. 11 Nucleic acid amplification assays, together with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligase chain reaction (LCR), at the moment, is widely used to screen for and diagnose contamination with Chlamydia trachomatis. Those distinctly sensitive DNA amplification tests are noninvasive and use urine or vaginal swab samples.11 Moreover, they allow clinicians to display larger populations of asymp automatic ladies and men in truly any place.

Table 3-2 Gonorrhea rates per 100,000 U.S. women by age and race/ethnicity, 1999

Explanation:
Rows represent age corporations: 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and usual.
Columns constitute race/ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic; Black, Non-Hispanic; Hispanic; Asian/Pacific Islander; local American/Alaska Native; and overall fees.
Facts are provided as charges in keeping with 1,000 women for each demographic and age group.
Source: Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999.Table 12B.Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000. The recent improvement of an unmarried-dose antibiotic, azithromycin, eliminates the troubles. Resulting from a lack of compliance with different prescribed, multidose regimens for treating infections with Chlamydia trachomatis. Treatment of sexual partners is likewise easier to manage. If chlamydia infections aren't treated well and promptly, serious detrimental headaches can result. Untreated chlamydia increases the risk of growing PID.2 In a recent take look carried out in a controlled care placing, routine screening, and dealing with treatment for chlamydia decreased new cases of PID via 60%.12 Moreover, PID1,13,14 and earlier contamination with chlamydia3,1315,16,17 are strongly associated with an accelerated chance of ectopic, or tubal, pregnancy. 

In 1999, 360,076 instances of gonorrhea were mentioned in America. Of these, 179,534 had been diagnosed nosed in women.8 as is genuine for chlamydia, the high proportion of asymptomatic cases makes pals of gonorrhea incidence problematic. As many as 80% of gonorrhea infections in ladies are asymptomatic. Stated prices might also undress mate the authentic charges by using 50%.1 Table 3-2 offers 1999 pronounced gonorrhea costs using age and race/ethnicity.8Rates increase with age, peaking at age 15–19, truly in advance than for chlamydia.  Fees remain highly high among girls in their 1920s and then decline sharply. Across all age agencies, non-Hispanic black ladies have the maximum costs followed by using American Indian/Alaskan Native women and then Hispanic ladies. prices for non-Hispanic white and Asian/Pacific Islander ladies are very similar and are lots decrease than for different companies of girls of all ages under 45 years.8 pronounced instances of gonorrhea have declined inside the final two decades for ladies and men. 8 The decline is attributed to national gonorrhea management efforts. However, this 20-12-month trend of reducing instances appear to have leveled off in view that the 1996 (Figure 3-2)

Figure 3-2: Gonorrhea Rates by Gender, United States, 1995–1999

Example Data (Hypothetical):

The ladies' line might display a constant boom in gonorrhea rates through the years.

The males' line would begin higher and comply with a similar upward fashion.

Example Visual (Horizontal):

The horizontal layout offers an alternative view that might make comparing the rates for different genders easier to visualize.

Source: Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control. 

No matter the decline, gonorrhea continues to be commonplace within high-density urban areas, amongst individuals less than 24 years old, the ones who have more than one sexual companion, and people who engage in unprotested sexual intercourse.18 presently, as is the case with chlamydia, the very best rate of honorrhea is observed in girls among the whole of 15 and 19.8 African American women have higher gonorrhea quotes in comparison with other girls. 8 Gender variations in gonorrhea costs have narrowed over time. As recently as 1987, honorRhea was more commonplace among men than amongst womens.18At gift, a little distinction exists within the fee of gonorrhea for guys in comparison to girls.8 that is usually the result of rates in girls increasing, in preference to prices in guys decreasing. The upgrades in screening and trying out can also have detected cases in ladies differentially as the proportion of asymptomatic gonorrhea instances  is better in women (30% to 80%) than in guys (less than 5%).9 As with chlamydia, diagnosis and remedy of gonorrhea has advanced with the creation of exceedingly touchy, noninvasive DNA amplifiedtion assays. remedy hints issued by using the facilities for disease manipulation and Prevention (CDC) advise an unmarried dose of ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin to be adminentered as a means of enhancing compliance and managing resistant lines of bacterial infecttion. furthermore, this regimen commonly is accompaneed to use a dose of azithromycin, as many

Figure 3-3: Pelvic Inflammatory ailment Hospitalization rates, women aged 15–44 Years, U.S., 1988–1998

• A single line representing the hospitalization rates over time for women aged 15–44 years.

Example Data (Hypothetical):

Each year would have a vertical bar indicating the rate for that specific year.

Example Visual (Vertical Bar Graph):

This vertical bar graph would clearly show the declining trend in PID hospitalization rates year by year.

