AUCTORES
Chat with usResearch | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2694-0248/103
Department of Biochemistry/ Forensic Science, Faculty of Science, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil Kano State,Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author: Nwachukwu, Francis, Department of Biochemistry/ Forensic Science, Faculty of Science, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil Kano State. Nigeria.
Citation: Chukwuedozie Francis, Nwachukwu and Joshua Tanko Simon, (2024), Exploratory Study on the Association of Antisocial Behaviour and Testosterone Level, J. Clinical Orthopedics and Trauma Care, 6(6); DOI:10.31579/2694-0248/103
Copyright: © 2024, Nwachukwu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 23 August 2024 | Accepted: 30 August 2024 | Published: 06 September 2024
Keywords: testosterone; antisocial behaviour; crime; prisoner; biochemical aspect
The research examined testosterone concentration among indicted subjects on various crimes to explore the potential association between testosterone levels and several antisocial behaviours in indicted persons serving in Kuje prison. Subjects, 76 prisoners, were orally informed of the study protocols, and they consented before testing began. The biodata on various crimes shows they are youths (31 years) and in the healthy anthropometry. The mean testosterone concentration (pmol/L) and percentage (%) change from the normal testosterone (baseline) concentration (281.34) were as- Cultism (401.20: 42.32), drug abuse (361.80: 28.34), smoking (282.00: 0.03), alcoholism (282.53: 3.70), theft (283.59: 0.22), armed robbery (361.78: 28.34), murder (340.00: 20.61), vandalization (282.10: 0.07), rape (300.71: 6.67), rule-breaking (282.60: 1.14), physical abuse (299.00: 6.65), child molestation (278.16: 1.33) and destructiveness (308.50: 9.44). Cultism, drug abuse, alcoholism, armed robbery, murder, rape, physical abuse, child molestation, and destructiveness testosterone concentration were significant from the baseline testosterone concentration at p<0.01. Smoking, theft, vandalization, and rule-breaking testosterone concentrations were non-significant from the baseline testosterone concentration at P>0.01. The child molestation value was below the baseline value. The highest and lowest percentage change in testosterone concentration levels were in cultism (42.32%) and smoking (0.03%). Non-violent crime has a link to low testosterone, and violent crime has a link to high testosterone concentration in the research findings. High testosterone lowers the fear of consequences and gives the impetus to indulge in criminal acts. The finding of lower testosterone concentration in child molestation may depict non-violent and a case of taking advantage of a child.
Where your rights end is the beginning of another person’s right. This guide will help a conscious-minded person not to trample on the rights of others. The lack of consideration for the well-being of others in action describes the anti-social behaviours. This conduct violates the fundamental rights of other persons. It could be any behavioural display considered disruptive to others in society [1]. Many factors determine anti-social behaviour (ASB), including location, community tolerance, and quality of life expectations [2-3]. Because of this, what ASB to one person might be acceptable behaviour to others. The subjective nature of the concept makes it challenging to pinpoint a single definition of anti-social behaviour. Many people label behaviour deemed contrary to prevailing norms for social conduct as ASB.
ASB develops through social interaction within the family and community. It affects temperament, cognitive ability, and involvement with negative peers. It dramatically affects the cooperativity of problem-solving skills. ASB is salient and perceived in all societies as intolerable. Scholars have long attempted to identify the biological determinants of ASB. Biological factors are likely involved in ASB, and the dogmatic rejection and blissful ignorance of the biological parameters of our behaviour by most scientists is a grey area. The researcher is exploring the possibility that Testosterone (Figure 1) in human males promotes aggressive and nonaggressive behaviours that enhance social status. Aggressive behaviour towards others connotes anti-social behaviour [4]. However, causal evidence distinguishing these accounts is lacking. The present research explores the role of behaviour and biological factors in connection to ASB. These are areas of great concern to society. The study will significantly provide a platform with broader views on the less attended influencer on behaviour. What are the emerging connections between anti-social behaviour and hormonal interference? The findings will shed light on this question. The research is of great importance for directions for future research and enhancing the quality of life of individuals at risk of developing ASB. Arguably, ASBs are problems facing humanity in modern times [5]. Anti-social behaviour through the lens of a biochemist will shed light on the biology of anti-social behaviour. The research aim was to explore the potential association between testosterone (Figure 1) levels and several anti-social behaviours.
Figure 1: Biochemical structure of testosterone.
Ethical considerations
All data were confidential. The personnel and participants of the study received a promise of confidentiality of their information. The study was under the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and in line with the standards of the Ethical Committee of the Nigeria Police Academy.
Inclusion criteria. The offender acted alone, and the subject was over eighteen years old. The offenders (76) who met these criteria consented to participation in the study. They did so willingly. The offenders were physically healthy, as determined from prison records, current medical examinations, and self-reports. None of the offenders were on psychotropic drugs or medication for chronic physical disease.
