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Short Communication | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/051
Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University Tanta, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author: Mohamed Nabih EL-Gharib, Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University Tanta, Egypt.
Citation: Mohamed Nabih EL-Gharib, Endometriosis & Infertility. J Clinical Research and Reports, 3(2); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/051
Copyright: © 2020 Mohamed Nabih EL-Gharib. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 18 February 2020 | Accepted: 26 February 2020 | Published: 04 March 2020
Keywords: infertile patients; endometriosis; PF; folliculogenesis; immunological; endocrinological elements
In 2010 stated that the relationship between infertility and endometriosis is strong, and the monthly fecundity fee for regular couples 15%-20% decreases to 2%-5% when the lady has endometriosis. The mechanisms with which endometriosis reasons infertility are not settled. The possible mechanisms encompass altered folliculogenesis, impaired oocyte release or oocyte oviduct pickup, defects in luteal phase function, differences in the eutopic endometrium, poor oocyte quality, diminished fertilization and implantation rate, and anatomic pelvic alterations, immunological and endocrinological elements may additionally be evolved.
Studies on oocyte donation cycles have bolstered the role of oocyte quality in infertile patients with the disease. Lee et al., (2018) determined that liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry displayed considerably elevated peritoneal fluid (PF) sphingolipids in infertile female with severe endometriosis compared with infertile women without endometriosis. Functional research revealed that very-long-chain ceramides may also compromise oocyte maturation
Multiple factors have been implicated as contributing to infertility of patients with endometriosis. Mechanical elements play necessary roles. Occlusion of the fallopian tubes and peritoneal adhesions hinder fertilization and implantation by way of mechanically blockading the transfer of oocytes, sperm, and embryos through the fallopian tubes. In addition, gamete switch is inhibited due to impedance of tubal motility due to elevated levels of cytokines [8].
Hormonal status is altered significantly in patients with endometriosis. Endometriosis is associated with an increased aromatase enzyme activity in granulosa cells, resulting in elevated follicular estradiol secretion [9]. While normal menstrual cycle tiers of estradiol promote the healthy development and receptivity of the endometrium, the high estradiol tiers of endometriosis patients elicit pathologic modifications in the eutopic proliferative and secretory endometrium. Elevated estradiol is also a key to the pathogenic procedure of endometriosis because it drives the boom of extrauterine endometriotic implants. Endometriosis sufferers frequently have elevated prostaglandins [10]. This causes uterine contractions, which are harmful to the preservation of pregnancy. Hyperprolactinemia is any other familiar finding, even though the cause is not but clear. Hyperprolactinemia causes corpus luteum dysfunction, which will increase the rate of spontaneous abortion, which are appreciably greater in patients with endometriosis [11].
Immune and inflammatory factors
Immune and inflammatory elements are thinking to play key roles in the pathogenesis of infertility in sufferers with endometriosis, by reducing gamete quality and grade of gamete transport and implantation, and by means of increasing pregnancy loss. Invasion of macrophages and other leukocytes into the peritoneal fluid and the vicinity of endometriotic implants are concept to play an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis infertility by using releasing potent, tremendously reactive free radical species that at once harm sperm, oocytes, and embryos [12].
Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, growth and angiogenic elements have poisonous effects on sperm, oocytes, embryonal development, gamete transportation, and implantation. Elevated degrees of antiendometrial antibodies are detectable in the blood serum and peritoneal fluid from sufferers with endometriosis in contrast to healthful controls. This is correlated with elevated frequencies of miscarriages [13].
Oxidative Stress (OS)
Oxidative stress (OS) is defined as the imbalance between the manufacturing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from aerobic metabolism and antioxidants. It takes place secondary to peritoneal influx of pro-oxidants such as heme and iron, may also set off cellular damage [14]. Murphy et al. recommended the opportunity of endometriosis being a sickness originating from or related with oxidative stress [15].
The follicular environment surrounding the oocyte may play an important function in oocyte quality, fertilization, and embryo development. There are a few records associating preovulatory follicle hypo-oxygenation with high frequencies of oocyte cytoplasmic defects, impaired cleavage, and abnormalities in chromosome segregation [16].
There are two principal kinds of free radical species—reactive nitrogen species (ROS) and reactive oxygen species (NOS). In a wholesome body, ROS and antioxidants stay in balance. Oxidative stress (OS) appears to be a result of increased generation of ROS, instead than a depletion of antioxidants. OS affects more than one physiological process from oocyte maturation to fertilization, embryo development and pregnancy. OS can have an effect on sperm and oocyte quality, the fertilization process, and the embryo [(17].
Oxidative stress is concerned in the etiology of defective embryo development [18]. The interplay between the spermatozoa and the oocytes can also require certain levels of ROS [19].
Endometriotic cells may promote oxidative stress via increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, altering detoxing pathways, and/ or lowering the degrees of catalase, such as takes place in tumor cells [20].
The vogue toward the multiplied production of free radicals in women with endometriosis associated with a possible change in the antioxidant capacity has been recommended to make contributions to the prevalence of oxidative stress, which, in turn, might be associated to the disease and its progression [2].
The resulting oxidative stress causes lipid peroxidation and further generates products resulting from its degradation or shaped by way of its interaction with low-density lipoproteins and other proteins. Decomposition of peroxidized lipid generates products such as malondialdehyde that would possibly be recognized as overseas bodies, triggering an antigenic response with the consequent production of antibodies [21]. This process culminates in oxidative injury to erythrocytes and peritoneal endometrial cells, which, in turn, stimulates similarly recruitment and activation of mononuclear Phagocytes, perpetuating the oxidative damage to the pelvic cavity. Oxidative stress may also harm mesothelial cells and set off the look of adhesion sites for endometrial cells via merchandising the improvement and development of endometriosis [22].
Recent studies have discussed the relevance of endometrial thing for endometriosis-related infertility. The structure of the cells in eutopic endometrium is similar in women each with and without the disease. However, the cells show up to be biochemically, functionally, and genetically different [23].
Simultaneous expression of vital genes for endometrial receptivity does now not show up to endure big adjustments in infertile ladies with endometriosis all through the implantation window [24]. Likewise, the presence and stage of development of pinopods, which had been once considered traditional biomarkers of the implantation window in the human endometrial epithelium [25] also, appear to be similar in ladies with endometriosis and controls [23].
High growth factors, cytokines, activated macrophages, TNF-α concentrations and OS existing in the PF from infertile women with endometriosis can also be toxic to sperm function. These altered factors might also induce sperm DNA fragmentation[26], disrupt sperm membrane permeability or integrity [27], limit sperm motility [28], impair the interaction between the sperm and the epithelium of the uterine tube[29], promote abnormal sperm acrosome response and impair sperm-oocyte fusion [28], representing any other possible mechanism involved in endometriosis- associated infertility.
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