Source: National Center for Health Statistics.National Hospital Discharge Survey.In: Division of STD Prevention.Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999.Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2000. sufferers additionally need to be handled for chlamydial contamination. Inside the beyond, gonorrhea deal withment has been complex with the aid of an elevated prevalence of antibiotic-resistant traces of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacterial pressure that causes gonorrhea. In 1998, approximately 30% of gonorrhea microorganisms cultured inside the Gonococcal Isolates Surveillance software (GISP) were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, or each. This surveillance program maintains to reveal traits in antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates of N. gonorrhoeae.1Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID) more than 750,000 girls every year are affected by PID and related complications.20 inside the 1995 country-wide Survey of the Circle of Relatives Growth (NSFG), 7.6% of all women reported ever being treated for PID; quotes are comparable for Hispanics (7. nine%) and nonHispanic whites (7.2%) but higher for nonHispanic blacks (10.6%).21Most cases of PID are the result of a previous STD having ascended from the vagina or cervix into the top genital tract (pelvic place). other infections also can cause PID. An expected 10% to forty% of ladies with untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea will increase PID.22, 23 the predominant signs and symptoms of PID consist of lower belly ache and ordinary vaginal discharge. 5 A clinician can diagnose PID with a pelvic examination or way of life of vaginal and cervical secretions and the circumstance can be dealt with successfully with antibiotics.5 the rate of hospitalization for PID is declining for women of childbearing age (figure 3-3). Records on the range of first-time visits to a health practitioner for PID

Figure 3-4: primary and Secondary Syphilis prices by way of Gender, United States of America, 1995–1999 One line for adult males and one line for girls to reveal adjustments through the years.

Example facts (Hypothetical):

The girls' line might display a slight but constant decline in syphilis prices.

The males' line would start higher but additionally decline, reflecting similar tendencies throughout genders.

Sample Visual (Vertical Bar Graph):

This bar graph allows for easy comparison between genders, illustrating that mal

Each year would have two horizontal bars, one for males and one for females.

Each gender sees a decline in syphilis quotes from 1995 to 1999.Males have constantly better rates than females, but both revel in a comparable downward fashion.This visible illustration enables evaluating gender differences in syphilis charges over time, and the decline may suggest the impact of public fitness measures or different factors at some point in these years. Alter the numbers according to actual records.

Source: Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control; 2000. Show a similar trend; the wide variety of visits Declined from 430,800 in 1989 to 261,000 in 1997. Approximately 20% of girls with PID experience infertility. 5, 24 Furthermore, an expected 30% of women infertility within the U.S. can be attributed to previous untreated STD infections. Additionally, PID is strongly related to an increased hazard of ectopic pregnancy5, 13, 14 and is a chief cause of pelvic pain in girls of childbearing age.20 Syphilis In 1999, about 6,657 cases of syphilis (number one and secondary) took place in the United States with 2,796 cases among girls. 8 Most women with syphilis do now not revel in observing capable signs and symptoms. Shortly after publicity, individuals develop a number one lesion, a syphilis ulcer, but it is classically painless. After 6 or more weeks, a rash and different signs and symptoms may expand.25 In 1999, the stated syphilis infection price changed to 2.5 in line with 100,000 people, more than 20

centers for disease manipulation and Prevention; 1986,1990,1994,1999.

Figure 3-6 New AIDS cases by gender, United States, 1993–1999*

*Includes reported cases among women 13 years of age and older

Source: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report: 1999 year-end report. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1993–1999.The overall occurrence of AIDS has been declining for the duration of the Nineties. This decrease has been attributed to new aggregate antiretroviral treatment options to lessen viral hundreds in HI inflamed people and combat the progression of the disorder to AIDS. 40, however, this decrease became not as said in girls compared to guys.41 between 1993 and 1999, the incidence of AIDS decreased by 60% in men but the simplest 36% in girls (parent 3-6).40 a few accept as true with that epidemic tendencies among HIV-infected men and women have diverged because the sizable majority of ladies residing with HIV in the United States of America are negative and shortage the assets to attain necessary treatment.41,42In 1999, heterosexual touch with someone inflamed with HIV changed into the maximum commonplace approach for a woman to gather HIV (approximately 61% of instances).40 Injection drug use is the subsequent most frequent direction of transmission for women. Those two transmission routes aren't constantly collectively specific and substantial overlap exists.40 most AIDS instances among ladies are said among girls30–49 years of age (68% in 1999). forty as with so many other STDs, racial and ethnic disparities are obvious with HIV/AIDS. 81 percent of girls these days diagnosed with AIDS are African American (6,775 women’s) or Hispanic (2,1/2 women 40 The AIDS case price (new cases in keeping with a hundred,000 population) is

