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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9562/030
1* Service d’ORL et de chirurgie cervicofaciale, Centre Hospitalier de Valence, 179 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 26953 Valence, France
*Corresponding Author: Guillaume BUIRET, Service d’ORL et de chirurgie cervicofaciale, Centre Hospitalier de Valence, 159 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 26953 Valence.
Citation: Buiret G. and Chidiac F., (2021) Efficacy of Somnodent® Appliance Therapy in Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. J, Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, 3(3); DOI: 10.31579/2692-9562/030
Copyright: © 2021, Guillaume Buiret, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
Received: 04 April 2021 | Accepted: 13 July 2021 | Published: 20 August 2021
Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea, oral appliance, apnea hypopnea index
Objective: Oral appliances are one of the treatments of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. The main objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of the Somnodent® oral appliance on Apnea-Hypopnea Index. The secondary objective was to measure the efficacy on other oxymetric parameters and to determine its tolerance and dropout rate.
Methods: Efficacy results of the oral appliances based on the apnea hypopnea index, the oxygen desaturation index and the lower oxygen saturation reduction, appliance complications and dropout rates were retrospectively collected from 25 patients with a moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome treated by a Somnodent® oral appliance. The procedure was entirely performed by otolaryngologists.
Results: The AHI with OA was more significantly reduced in patients with a higher initial apnea hypopnea index and a higher initial body mass index but reduction was not related to age and not proportional to degree of mandibular advancement.
The 50%-AHI reduction rate after OA was 55.6%, the AHI ≤5/h rate after OA was 22.2%. The OA significantly reduced the mean apnea-hypopnea index (-14.3/h, p<10-5). No patient had his AHI increased with oral appliance. One patient stopped using OA mainly because of nausea.
Conclusions: Somnodent® is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is characterized by obstruction of the Upper Airways (UA) during sleep, causing desaturation and / or arousal [1]. In its severe form, its medium- and long-term consequences are of several orders (metabolic, cerebral, behavioural, and accidental). Of these risks, vascular risk is one of the greatest. This vascular risk is both cardiological, neurological and ophthalmological [2].In France, Oral Appliances (OAs) are one of the possible treatments of OSAHS with clinical signs such as headache, fatigue, drowsiness, nycturia, nocturnal suffocations, vascular comorbidities and road accident by falling asleep [3-7]. They are considered as a second-line treatment for severe OSAHS after refusal or discontinuation of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and as a first-line treatment for moderate OSA [8]. All OAs are anchored on teeth and aim to advance the mandible towards the maxilla. The precise mechanism of OAs action remains unclear and is probably multifactorial: increase of the caliber of the upper airway by increasing the space behind the base of tongue and the soft palate, changing of configuration of the uvula and tongue, decreasing the UA resistance [9-12] and the stretching-receptors activity in the genioglossus muscle [11, 13].Different OA designs exist according to the teeth they rely on, the mechanism of advancement and/or the direction of the applied forces to advance the mandible. They are generally considered in the literature as a homogeneous group. However, considering them as a homogeneous group is debatable and very few comparisons of the efficacy and tolerance of different OA have been led [14]
Methods
The whole study took place in the ENT unit of our institution.
Every patient who received an OA between 06/01/2019 and 10/31/2020 was retrospectively included.
OA indications were:
Patients were either directly referred to the ENT doctor by the general practitioner for a sleep exam, or by a pulmonologist, a neurologist or a cardiologist after completion of a sleep exam.
Polygraphies were performed in every patients. Interpretation was conducted using the American Association of Sleep Medicine criteria of sleep exams.
The initial ENT consultation, verifying the absence of OA contraindications, was fully described for another OA [15, 16].
After acceptance of patient’s refund by the French Social Security, a dental print by alginate was performed during ENT consultation and the print was sent to the OA production site (you can see the technique on our YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d09mc7L6-HA&t=37s.
The George Gauge bite fork process is also available on our YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zlab2Qeh2FI.
The OA design used in our unit was the Somnodent® custom-made titratable twin-block propulsion with cylinders OA manufactured by Somnomed laboratory (Beaucouzé, France). After OA ENT consultation delivery and follow up consultations:
The OA was delivered by an ENT doctor. Explanations about the set up and removal of the OA, the side effects, their management, and the maintenance of the OA were explained to the patient.Approximately two to four weeks after OA delivery, the patient was invited for the OA safety and efficacy assessment.
The multiparametric (subjective and objective) titration method [17] was performed: the OA advancement was titrated to approximately 50% of its maximum advancement when it is given to the patient. At each titration consultation (every two to four weeks), advancement was progressively increased by steps of 0.5 or 1 millimeter to ensure a maximum well-tolerated progress until improvement of clinical signs. A 1-mm-step was the most common step. The 0.5-mm-step was only used in case of pain induced by OA and its clinical ineffectiveness. The titration process can be seen on our YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVwj0He4914&t=2s.
Once clinical signs are amended, the patient performed polygraphy in the same place and with the same sleep specialist as the first exam (before OA). Once the adjustment was optimized both clinically and with the sleep exam, the patient was seen regularly every six months during the first year and then on a yearly basis the following years. Follow up was conducted both by an ENT doctor in order to monitor the patient compliance, the deterioration of the OA, and the possible recurrence of OSA signs and symptoms [18], and by a dentist, in order to monitor the oral and dental impact.
The main objective of the study was to determine OA efficacy on AHI.