Exclusion Criteria
Females and those who are 17 years and below. Inmates who were ill.
Saliva collection for testosterone measurement
The whole saliva specimens were by unsaturated passive drool at Kuje prison. The subject's head tilted forward to allow the saliva to pool on the floor of the mouth, and saliva was collected using the SalivaBio Collection Aid (SCA) into a polypropylene vial. It was done for each subject by a health personnel. The saliva specimens collected were between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. The sample specimens were collected antiseptically. The baseline salivary testosterone concentrations were from ten volunteers from the Nigeria Police Academy who have no indicted criminal behaviour.
Specimen Storage and Preparation
The sample specimen was kept at a temperature storage range of -0 to -4 oC until assayed. The specimens were thawed and carefully mixed. Afterward, the sample specimens were centrifuged (5 to 10) minutes before the assay.
Salivary testosterone determination.
The determination was the method involving the principle of a competitive binding assay. The immunoassay of the salivary testosterone concentration was done thrice for each specimen, and the means used. Sampling was in singlicate on all three automated immunoassay instruments as specified in the manufacturer’s manual on the procedure. The Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) technology (Chemiflex™) used in the study was sourced from Abbott Ireland Diagnostics Division Lisnamuck, Longford Co., Longford.
Collection of Bio-, Sociodemographic, and Medical data:
Sociodemographic background, health issues, medications, marital status, length of incarceration, and family background of participants were obtained from oral interviews and their files by the personnel.
The data were expressed as means + standard deviation for testosterone concentrations. The percentage difference from the base-line testosterone concentration (from non-antisocial) calculated. Post Hoc would be determined to test for significance at 0.01, using SPSS.
The results are in Tables 1, 2, and Figure 2. Table 1 presents the Biodata of the participants, and Table 2 presents a list of antisocial behaviour and salivary testosterone concentration. Fig. 2 presents the percentage distribution of the Changes in testosterone, compared to the baseline testosterone concentration.
In Table 1, the mean age of all the participants was 31.0 + 11.0 years, with a range of 19 – 44 years at the time of research. The participants' mean height was 177.1±6.4 cm, with a range- 167 –184 cm. The mean of the participant's weight was 87.9±15.2 kg and ranged from 60 to 98 kg. The participants' mean waist circumference in cm was 89.0±11.0, and a range of 78 – 101. The mean of the Hip circumference of all the participants was 105±9.4 cm and a range of 96 – 108 cm. The mean of the hip: waist ratio of all the participants was 0.85±0.09 and a range of 0.83 – 0.87. The mean Heart rate (bpm) of all the participants was 105±10.4 and a range of 70 – 80. The mean systolic blood pressure in mmHg of all the participants was 117.5±19 and a range of 100 – 130. The mean diastolic blood pressure in mmHg of all the participants was 73.1±13.2 and a range of 65 – 90.
Variable | Values | Ranges |
Age in years | 31.0±11.0 | 19 – 44 |
Height (cm) | 177.1±6.4 | 167 – 184 |
Body Weight (kg) | 87.9±15.2 | 60 – 98 |
Body Mass Index (kg·m-2) | 27.9±4.2 | 21-30 |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 89.0±11.0 | 78 – 101 |
Hip Circumference (cm) | 105.2±9.4 | 96 – 108 |
Waist:Hip | 0.85±0.09 | 0.83 – 0.87 |
Heart Rate (bpm) | 72.6±10.4 | 70 – 80 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | 117.5±19 | 100 – 130 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg | 73.1±13.2 | 65 – 90 |
Table 1. Biodata of participants (inmate)
Table 2 shows the 76 antisocial behaviours and the respective testosterone concentrations alongside changes in testosterone concentration from the baseline testosterone. The antisocial behaviouurs extracted from their files and self-reported were as follows: Cultism, Drug abuse, Smoking, Alcoholism, Theft, Armed robbery, Murder, Vandalization, Rape, Rule-breaking, Physical abuse, Child molestation, and Destructiveness. The mean testosterone concentration (pmol/L) and their change from the baseline were 401.20: 119.30 in Cultism, 361.80: 79.90 in Drug abuse, 282.22: 0.10 in Smoking, 292.40: 10.50 in Alcoholism, 282.53: 0.63 in Theft, 361.78: 79.88, in Armed robbery, 340.00: 58.10 in Murder, 282.10: 0.20 in Vandalization, 300.71: 18.81 in Rape, 282.60: 0.70 in Rule breaking, 299.00: 17.10 in Physical abuse, 278.05: -3.74 in Child molestation, 308.50: 26.60 in Destructiveness. The mean baseline testosterone concentration of the non-antisocial behaviour was 281.90. Smoking (282.00), Vandalization (281.10), and rule-breaking (282.60) have testosterone concentrations closest to the baseline testosterone concentration (281.90), while Cultism testosterone concentration (401.20) is most distant from the baseline testosterone concentration. There