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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/282
*Corresponding Author: Bugaevsky KA, Department of Medical and Biological Foundations of Sports and Physical Rehabilitation, The Petro Mohyla Black Sea State University, Nikolaev, Ukraine.
Citation: Konstantin A. Bugaevsky, (2025), History of the Discovery and Production of "Aspirin", In Reflection of the Means of Philately and Philocarty, J. General Medicine and Clinical Practice, 8(8); DOI:10.31579/2639-4162/282
Copyright: © 2025, Konstantin Anatolyevich Bugaevsky. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 12 June 2025 | Accepted: 07 August 2025 | Published: 14 August 2025
Keywords: aspirin; philately; postage stamps; envelopes; blocks; philocarty; postcards and art cards; screenshot copies
This article contains the materials of the conducted research, thematically related to the reflection of the issue of discovery and production of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), in the reflection of philatelic means: on postage stamps and envelopes, postal blocks, in philocarty (postal, art and educational cards), different countries of the world and the years of their issue and, different countries of the world. In total, this research article presents 46 screenshot copies of collection materials, of which - 29 philatelic and 17 philocarty.aspirin; philately; postage stamps; envelopes; blocks; philocarty; postcards and art cards; screenshot copies
Any scientific research related to medicine and pharmacy, their history and heroes, are always relevant and in demand. This directly concerns the issue of the history and heroes of the discovery of such a world-famous drug as aspirin, since the day of its discovery, about 127 years have passed. Of particular interest is the fact that this history will be presented to the reader with the help of such means of collecting as philately and philocarty, in all their diversity. According to existing and presented in a number of studies earlier, by other authors-researchers [1-4], the first mention of antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties was written on ancient Sumerian tablets, and Hippocrates and other healers in ancient times knew about these properties of willow bark and branches. Another ancient Egyptian papyrus described these properties in 1543 BC, mentioning medicines made from willow bark. Hippocrates also used willow and its bark, and the Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus directly said that willow bark extract helps with inflammation [1-4].
Back in 1763, a naturalist from Oxfordshire (England), Reverend Edward Stone (a local vicar), showed that dried in an oven and ground willow bark reduces high temperatures/heat. In 1828, a German researcher, Johann Buchner, also worked with willow bark extract, which he called "Salicin". Edward Stone gave a report on the treatment of feverish chills with willow bark tincture at the Royal Society of London. Later, in 1838, scientists found out that the active component of willow bark is salicylic acid [1-4]. This means that in the 19th century, to reduce fever, in the treatment of diseases, they again began to use white willow bark, which contains salicylic acid in its composition. But this method of treatment had a serious side effect, namely, abdominal pain and nausea. According to a number of historical data, around 1838, the Italian chemist and researcher Rafael Piria derived a stable formula for this substance. But salicylic acid had not yet received practical, medicinal use [1-4]. Some time after Edward Stone's research, the French chemist and researcher Charles Frederic Gerard was the first to obtain acetylsalicylic acid by reactions of acetyl chloride and sodium salicylate. He was able to synthesize this medicine, and, accordingly, to be the first to carry out the acetylation reaction of salicylic acid, in 1853, and obtained acetylsalicylic acid in its pure form [1-4]. This new substance was named “salicylic-acetic anhydride” by the French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt, and a little later it was named salicylic (“spiraic”) acid. Another six years passed, and another German chemist, von Glim, carried out a reaction between salicylic acid and acetyl chloride. The resulting crystals of this substance, von Glim called acetylierte Salicylsäure – acetylated salicylic acid. It took another decade (1869) for three more chemists – Schroeder, Prinzhorn and Kraut – to repeat the work of Gerhardt and von Glim and realize that they had obtained the same substance. In parallel, these three researchers were able to show the correct structure of the aspirin molecule (Figure 2) [1-4].