*Includes reported cases among women 13 years of age and older

Source: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report: 1999-year end report. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1999; 11(2). Also, markedly exclusive via race and ethnicity with better fees for minority women (parent 3-7). For women in the 25–44 age group, AIDS is the 0.33 leading purpose of dying for African individuals, fourth for Hispanics, and 10th for whites (.40 due to improved HIV treatment plans, AIDS deaths have declined dramatically between 1993 and 1998 (parent 3-eight). those declines, however, have been tons larger for men than for girls. Prevention strategies often consciousness of behavoral modifications. The most outstanding is counseling for people to use condoms if they may be sexybest friend lively. Condom use charges have elevated in the previous few years, presumably because of HIV prevention campaigns. The effectiveness of these conduct changes is restricted by using women’s Power, schooling, and Societal Stage 41 health care vendors may be a resource for speaking risks of contamination, teaching prevention techniques, and offering checking out for HIV. but, the majority of women no longer talked with their healthcare issuer approximately HIV/AIDS, even though African American ladies have been more likely than Hispanic and white women to report doing so (figure 3-9).43 The synergistic relationship between HIV contamination and other STDs reinforce the importance of STD prevention. Sexually transmitted illnesses can beautify transmission of HIV via an element of  to 5, whereas HIV infection can excelbate transmission of other STDs.1 Genital ulcers, cervical ectopy, worrying about sexual intercourse, lack of condom use, anal intercourse, and interdiction during menses are all factors that affect susceptibility.1 Therefore, other options designed to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV are to deal with any underlying STD and limit dangerous sexual conduct with the aid of selling abstinence or condom use, or through reducing the quantity of sexual companions.1 Antiretroviral remedy may additionally affect infectivity and is related to a significant reduction in the sexual transmission of HIV.1 An aggregate of these strategies can also offer the simplest way of decreasing HIV transmission in women in the future.Trichomonas’s As one of the maximum not unusual STDs in the United States, trichomonas’s affects 2–3 million American girls annually. No countrywide data exist on the superiority of trichomonas’s. it's far a disorder found often in ladies aged sixteen to 35 years is transmitted through sexual pastimes, and happens greater commonly among ladies with multiple sexual partners.1 Trichomonas’s is asymptomatic for many women, but others revel in such symptoms as a foul-smelling or greenish discharge from the vagina

Source: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report: 1999 year-end report. 

Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1999; 11(2). Vaginal itching, or redness. Other symptoms might also include painful sexual intercourse, decrease abdominal discomfort, and the urge to urinate. These signs generally increase 6 months from the time of infection. Trichomonas’s is diagnosed through a pelvic exam, during which vaginal samples are taken and examined to diagnose the infection. A single dose of metronidazole is typically administered to treat this contamination.1 Research is ongoing to study the capacity association between trichomonas’s contamination and an extended hazard of HIV transmission. Similarly, for the duration of being pregnant, trichomonas’s contamination can be related to preterm delivery and/or a low start-weight child.4

Bacterial vaginosis is a widely defined condition in which the benign hydrogen-peroxide producing lactobacilli, which generally inhabit the vagina, are changed via different species of bacteria, inclusive of Gardner Ella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Urea plasma urealyticum.45 In essence, the “exact” organism is worn out and the “bad” microorganisms flow in. Episodes of BV at some stage in pregnancy are related to improved risk of untimely shipping.4647, 48, 4950,51,52,53 Furthermore, ladies with BV appear to be at tons more risk of acquiring HIV.54 No countrywide records exist on the superiority of BV. Among populations visiting circle of relatives making plans clinics, prevalence rates of BV have been estimated to be 17%.23 in a multicenter have a look at over.

+-----------------------------------------------------+

|                Communication Dynamics                |

|             (Women & Health Care Providers)    |

+-----------------------------------------------------+

|                                                     |

| +-------------------+     +-------------------+  |

| |                   |      |                   |  |

| |  Stigma &       |      |  Provider        |  |

| |  Misinformation  |      |  Relationships   |  |

| |                   |     |                   |  |

| +-------------------+     +-------------------+  |

|           |                          |              |

|           |                          |              |

|           +--------------------------+             |

|                          |                           |

|                          v                           |

|                 +-------------------+                |

|                 |                   |                |

|                 |   Barriers to     |                |

|                 |   Access          |                |

|                 |                   |                |

|                 +-------------------+                |

|                          |                           |

|                          v                           |

|                 +-------------------+                |

|                 |                   |                |

|                 |   Epidemiological |                |

|                 |   Context         |                |

|                 |                   |                |

|                 +-------------------+                |

|                                                    |

+-----------------------------------------------------+

Source: Henry Kaiser Family Foundation. National Survey of Americans on AIDS/HIV, conducted September 19–October 26, 1997

This element highlights how societal stigma and incorrect information approximately HIV/AIDS affected women’s’ willingness to communicate overtly with healthcare vendors.                                                         

Provider Relationships:                                                                                                                                           
The great relationships between ladies and their health care companies considerably impacted verbal exchange. Supportive and knowledgeable carriers encouraged extra open discussions. 