The secondary objectives of this study were to determine rates of:
The main outcome measure was the most frequently used criteria of efficacy existing in the literature:
The secondary outcomes measures were:
Mean comparisons were performed with Student tests and ANOVA.
Our model was built using univariate linear modeling. If necessary, multivariate linear modeling was performed with putative confounding factors.
Every test and modeling were performed with R software.
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
For this type of study, formal consent from patients or the statement of institutional review board are not required in France.
General data
Twenty-seven patients (21 males and 6 females) received an OA between 06/01/2019 and 12/31/2020. The mean age was 58.9 ± 13.9 years. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 28 ± 5.1 kg/m². Ten patients (37%) stopped their CPAP treatment because of they could not tolerate it and eight (29.6%) refused it. The other characteristics of the population are reported in Table 1. The flowchart is shown in Figure 1. Twenty-two patients were finally included (21 patients with polygraphic or polysomnographic control and one patient who gave-up OA before with polygraphic or polysomnographic control). Five patients are waiting for their sleep exam control.
AHI at diagnosis significantly increased with age but not with the Body Mass Index (BMI) (p=0.0387 and 0.5621 respectively). In other words, initial AHI was significantly higher in older and but not in heavier patients.
1.Delivery of the OA
At its delivery, OA appeared ill-adapted for three patients (12%) because of too much teeth retention leading to pain. New dental prints were immediately performed to redo another OA.
As shown in Figure 1, five patients (18.5%) did not undergo their sleep exam control at the time of the redaction of this article.
The figure 2 presents variability of the absolute and relative advancements applied thanks to the OA.
2.Effect of OA on AHI
The mean AHI reduction with OA was 14.3/h ± 7.2 (p<10-5). 55.6% of patients had a >50% AHI reduction after OA. The individual absolute and relative reductions of AHI are presented in Figure 3. No patient had an AHI increase with OA (Figure 3).
The other outcomes are shown in Table 1.
A: Absolute AHI change (/h). A positive absolute change means decrease of the AHI after oral appliance; a negative absolute change is increase of the AHI after oral appliance.
B: Relative change of AHI (%) = 100 x (final AHI-initial AHI) / initial AHI. A positive relative change means a decrease of the AHI after oral appliance, a negative relative change indicates an increase of the IAH after oral appliance
OA: Oral Appliance, OSAHS: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome
The absolute and relative changes of AHI per patient are shown in Figure 4. No main characteristics of the patients (age, BMI, initial AHI) had a significant impact on the AHI absolute and relative reductionThe absolute and relative changes of AHI
The absolute and relative changes of AH per patient are shown in Figure 4. No main characteristics of the patients (age, BMI, initial AHI) had a significant impact on the AHI absolute and relative reduction.
Other outcomes are shown in Table 1.
The mean ODI significantly decreased with OA: -9.3 events/h, p=0.021. The mean LOS did not significantly increase with OA: +0.13%, p=0.9588. So did the mean TB90S (-13.2/h, p=0.0967).
Tolerance difficulty (nausea) was reported by one patient (4%) from the second ENT consultation leading to the discontinuation of the use of OA.
Our study has demonstrated that Somnodent® OA allowed a significant efficacy on AHI (AHI mean decrease of 14.3/h ± 7.2 and a 50%-AHI reduction rate of 55.4%) and on ODI with a mean advancement of 5.3mm. The efficacy seemed very close to the main studies of Somnodent® OA where the mean AHI decrease was -16/h for Mehta et al. [19] (28 patients), -15/h for Gotsopoulos et al. [20] (73 patients), -13/h (23 patients) for Pitsis et al, -11.8/h for Ng et al. [11] (10 patients). The mean AHI reduction was also similar to our experience in Narval® OA [15] (-14.9/h ± 11.9/h and a 50%-AHI reduction rate of 65.2%).
Criteria for OAs efficacy vary according to the studies. The main outcome that we chose to evaluate OA efficacy (AHI decrease ability) is debatable because of its inter- and intra-observer measurement variability and the fact that it is not a clinical parameter. But the impact on AHI is also present on ODI and LOS (more objective but less sensitive parameters) and those parameters are also often retained [6, 15, 16, 20-24].
The OA tolerance was excellent, since only one patient (3.7%) could not tolerate it, a finding that was consistent with the rates in the literature [7, 25].
Although our study is not comparative, compliance seemed better than the rates reported in the literature in CPAP follow up studies [26, 27] or in studies comparing CPAP and OA [28-30] and comaprable than our experience in Narval® OA [15].
Our study may be criticized because it is retrospective with many patients that did not have a sleep exam control (18.5%). It must be considered as an evaluation of experience, first step before a comparative study between Narval® OA from Resmed laboratory (Saint-Genis-Laval, France), necessary to calculate the sample size. Indeed our ENT unit has been using the Narval® OA from for many years. It is an efficient design that is well tolerated by patients [6, 7, 15, 16, 23, 31, 32]. We first used the Somnodent® OA to treat patients without teeth and later for any patients with an apparent similar efficacy and tolerance. After having evaluated the efficacy and tolerance of each OA, the next step will be to compare one to another.
In this study, Somnodent® OA led to a significant AHI and ODI reduction in moderate to severe OSAHS patients. Comparative studies should be performed to determine if a particular type of OA is more effective or better tolerated than another.
Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
The work was not supported by any fund.
All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards."
For this type of study, formal consent is not required.
To Dr. B Navailles, MD, former head of the ENT Head and Neck surgery department, for developing oral appliances and for the interest he has elicited in all members of his team. RIP.
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