Figure 1: Chemical formula of acetylsalicylic acid
Thus, the drug became safe for use in medicine. Already in 1874, in Dresden, the first factory for the production of this drug was opened. By the end of the 19th century, the German scientist and researcher, Felix Hoffman, worked on the creation of chemically pure salicylic acid in a stable form, which he received a patent on March 6, 1899 (Figure 2). An interesting historical fact is that, being a chemist for the German company Bayer AG, F. Hoffman, on March 6, 1899, received an American patent in the United States, because, for a number of reasons, it was not immediately possible to patent the method for producing acetylsalicylic acid in the form of the drug "aspirin" in Germany, the homeland of F. Hoffman and the Bayer company, and this chemical and pharmaceutical company did not want to delay the release of a new promising drug [1-4].
Figure 2: Felix Hoffman and aspirin from Bayer AG
Initially, aspirin was produced in powder form, but since 1904, it has acquired the form of a tablet, which has become the most famous and most widespread tablet in the world, which for more than 127 years, successfully reduces fever and relieves pain in billions of people around the world. In the 1970s of the twentieth century, the role of aspirin in reducing the risk of vascular thrombosis, including coronary and cerebral arteries, was proven. Accordingly, aspirin became a medicine for the prevention of heart attacks, ischemic strokes and a whole bunch of cardiovascular diseases. In 1982, this discovery was noted by the Nobel Prize. This is the same aspirin that we know, and to this day we use it. Aspirin, or rather, the active substance of the drug - acetylsalicylic acid, is on the list of essential drugs of the World Health Organization, and also on the list of vital and essential drugs [1-4].
The purpose of writing this article by the author, based on the materials of his research, is to present to his readers an analysis of the research material, as well as the obtained volume of available philatelic materials, thematically related to the discovery and production of such a world-famous and popular drug as "aspirin" (the active ingredient is acetylsalicylic acid).
In conducting his research and subsequent writing of his article based on its materials, the author used such research methods as: literary-critical analysis of all available sources of information, both domestic and foreign, which were thematically devoted to the issue being studied by the author. First of all, these were research articles by a number of others by the author, information on the history of chemistry and pharmacy, available materials posted on websites and Internet pages of publications on such types of collecting as philately and philocarty. Also, all thematic, illustrative materials obtained as a result of search work on the Internet, with the help of special computer programs, were converted into color and black-and-white screenshot copies, which were then inserted directly into the text of this article as illustrations, supplied with brief accompanying material and appropriate links to the sources of their borrowing, to comply with the copyrights of their owners on the Internet.
I would like to begin my story about the history of the discovery and production process of aspirin by presenting a small selection of postage stamps, shown in Figure 3, from countries such as Colombia (1999), for the 100th anniversary of the discovery of aspirin; Liberia (2023), the Republic of Niger (2023), the Republic of Sierra Leone (2024), and Germany (1990), dedicated to this drug and the 100th and 125th anniversaries of its discovery and the start of industrial production [5-14].
Figure 3: A selection of postage stamps from a number of countries around the world dedicated to aspirin
Further, in a small selection of postage stamps of such countries as Liberia (2023), the Republic of Niger (2023), the Central African Republic (2024), dedicated to this drug and the 125th anniversary of its discovery and the beginning of industrial production, presented in Figure 4, portraits and situational drawings are depicted, thematically dedicated to the scientist who discovered aspirin - a German scientist, chemist and pharmacologist, which gave rise to the industrial production of this drug, a large German pharmaceutical corporation "BAYER", which produces aspirin, starting in 1899 - 126 years and, to this day, Felix Hoffmann / Felix Hoffmann (1868-1946) [5-14].
Figure 4: A selection of fidelitical materials dedicated to Felix Hofmann
Also, in Figure 5, another philatelic collection (postage stamps, postal block, envelopes) and philocartical (a series of postcards) of different years of issue are presented, which are thematically dedicated to aspirin and its use for medicinal purposes [15-21, 32].
Figure 5: Philatelic and philocartic collections dedicated to aspirin
Further, in Figure 6, a very interesting thematic, philocartical selection of art cards is presented, which was used in France, dedicated to aspirin and, in particular, to advertising its use. This was a very successful marketing move, which became a passion for hundreds, if not thousands of people! On the proposed art cards, which were often used as insert cards in a chocolate bar and included in their price, on their front side (obverse), at a very high artistic level, historical and biographical plots were presented, dedicated to famous doctors and a number of scientists of past years, their portraits, and on the back of this art card, their biography was presented, and also, a large place on their back was occupied by advertising aspirin and indications for its use, and a diagram/diary for recording the intake of aspirin tablets [22-31]. In total, this collection features 9 such artistic cards (although there are many more), dedicated to such personalities as Hippocrates, Bichat, Claude Bernard, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Alexander Fleming, William Harvey and Ambroise Paré – famous doctors of their time. There are also similar cards dedicated to a number of famous scientists, famous in other branches of science, as well as such areas as different types of transport, military events, airplanes and religious themes, with aspirin advertisements on their reverses.
Figure 6: A philocartical collection of postcards dedicated to a number of famous scientists and aspirin
This concludes another article devoted to the issue of discovery and production of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), in the reflection of various means of collecting, such as, in particular, philately and philocarty. The author is preparing for publication his new research article, thematically devoted to pharmacy, pharmacology and pharmacognosy, in the reflection of a number of various means of collecting.
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Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is a high quality journal that has a clear and concise submission process. The peer review process was comprehensive and constructive. Support from the editorial office was excellent, since the administrative staff were responsive. The journal provides a fast and timely publication timeline.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, What distinguishes International Journal of Clinical Case Report and Review is not only the scientific rigor of its publications, but the intellectual climate in which research is evaluated. The submission process is refreshingly free of unnecessary formal barriers and bureaucratic rituals that often complicate academic publishing without adding real value. The peer-review system is demanding yet constructive, guided by genuine scientific dialogue rather than hierarchical or authoritarian attitudes. Reviewers act as collaborators in improving the manuscript, not as gatekeepers imposing arbitrary standards. This journal offers a rare balance: high methodological standards combined with a respectful, transparent, and supportive editorial approach. In an era where publishing can feel more burdensome than research itself, this platform restores the original purpose of peer review — to refine ideas, not to obstruct them Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi, FCCP PULMONOLOGIST AND THORACIC IMAGING.
Dear Grace Pierce, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews I appreciate the opportunity to review for Auctore Journal, as the overall editorial process was smooth, transparent and professionally managed. This journal maintains high scientific standards and ensures timely communications with authors, which is truly commendable. I would like to express my special thanks to editor Grace Pierce for his constant guidance, promt responses, and supportive coordination throughout the review process. I am also greatful to Eleanor Bailey from the finance department for her clear communication and efficient handling of all administrative matters. Overall, my experience with Auctore Journal has been highly positive and rewarding. Best regards, Sabita sinha
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I write here a little on my experience as an author submitting to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews (IJCCR). This was my first submission to IJCCR and my manuscript was inherently an outsider’s effort. It attempted to broadly identify and then make some sense of life’s under-appreciated mysteries. I initially had responded to a request for possible submissions. I then contacted IJCCR with a tentative topic for a manuscript. They quickly got back with an approval for the submission, but with a particular requirement that it be medically relevant. I then put together a manuscript and submitted it. After the usual back-and-forth over forms and formality, the manuscript was sent off for reviews. Within 2 weeks I got back 4 reviews which were both helpful and also surprising. Surprising in that the topic was somewhat foreign to medical literature. My subsequent updates in response to the reviewer comments went smoothly and in short order I had a series of proofs to evaluate. All in all, the whole publication process seemed outstanding. It was both helpful in terms of the paper’s content and also in terms of its efficient and friendly communications. Thank you all very much. Sincerely, Ted Christopher, Rochester, NY.