Barriers to access:                                                                                                                   
diverse limitations, consisting of lack of get entry to appropriate fitness offerings and skilled companies, hindered effective verbal exchange and care.  

Epidemiological Context:                                                                                                                                                  
The growing awareness of HIV/AIDS's impact on women in 1997 necessitated a shift in verbal exchange strategies inside health care settings.                This diagram encapsulates the multifaceted nature of verbal exchange dynamics inside the context of HIV/AIDS for girls for the duration of that duration.10,000 pregnant women, the prevalence of BV averaged 16% (ranging from 9% to 28%).46 This examines defined BV based totally upon a check of a vaginal smear pattern. medical standards for prognosis are much broader and may lead to each false positive and fake poor diagnoses. Women’s who are black46, 48,55, poor, less educated46, young47,48, or unmarried46 have a few times, but not continually, been discovered to be at improved risk for BV infection. The handiest Behavioral elements which have been diagnosed as feasible hazard factors are early age at first intercourse46, smoking48 and vaginal douching.56,57 Bacterial vaginosis may be treated with an antibiotic (metronidazole).58Although the remedy is effective, ladies might also acquire the situation repeatedly.

Taken together, influenza (flu) and pneumonia are many of the five leading causes of death for humans over 65 years of age and are responsible for 7% of deaths for the ones over the age of 85.31 Deaths from influenza and pneumonia upward with age, from 42.9 according to 1,000 for women a long time 65 74 years to 933.7 consistent with 1,000 for women over the age of 85 years. 31 Approximately 10% of all hospitalizations for elderly males and females are attributed unable to pneumonia and bronchitis.31 Annual influenza vaccinations can reduce the threat of influenza among older women. The CDC recommends that individuals 65 years and older or people with continual health situations acquire influenza vaccinations each year to guard themselves in opposition to the flu.31 Influenza vaccines have additionally been verified to be valuable and powerful for the health, of working adults aged 18 to 64 years.59,60moreover, the CDC recommends that everybody elderly 65 and older ought to obtain a one-time dose of the pneumonia vaccine.61 In 1997, but, only 64.4% of ladies aged 65 and older acquired an influenza vaccine, and 45.6% a pneumococcal vaccine inside the previous year.62 Vaccination use will increase with age and vary via race and ethnicity, but no longer by gender.31,62 For the ones over the age of 65, non-Hispanic white people report a higher vaccination charge for influenza and pneumonia as compared to non-Hispanic black or Hispanic persons.31

Current studies have hired various methodologies to explore revolutionary remedies for women's infections, especially specializing in vaginal infections. Randomized managed trials, qualitative studies, and systematic critiques were pivotal in assessing the efficacy of new treatment modalities. For instance, a randomized trial on periodic presumptive treatment (PPT) tested a big reduction in bacterial vaginosis (BV) among individuals. Additionally, qualitative studies have identified boundaries to treatment adherence in ladies stricken by vulvovaginal candidiasis, highlighting the need for tailored interventions.

The findings from this research imply promising improvements in the remedy of women's infections. Drastically, the management of lactoferrin (Lf) has proven capacity in preventing recurrent vaginitis and related headaches such as cervical infection and preterm delivery. Furthermore, the software of nanomedicine for localized remedy of vulvovaginal infections has emerged as a significant innovation, addressing the pressing need for effective topical healing procedures.

The dialogue surrounding these improvements emphasizes the significance of personalized treatment and the mixing of new technology in treating women health troubles. The efficacy and safety of vaginal laser treatments for vulvovaginal atrophy have been highlighted, suggesting upgrades in each genital sign and symptoms and sexual feature. Moreover, the challenges posed with the aid of antimicrobial resistance in treating sexually transmitted infections (STIs) necessitate ongoing studies and variations of remedy techniques.

In conclusion, the panorama of treatment for women’s infections is evolving with sizable innovations that promise better effects. The combination of conventional and novel strategies, together with nanomedicine and periodic presumptive treatment, gives hope for extra powerful control of infections. Persisted studies are essential to refine those remedies and address the obstacles to adherence, making sure that women obtain high-quality feasible take care of their reproductive health

The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions and support of individuals and organizations who aided in the completion of this research project. Special thanks to My Mentor Naweed Imam Syed Prof. Department of Cell Biology at the University of Calgary and Dr. Sadaf Ahmed from the Psychophysiology Lab at the University of Karachi for their invaluable input and support throughout the research.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures related to this research.

No funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript.