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Case Report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9759/029
Critical Care Unit, Damietta Health Affairs, Egyptian Ministry of Health (MOH), Damietta, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author: Yasser Mohammed Hassanain Elsayed, Critical Care Unit, Damietta Health Affairs, Egyptian Ministry of Health (MOH), Damietta, Egypt.
Citation: Y M H Elsayed. (2022) Fear-Inducing Coronary Spasm in an Asthmatic Patient with Right Bundle Branch Block; Oxygen Reversal and Reassurance. Cardiology Research and Reports. 4(2): DOI: 10.31579/2692-9759/029
Copyright: © 2022 Yasser Mohammed Hassanain Elsayed, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 29 December 2021 | Accepted: 25 January 2022 | Published: 03 February 2022
Keywords: fear-inducing coronary spasm; stress; bronchial asthma; right bundle branch block; variant angina; oxygen
Rationale: Fear is one of the most psychosomatic risk factors in clinical medicine. Generally, ischemic cardiovascular events are strongly linked with psychological stress.
Patient concerns: An elderly-aged housewife female asthmatic patient presented to the physician outpatient clinic for cardiovascular follow-up is getting coronary artery spasm after inducible fear.
Diagnosis: Fear-inducing coronary spasm in an asthmatic patient with right bundle branch block.
Interventions; Electrocardiography, oxygenation, and echocardiography.
Outcomes: Dramatic of both clinical and electrocardiographic improvement post-oxygenation had happened.
Lessons: The fear may be an inducible factor for coronary artery spasm and cardiovascular events. It signifies the role of oxygenation in the reversal of coronary artery spasm and it is the future concept. The association of patient right bundle branch block in an asthmatic patient is reasonable. The presence of the patient’s relatives or friends during medical procedures may be a source of danger to the patient.
Abbreviations
CAS; Coronary artery spasm
CBC: Complete blood count
ECG: Electrocardiography
IHD: Ischemic heart disease
O2: Oxygen
POC: Physician outpatient clinic
RBBB: right bundle branch
VR: Ventricular rate
The coronary artery spasm (CAS) is a cardiovascular disorder describing sudden, acute narrowing of an epicardial coronary artery that yields vessel occlusion or near-occlusion [1]. Mental stress, in particular, may be causing CAS [2]. Coronary artery spasms can be triggered by any type of stress [3]. Coronary artery spasm has a remarkable role in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease (IHD), including angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and sudden cardiac death (SCD) [4]. The precise mechanisms that underlie CAS remain to be unknown. CAS is mostly a disease of middle- and older-aged men and post-menopausal women. Reactive O2 species degrade NO and cause vasoconstriction. So, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and low-grade chronic inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of CAS, leading to increased coronary SM Ca2+ sensitivity through RhoA/ROCK activation and resultant hypercontraction [4]. Common manifestations of IHD due to CAS are chest pain, an ECG ST-segment changes and accompanied with cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, and syncope in the more severe and prolonged attack. It should be noted, however, that myocardial ischemia due to CAS often occurs without accompanying symptoms [5, 6]. The ECG changes that occur during a CAS attack include ST-segment elevation and/or depression, increase in the amplitude of the T-wave, and negative U-wave at the beginning or near the end of the [7]. Long-acting nitrates and calcium antagonists are the cornerstone drugs of choice (DOC) in preventing future CAS episodes [8]. Statin also may prevent spasms [3]. The right bundle branch (RBBB) is usually severe bronchial asthma (BA) and correlated with the degree of airway obstruction [9].
A 65-year-old married housewife Egyptian female asthmatic patient presented with her jokey son to the physician outpatient clinic (POC) for cardiovascular follow-up. Generalized malaise, loss of appetite, loss of smell and taste, and generalized body aches were associated symptoms. The patient gave a history of bronchial asthma since 20 years ago. She denies a history of regular medications except for asthmatic attacks. Informed consent was taken. Upon general physical examination; generally, the patient was good, not distressed, with a regular pulse rate of VR; 74 bpm, blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 mmHg, respiratory rate of 16 bpm, the temperature of 36.5 °C, and pulse oximeter of oxygen (O2) saturation of 97%. She appeared thin. There were no wheezes on chest examination. No more relevant clinical data were noted during the clinical examination. The initial ECG tracing was done on the presentation for follow-up showing RBBB with normal sinus rhythm of VR of 70 with movable artifact (in V1 lead) (Figure 1A). During the ECG procedure, her jokey son told her; the electrocardiograph may be causing electrical shock for you. The mother urgently started to sense severe acute chest pain. The second ECG tracing was done within one minute of the initial ECG and after inducible fear, post-above drama showing NSR of VR; 82 bpm with RBBB, and ST-segment depression in both inferior (III and aVF) and anterior (V2-6) leads (Figure 1B). The physician had urgently managed the patient with O2 inhalation by O2 cylinder (100%, by nasal cannula, 5L/min) and reassurance. The physician prevents her son to be present during doing the third ECG tracingwhich was done within 15 minutes of O2 inhalation and after reliving the chest pain showing NSR of VR; 74 bpm, normalization of the above ST-segment depression, and still the presence of RBBB (Figure 1C). The complete blood count (CBC); Hb was 11.5 g/dl, RBCs; 4. 3*103/mm3, WBCs; 7*103/mm3 (Neutrophils; 50 %, Lymphocytes: 46%, Monocytes; 2%, Eosinophils; 2% and Basophils 0%), Platelets; 200*103/mm3. RBS was normal (112 mg/dl). The troponin test was negative. Echocardiography was done on the second day of the presentation showing no abnormalities with an EF of 67%. (Figure 2). Fear-inducing coronary spasm in an asthmatic patient with right bundle branch block was the most probable diagnosis. Complete recovery achieved and the patient was advised for cardiac follow-up. Diltiazem oral tablet (60 mg, once daily) was prescribed. Further recommended cardiac chest follow-up, and weight reduction was advised.
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