AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Chat with us
Mini-Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2694-0248/071
Department of Medical and Biological Foundations of Sports and Physical Rehabilitation, The Petro Mohyla Black Sea State University, Nilolaev, Ukraine.
*Corresponding Author: Theofilidis Antonis, Assistant Professor, The Petro Mohyla Black Sea State University, Nikolaev, Ukraine; tel. + (38 099) 60 98 926; E-mail apostol_luka@ukr.net.
Citation: Theofilidis Antonis, (2023), Νeuropsychological Analysis of Dyslexia, J Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma Care, 5(4); DOI: 10.31579/2694-0248/071
Copyright: © 2023, Theofilidis Antonis. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 02 October 2023 | Accepted: 16 October 2023 | Published: 25 October 2023
Keywords: dyslexia; neuropsychology
Scientific research attempts to shed light on the nature of the functional abnormality of the dyslexic student that leads to the intense difficulty in recognizing letters. The question of whether it is endogenous or environmental factors that cause the impairment has been resolved and the innate nature of dyslexia is now known. What scientists are trying to discover is how this functional damage manifests itself, and consequently, which functions are not carried out in the correct way, resulting in reading and writing disorders. Opinions on this topic are guided by the discipline to which the scientist who will research it belongs. The present study concerns the neuropsychological perspective of dyslexia.
Visual agnosia originates from lesions of the left occipital parietal cortex as well as from lesions of a special area (splenium) of the middle lobe. The result of visual agnosia is the appearance of grammatical dyslexia. In other words, it is an inability of the child to individually recognize the letters of the alphabet and associate their linguistic meanings [1]. For this type of dyslexia, the term "lexical blindness" was also used, which means that this patient can see the word but cannot understand it. Visual search and discrimination is disrupted by lesions of the right parietal, occipital, and frontal cortex[1]. Especially if the lateral fields of the frontal lobes malfunction, depth perception is significantly disturbed. However, the left hemisphere seems to be responsible for the perception of letters and words. The right hemisphere seems to be responsible for the perception of shapes and images. It has been established [2,3]that five- to six-year-old children, when preparing to read a text, activate mechanisms of the right hemisphere. As children grow older, they begin reading by activating left-hemisphere mechanisms, and then hemispheric cooperation is established. Lesions located in the left frontal cortex and left motor area [1] disrupt the perception of visual followers. Also, it was found [4]that people with brain damage in visual-motor reaction time tests show significantly lower performances compared to normal ones, especially if the brain damage concerns the motor fields on the opposite side from the hand. In fact, this hand had very low performance. It is a fact, however, that children who have slow visuomotor reactions in visual-motor time reaction tests also have brain dysfunctions in the motor and premotor fields [5,6]. If the left parietal cortex also participates in these dysfunctions, then this child will also have reading difficulties. Furthermore, we could say that chronic brain dysfunctions that are detected by visual-motor reaction tests and that the performances in them are low are also accompanied by difficulties in reading. There seems to be some responsibility of visuomotor neural communications in reading processes. If a child shows disturbances in auditory perception, there may be damage or dysfunction peripherally (auditory system, ear, labyrinth, cochlea, organ of Corti up to the medial geniculate body in the thalamus) or dysfunction central with central deafness and the damage or dysfunction is located in the left hemisphere in Wernicke's field or Heschl's gyrus. Also, if a child perceives pure tones or words, which means that Heschl's gyrus is functioning normally, but cannot distinguish words such as, for example, "good" and "bad" or "rose" and "pomegranate" etc. when he hears them, this indicates a lesion or dysfunction in Wernicke's area. These neuropsychological differences were distinguished and described by Luria (1973) in a remarkable and valid way. He had also argued that local lesions of the secondary area of the left temporal cortex (Wernicke's field) in the child result in difficulty distinguishing speech sounds. This difficulty is the beginning of receptive aphasia. Damage to the cortex is the main etiological factor for sensory or receptive aphasia. Reading requires decoding mechanisms from the visual and auditory systems. Any form of receptive aphasia (meaning disorders in understanding words) results in reading disorders. Children with Wernicke's aphasia show the same difficulties in reading as they do in listening comprehension. Auditory memory is disrupted by lesions of the left temporal lobe [1]and by electrical stimuli - especially short-term linguistic memory - in the frontal-parietal-temporal fields of the left hemisphere [5]. Dysfunctions in the left hemisphere and temporal, parietal and occipital fields cause disturbances in auditory-linguistic comprehension [1]. In addition to tests of visual-motor reaction time and their importance in understanding reading mechanisms, there are also tests of auditory-motor reaction time. Typically, six (6) different sensorimotor combinations are used in these time reaction tests. These are the following:
1) Right ear right hand,
2) Right ear -> left hand,
3) Left ear -> right hand,
4) Left ear -> left hand,
5) Both ears right hand and,
6) Both ears Left hand.