were significant differences in the testosterone concentration in Cultism, Drug abuse, Alcoholism, Armed Murder, Rape, Physical abuse, Child molestation, and Destructiveness compared to the baseline testosterone concentration, at P <0>Antisocial behaviour No of participants Testosterone concentration change in testosterone from Baseline Cultism 5 401.20±1.30* 119.30 Drug abuse 5 361.80±1.48* 79.90 Smoking 6 282.00±1.25 0.10 Alcoholism 5 292.40±1.30* 10.50 Theft 7 282.53±1.60 0.63 Armed robbery 9 361.78±1.48* 79.88 Murder 5 340.00±1.58* 58.10 Vandalization 5 282.10±0.89 0.20 Rape 14 300.71±1.94* 18.81 Rule breaking 5 282.60±1.41 0.70 Physical abuse 6 299.00±1.41* 17.10 Child molestation 6 278.16±1.72* -3.74 Destructiveness 7 308.50±2.88* 26.60 Non antisocial (Baseline) 10 281.90±1.60 -
Values bearing * are significantly different (P<0>
Table 2: Salivary Testosterone Concentrations (pmol/L) of Persons Convicted of Some Anti-social Behaviours
Figure 2: Percentage change in testosterone levels of antisocial behaviours from non-antisocial.
Antisocial behaviour lowers the ability to have empathy and remorse, and it goes with weak behavioural controls [7]. Aside from the genetic and environmental factors that influence the onset of antisocial behaviour, malfunctioning of neuronal chemistry triggers the development of antisocial behaviour [8]. The abnormality of testosterone concentrations can trigger antisocial behaviour, and because of this, affected persons may fail to see the consequences associated with antisocial acts [9]. High testosterone concentration in humans consistently shows externalizing behaviour [10]. Booth et al. [11], Fang et al. [12], and Granger et al. [13] reported positive correlations between free testosterone and antisocial behaviour in male subjects. The biodata of participants did not review any sign of a condition that could deny one’s participation (Table 1). They were in healthy anthropometry. It all falls within the research inclusion.
The criminal actions following the antisocial displays (behaviours) and their significant differences from the baseline discussed. The relationship was striking at the crime of Cultism, Drug abuse, Alcoholism, Armed robbery, Murder, Rape, Physical abuse, Child molestation and Destructives. This finding is similar to Bufkin [14] and Edwards [15]. Cultism and others are violent crimes [16]. It could mean that high testosterone built-up could be the push to commit such antisocial behaviour [17-18]. All the antisocial behaviours, with significance, are associated with aggressiveness, and dominant behaviour has been reported [19-22]. It is least striking at Smoking, Vandalization, and child molestation crimes. They are nonviolent crimes [16] and may not require an upsurge in testosterone. Child molestation testosterone concentration lower than the baseline line testosterone concentration depicts it as a nonviolent crime [23]. It could be a case of advantage taking over a child and may not necessarily require aggressiveness. The non-significances of Smoke, Theft, Vandalization, and Rules-breaking may be suggestive of less connection to the aggressiveness that characterized violent behaviour. It is deducible from this study that nonviolent crime is associated with low testosterone concentration, while violent crime connects with high testosterone concentration. It is possible that elevated testosterone concentration lowers the fear of consequences and gives the impetus to indulge in criminal acts and damn the repercussion [24].
The findings suggest that antisocial behaviour, at least in some cases, may be seen as a form of mental illness linked to physiological symptoms (involving a chemical imbalance of testosterone concentration). Researchers exerted that antisocial behaviour may be more biologically based than previously considered. Therefore, knowing the underlying biochemistry that creates the perfect enabling environment for a person to do something unreasonably could lead to treatments that can keep hormones in check and deny them the courage to commit such acts. The scientist might be able to design treatment intervention options for the affected that are novel and effective for possible treatment for this disorder. It offers the chance to improve the lives of many afflicted and the communities in which they live. As with all observational studies, we acknowledge the possibility of residual confounding due to few measurements or measured characteristics, as the case may be.
Conflicts of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Authors’ contributions:
Nwachukwu F. C., drafted the manuscript, did the literature search and, translated the idea into testable hypothesis. Joshua T. S., did the compilation of results and the statistical analyses. Both authors participated in the bench works and read the final manuscript and agreed to the contents.
Funding Statement
The Authors declared no financial assistance.
Acknowledgement
The research is grateful to colleagues for assisting them with the internet facility.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner