AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/134
University of Sonora, autonomous State University Mexico
*Corresponding Author: Cruz Garcia Lirios, University of Sonora, autonomous State University Mexico
Citation: Lidia A Z Esquer, Cruz Garcia Lirios, Arturo Sanchez Sanchez, (2023), Exploratory Factorial Model of Leadership in the COVID-19 Era, J,Clinical Research and Clinical Trials. 7(4) ; DOI :10.31579/2693-4779/134
Copyright: © 2023, Cruz Garcia Lirios. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 09 May 2023 | Accepted: 25 May 2023 | Published: 24 June 2023
Keywords: COVID-19; Exploratory Factorial Model;Knowledge Management; Virtual Clasroom
Knowledge management is a phenomenon observed in the pandemic, although focused on the translation of experiences, knowledge and skills. The objective of the study was to explore the dimensions of leadership in the context of the pandemic. An exploratory, cross-sectional and psychometric study was carried out with a sample of 457 students from a public university in central Mexico. The results show a structure of three factors that explained 54% of the variance, but the literature suggests the inclusion of a fourth and fifth factor to explain the emergence of a transformative leadership: opportunistic, entrepreneurial and innovative as COVID-19 intensifies. In relation to the state of the art, it is proposed to extend the model in order to be able to explain the impact of the coronavirus on the management of knowledge in the virtual classroom.
Until April 2023, the pandemic has affected knowledge management as a risk scenario. In this sense, the leadership dimensions of knowledge managers emerged before the pandemic (García et al., 2021). In other words, the health crisis forced the transition from the face-to-face classroom to a virtual one. In the distance teaching and learning process, students and teachers had to acquire computational skills. In this way, COVID-19 determined significant distance learning.
The dimensions of knowledge management, understood as the translation of knowledge and skills, focused on those related to leadership (Sandooval et al., 2022). In fact, the nomenclature of this variable suggests that at least three prevail:traditional,transitional and transformational.If knowledge management is essentially the inheritance of experiences, traditional leadership is hegemonic in the structure. If management is more of a translation of knowledge, transitional leadership prevails. If management is more a matter of training skills and competencies, then transformational leadership will be hegemonic.
The inheritance of experiences is a very common practice in family organizations (García, 2022). The patriarch spreads his advice to his descendants on the org chart: it is even possible that the patriarch considers loyalty as a requirement for inheritance. In this sense, those who inherit the decision-making power are not precisely relatives but rather those who have been trained by traditional leadership. In the COVID-19 era, traditional leadership has been disrupted because the coronavirus affects those of advanced age. Consequently, the organizations had to reorient their command and decision structure towards a transitional leadership.
The pandemic led family leaders to confine themselves to avoid contagion, illness and death (Sánchez et al., 2022). In this scenario, the organizations opted for a leadership that would allow them to establish the bases for a transition towards a leader who could face the risks of the SARS CoV-2 coronavirus. Transitional leadership, defined as a provisional knowledge manager, emerged in this context of the health crisis. Therefore, the organizations had to direct their efforts towards the care of the traditional patriarch and the formation of a new leader. While in the traditional classroom the patriarch decided the processes, in the virtual classroom the new leader had to focus on optimizing resources (Bustos-Aguayo et al., 2021). The austerity that characterizes the transitional leader underlies as a response to the economic and financial crisis in which the organizations and institutions were exposed. Once the pandemic was revealed as a permanent crisis, transitional leadership had to move towards innovative leadership: transformational.
In the face of the health crisis,the scarcity of resources was faced by the transitional leadership that is distinguished by the optimization of resources, but COVID-19 soon became evident as a permanent risk (García et al., 2022). In this sense, patriarchal, confined leadership and typecast transitional leadership were insufficient and gave rise to entrepreneurial leadership. The innovative manager saw the pandemic as an opportunity, even when the competitive advantages of his organization do not correspond to a crisis. Therefore, the crisis as an opportunity supposes an adaptation to change, even an anticipation of crises (Sandoval-Vázquez et al., 2021). Innovative leadership generates its opportunities from the crisis and builds a discourse of returns and opportunities. In the virtual classroom, innovative leadership is one where knowledge is produced and configured as a competitive advantage.
The aim of this paper is to explore the factorial structure of knowledge management in the context of COVID-19, considering the exposed leadership structure. Patriarchal leadership is expected to be seen at the start of the health crisis as a legacy spread between the patriarch and the followers. A speech in which the crisis and its impact on the organization and institution are announced, but given the lack of knowledge, the position is one of waiting and speculation of what would be done if the contingency is accentuated. Once the affectation of the coronavirus to older adults is announced, the patriarch confines himself and gives command of him to a provisional leader. The beginning of the pandemic is faced by the transition manager who focuses on the optimization of resources (Carreón et al., 2022). In the virtual classroom, the provisional leader is distinguished by following the traditional guidelines, but aware that he must optimize his time and effort to achieve the objectives without excluding the legacy of the patriarch (Bustos-Aguayo et al., 2022). Once the permanent crisis is accepted, the provisional leader yields his place to a leadership that specializes in seeing opportunities even in risks. Also, the transformational leader understands that motivation is central in the formation of talents. Therefore, he generates opportunities in crises and reverses the pandemic as a phase of innovation (Quiroz Campas et al., 2022). It is evident that in the virtual classroom the entrepreneurship of immersive learning and the innovation of content such as gamification revealed transformational leadership.
The question that guided this research was: Are there significant differences between the theoretical structure of knowledge management reported in the literature from 2020 to 2023 with respect to the observations of the present study in a sample of students from a public university in central Mexico?
The premise that guides this work suggests that knowledge management in crisis presents a spectrum that goes from autocratic power to co-responsibility (Jacinto & Lirios, 2022). As the pandemic intensified, it diluted one-way communication and one-person motivation. Collaborative relationships emerged with inclusive discourses. In such a process, organizations and institutions had to learn paradigms that had only been witnessed in exceptional situations. Those organizations that faced crises such as earthquakes, terrorism or recession improvised in the assignment of functions and responsibilities. They restructured their organization chart and optimized their resources. Now, the pandemic forced the search for balance, but as the crisis spread, it reconfigured the objectives. The goals now would be based on the production of opportunities and knowledge would no longer be the result of a process but the point of entrepreneurship and innovation (Coronado et al., 2022). The new reality redefined the values of the organization and reoriented them towards biosafety. Therefore, significant differences between the theoretical and empirical frameworks are expected.
Design: A non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out.
Sample: A total of 457 students from a public university in the State of Mexico were surveyed, considering the semester in which they carry out professional practices, or they carry out their social service. 64% were women and 35% men. 58% said they were between 18 and 22 years old, 24
The contribution of this work to the state of the question lies in the establishment of an exploratory model. Three factors were found that explained 54% of the variance. The results suggest the inclusion of a fourth factor that the literature identifies as innovative management after establishing communication, motivation and agreements between the parties. The fourth factor would increase the explanatory power of the model concerning knowledge management in a crisis situation. Lines of study concerning the fourth factor in relation to the three established factors will allow us to anticipate a knowledge management structure where transformational leadership emerges.
Horizontal communication is distinguished by the degree of entrepreneurship and innovation in a scenario of scarcity of resources. Therefore, the relationship between innovative and entrepreneurial management with bidirectional communication will allow explaining and predicting a consistent response of organizations to threats in their environment. For its part, the motivation to achieve objectives and goals in risk contexts would be related to innovation and entrepreneurship if the virtual classroom is considered as a knowledge management device in risk prevention. In other words, leaders who encourage learning through digital platforms activate motivational discourses focused on processes rather than relationships. In the case of agreements and co-responsibilities, entrepreneurship and innovation underlie the response to a crisis that has been reconsidered as an opportunity. In this way, the prediction of innovative management can be done from the establishment of a common agenda between the parties.
However, entrepreneurship and innovation have been explained from opportunism as an indicator of knowledge management. As the crisis intensifies, the perception of opportunities anticipates an increase in the improvisation of projects and the creation of new projects. That is, opportunism is a mediating factor of knowledge management carried out by a transitional leadership. In other words, at the beginning of the pandemic, after the traditional leadership was confined and the transitional leadership reoriented the objectives and goals, opportunism reflected a scenario of crisis and offer of solutions or proposals. In this situation, entrepreneurship and innovation take on a nuance centered on the oversupply of resources. This is the case of the virtual classroom where platforms proliferate, at the same time,there is little consensus among experts to redirect immersive, critical and collaborative learning.
Due to the above, the extension of the pandemic defines the type of leadership and the analysis of its dimensions around knowledge management in organizations and educational institutions. The first wave of the pandemic would be related to traditional leadership and its factorial structure. The second wave links to transitional leadership and from the third wave,transformational leadership emerges.
The aim of this work was to explore the dimensions of leadership around knowledge management in the face of the pandemic. A structure of three factors was found that explains 54% of the variance. The results suggest a new modeling of the factors and the inclusion of a factor related to innovation and entrepreneurship. For its part, the literature is consistent with the relationship between the three demonstrated factors and the fourth theoretical factor, but it also suggests a fifth factor observed at the beginning of the health crisis which predicts the fourth factor: opportunism. The observation of the five factors will allow explaining the dimensions of knowledge management in the virtual classroom whenever the pandemic intensifies.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