Legs can also be used. In this test we ask the child to press a button or something else with his right or left hand after receiving a sound stimulus (tone) in his left or right ear. The average reaction time for adults in this test is 75ms, that is, the reaction time is shorter if compared to that of the visual-motor test, which is around 125ms. This is because auditory-cortical-motor connections are shorter than visual-motor connections. From the ear, the stimulus goes to the temporal cortices. Audio-motor communications are about half or less than visual-motor communications. These tests are valuable tools for the study of reading difficulties, and in the future, we believe, a lot of research will be done. However, their role in the diagnosis of brain function seems to be significant. This is shown by the fact that a left-hemisphere-dominant language-dominant person with normal hearing should have faster response times to combinations one (1) and five (5). But if this is not the case, then such a person would have to suffer from damage or dysfunction in the left hemisphere and thus cause reading difficulty. The role of tactile learning in reading appears to be quite important and primary [5]. Tactile-motor functions are measured with the hapticometer. Usually, a tactile or motor difficulty in one hand means damage or dysfunction in the opposite hemisphere from the hand and the tactile or motor fields. A difficulty, e.g. of the right hand is usually accompanied by reading disorders since both of these functions are controlled by special areas of the left parietal lobe. It is also worth noting the role of stereocognition mechanisms in reading functions. This has been found with therapeutic neuropsychological programs [7], which attempt to activate and improve disturbed functions by inducing specific neurotherapeutic stimuli. According to clinical neuropsychological studies (Gaddes, 1985), there is a relationship between reading difficulties and impairment in tactile recognition of the location of the fingers of both hands. However, the disturbance of the tactile perception of locating the stimulus concerns the fingers of the right hand. This is because reading and tactile finger recognition are performed by left parietal cortex mechanisms, so dysfunctions in these affect both skills. The degree of handgrip strength and reading functions appear to be related. This is because the thalamic communications involved in language functions, if they malfunction together with other brainstem structures, disrupt reading. Handgrip strength is controlled by brainstem structures and dysfunctions located in the brainstem reduce dynamic handgrip performance. It is also known [8] that electrostimulation of the left ventricle causes difficulties in object naming, numerical and linguistic recall. Future research will hopefully show more about the role of handgrip and its relationship to the brain mechanisms of reading. The child with expressive aphasia has difficulty reading. Usually, the child with developmental aphasia presents severe articulation problems and disturbances in their otic-motor organization [9]. It seems that for the language development of the child, while at the beginning of his life the receptive-perceptual language analysis plays an important role, after about the fifth year of his school life, i.e. around the age of eleven, the expressive-kinetic mechanisms of language are more prevalent in his linguistic behaviour. Bilateral brain lesions in the parietal cortex, and especially if they involve area thirty-nine (39), cause reading disorders. But apart from this, there is also a disturbance in the right or left orientation mechanisms. Thus, many times, children with reading difficulties also show problems of orientation to the right or left, up or down in their space. Hand preference, brain organization and their relation to dyslexia are important problems for Neuropsychology and Neurolinguistics [10]. Controversy exists between hand preference, brain organization, and their relationship to dyslexia. When left-handed, there is usually, but not always, difficulty reading. In left-handers, however, language dominance may be in the left hemisphere, or very rarely in the right, or both. Also, about what happens to left-handedness and about its relationship with many disorders such as e.g. dyslexia or with special abilities such as e.g. higher intelligence, much research remains to be done. Audiovisual sequencing ability and the relationship to reading has been studied by the Bakker group in Amsterdam. In a notable study [11], on children aged 6-8 he distinguished four (4) types of behavioral sequence: a) linguistic imitation (receptive or perceptual), b) non-linguistic imitation c) linguistic expression and, d) non-verbal expression. He examined temporal sequences in the four categories and three channels (visual-auditory-tactile). He found that the temporal sequence was related to age and that girls at ages 6 and 7 were superior to boys.Between ages 7 and 8, girls were equivalent in recall on sequence tests for all three sensory channels. From the 8th to the 11th year their tactile ability decreases and the emphasis is placed on audio-visual sequence abilities. Girls appeared superior in recalling temporal sequences for all sensory channels even after the age of 9 years. The boys' performances were without particular disparities and instabilities. The conclusion from this research is that the temporal perception of language material and linguistic coded material is carried out by the language hemisphere, i.e. the left. In a study [12], low performances in verbal-memory tests were found in both P- and L-dyslexic types. The L-types also performed poorly in image rotation tests. This means that this guy has a visual-motor disorder in his reading difficulty. Parents of P- and L- dyslexic types had low performances in verbal-memory tests. They showed no disturbances in visual-spatial tests. In families with P-dyslexic types, a significant relationship between father and son was found for visuospatial functions. In families with L-dyslexic types, parent-child relationships for both parents and for both categories (verbal-memory and visual-spatial) were weaker
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
