Disaster and Crime in the Coastal Area of Bangladesh: A Study on Police Activities

Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.31579/2768-0487/120

Disaster and Crime in the Coastal Area of Bangladesh: A Study on Police Activities

  • Mohammad Shahjahan *

Director (Research & Publication), Police Staff College, Bangladesh.

*Corresponding Author: Mohammad Shahjahan, Director (Research & Publication), Police Staff College Bangladesh.

Citation: Mohammad S., (2024), Disaster and Crime in the Coastal Area of Bangladesh: A Study on Police Activities, Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research. 7(1); DOI:10.31579/2768-0487/120

Copyright: © 2024, Mohammad Shahjahan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 16 November 2023 | Accepted: 27 December 2023 | Published: 12 January 2024

Keywords: disaster; crime; coastal areas; police; bangladesh

Abstract

Background: The coastal areas of Bangladesh are prone to multiple threats such as cyclones, storm surges and floods, as well as earthquakes, tsunamis, and above all, climate change. These types of disaster hamper the human lives and community order. The local police force of Bangladesh has to take some seasonal actions controlling the human behavior in during and post disasters period in the coastal areas on Bangladesh. 

Objective: The main focus of the study is to know how disasters and crimes are interrelated and what forms of crime are being done in the coastal areas of Bangladesh.  The present study is conducted to know this involving the police force activities in the by taking the perception of the community people perceptions as well as the tentative suggestions by the mass people how to change the situations for a better milieu. 

Methods and tools: This were a mixed method study conducted among 385 study subjects residing in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule by maintaining purposive sampling method through face-to-face interview sessions. 

Results: A number of 89.01% (male) and 82.15% (female) respondents of the coastal areas mentioned that they have to face tidal mostly in the terms of natural disaster. The study shows that 98.32% are committed to act of stealing (family goods, fish, trees, etc.), 59.20% committed to torture women and children, 86.37% captured the neighbors’ goods and resources. Picture of crimes that were done by the local people in post-disaster in the coastal areas notably 89.36% involved in stealing and quarreling, 84.21% terrorism for money, 98.24% in the name of relief, 68.32% exchanged goods ill-legally, 42.52% sexual harassed and 58.64% ill-legal possession of land. Regarding police assistance, 26.35% respondents were helped to obey the laws, 36.95% harassed by the local police force, 53.24% faced bribe questions in the name of service, 58.03% no helped from the police force, 54.76% mentioned police didn’t come to the disasters spot, 49.38% mentioned police helped to control the armed robbers, 65.96% happy to get the service from the village police force, 59.37% said police force avoided the demand of mass people. 

Introduction

The physical geography of Bangladesh’s coastal areas is more diverse and dynamic as generally recognized. The coastal areas of Bangladesh are affected by natural disasters, land erosion and land subsidence, doing crime and recidivisms, etc. are the common picture of the coastal areas. Controlling the social and legal order for the betterment of the society’s people, the police force is engaged to maintain the situations that are occurred by the impact of disasters in the coastal areas. The coastal areas of Bangladesh are facing the terms of crime in a new form that makes hampered the normal livelihood pattern of the disaster-prone community people. The police force of coastal areas is taken new forms of activities controlling crimes related human behavior in order to make the social peace in the community level. When disasters strike communities, people largely pull together. In the wake of devastating events like earthquakes, big fires, or hurricanes, they look for ways to support one another, protect what remains, and re-establish a sense of normalcy (Kelly et al, 2015). A few people in disaster areas turn to anti-social activities, including crime. Uplifting cooperation follows community disasters, but so do looting; sexual assaults, acts of domestic violence, and fraud. Understanding these phenomena will aid the development of effective strategies to prevent antisocial actions when future disasters strike (Mileti & Dennis 1999). Researchers have learned that each major type of crime or antisocial behavior must be understood in its own terms. News reports often feature instances of looting in the wake of disasters that force many residents away from their homes and businesses. However, determining whether looting has actually occurred can be difficult. Physical damage caused by the disaster itself may give a false appearance that looting has happened (Roy et al, 2009). Women coping with disasters may be forced into vulnerable situations, including when they try to find food and other necessities for their families or look for shelter or transportation out of a stricken area. All such endeavors can put women in contact with strangers, which increases their risk of being raped or assaulted. In addition, it is not uncommon for women in disruptive circumstances to be raped or sexually assaulted by people they know, even people with whom they have established relationships (Mileti & Dennis, 1999). Indeed, many studies find that domestic violence increases exponentially in the wake of a community disaster. The present study is focused on the crimes in the coastal areas caused by disasters highlighting the police force activities taking the mass people perceptions as well as the stakeholder’s opinions.

Methods:

This study is perception-based opinion survey in nature and follows mixed method approach such as quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative method is used to investigate the functions of police in the disaster’s situation in the coastal areas of Bangladesh taking interview by the inhabitants of selected coastal areas. On the other hand, qualitative method is used to know the inherent facts from the stakeholders (members of local police force, elected political leaders, community leaders, senior citizens, local doctors, teachers, journalists, women representatives, lawyers, GO body in locally, NGO workers/human rights activist, social service activists, etc.) in order to cross the data making a proactive social policy changing the situations and to hope a crime free society in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. The coastal areas of Bangladesh are the research area, but considering the communication, police functions in the coastal areas, heavily disasters affected areas is counted as priority-based research areas for collecting data both qualitative and quantitative method. The native people segment of the coastal areas are the research population and every one of them are considered as a unit of data analysis. At the same time, getting the HIDDEN ACTUAL FACTS (HAF) in the coastal areas, some stakeholders in different professions are interviewed following a checklist. Purposive sampling technique was used for collecting sample from the population which was unknown to us in terms of actual figure. It is considered this sampling procedure because it is focuses on specific cases that are dramatic or very important. Now, because of unknown population it is very important to determine representative sample size to conduct this study. Then, the required sample size is calculated as 385. The selected sample was interviewed following a semi-structured interview schedule by maintaining purposive sampling method through face-to-face interview sessions. Ten (10) KII (Key Informants Interview) were conducted gathering the stakeholders (identity of stakeholders is mentioned in Research Approach) in the selected coastal areas who are capable to define cause-effect relationships between disaster and crime in the coastal area.

Results:

Types of natural disasters

Male respondents

(%)

Female respondents

(%)

Tornado83.0479.7
Earthquake0.821.39
Tidal89.0182.15
Heavy rainfall & flood83.0073.02
Draught0.380.00
Others (tide, water victimization*)5.823.75

Table-1: Types of natural disaster in coastal areas of Bangladesh.

*Water victimization means the power groups of coastal areas use the water according to their wishes and against of the mass people benefit in some cases

Table 1 shows the types of natural disaster in the coastal areas of study locations. A number of 89.01perecentage (male) and 82.15perecentage (female) respondents of the coastal areas mentioned that they have to face tidal mostly in the terms of natural disaster. Heavy rainfall and flood (83.00perecentage) and tornado (83.04perecentage) are noticed by the male respondents of the study areas. On the other hand, the female respondent’s response is varied from the male respondents. The female respondents raised that heavy rainfall and flood (73.02perecentage), and tornado (79.7perecentage) hit them mostly.

Types of crimePercentage
Act of stealing (family goods, fish, trees, etc)98.32
Women and children torture59.20
Not noticeable crimes19.68
Captured neighbors goods and resources86.37
Terrorism for collecting money ill-legally68.95
Others0.00

Table- 2: Crimes committed by local people in the disaster affected community in during disaster.

More than one response was possible                                     

The table 2 presents the crimes committed by the local people in during-disaster in the disasters affected communities. About 98.32perecentage are committed to act of stealing (family goods, fish, trees, etc), 59.20perecentage committed to torture women and children, 86.37perecentage captured the neighbors goods and resources, and  19.68perecentage mentioned no noticeable crimes. The table indicates a thing that the local people of disaster affected coastal areas are committed to act of stealing in most of the cases.The stakeholders (members of local police force) of study area are mentioned that the local people are committed to non-serious crimes in the during-disaster that are related to lives and environment. The local police force members are said that due to insufficiency of livelihood essentials things, the local people are doing these types of behavior.

Assistance typesPercentage
Helped to obey the laws26.35
Local police force harassed the affected people36.95
Demanded bribe if anyone goes to get help53.24
No helped from police force58.03
Police forces didn’t come the disaster spot54.76
Police helped to control the armed robbers49.38
Village police helped the affected people65.96
Police avoided the affected people in the name of not related in routine duty59.37
Others (don’t know, not interested in comments, etc.)12.35

Table- 3: Got assistance(s) from local police force in the period of during disaster.

More than one response was possible                        

The table 3 shows that the assistance(s) are got from the police force in the period of during-disaster to save the affected people. The table mentions that 26.35perecentagerespondents are helped to obey the laws, 36.95perecentage harassed by the local police force, 53.24perecentage faced bribe questions in the name of service, 58.03perecentage no helped from the police force, 54.76perecentage mentioned police didn’t come to the disasters spot, 49.38perecentage mentioned police helped to control the armed robbers, 65.96perecentage happy to get the service from the village police force, 59.37perecentage said police force avoided the demand of mass people, 12.35perecentage are not interested to provide any answer. 

Crime’s typePercentage
Stealing and quarreling89.36
Terrorism for money84.21
Cheating and mismanagement in the name of relief98.24
Exchange goods ill-legally68.32
Sexual harassment42.52
Ill-legal possession of land58.64
Increase the rate of early marriage23.86
Nepotism in facilities distributions87.34
Others (don’t know, etc)14.05

Table- 4: Crimes committed by local people in post-disaster period.

More than one response was possible                             

The table shows the picture of crimes that are done by the local people in post-disaster in the disaster affected coastal areas. The table mentions that 89.36perecentage are involved in stealing and quarreling, 84.21perecentage terrorism for money, 

98.24perecentage cheated and mismanaged in the name of relief, 68.32perecentage exchanged goods ill-legally, 42.52perecentageare sexual harassed, 58.64perecentage are ill-legal possession of land, 23.86perecentage claimed for early marriage, 8734perecentage did nepotism in facilities distributions, 14.05perecentage don’t have any comments.

Expecting assistance(s)Percentage
Help for recovering having lost resources and person(s)89.63
Be  saved from torture and attacks98.67
Loading the GD (general diary)68.03
Don’t go without emergency problems62.38
Need help to minimize the chaos98.02

Table- 5: Expecting assistance(s) from police force after post-disaster.

More than one response was possible                                   

The table expresses the expecting assistance(s) from the police force after post-disaster. The respondents have to mention the views as like that 89.63perecentage expect help for recovering having lost resources and persons, 98.67perecentage want to be saved from torture and attacks, 68.03perecentage claim help to load a GD, 62.38perecentage expressed that don’t go police station without any emergency, 98.02perecentage need help to minimize the chaos.

Names of depreciationPercentage
Damaged the houses(s)97.85
Ill-legal possession of land49.62
Damaged the crops87.37
Missing the domestic animals86.35

Table-6: Names of depreciation by crime(s) in the period of during disaster.

More than one response was possible                                   

The table is important in the sense of depreciations list in during-disaster in the disaster affected coastal areas. The table mentions that 97.85perecentage respondents are damaged the houses, 49.62perecentage are captured others land ill-legally, 87.37perecentage damaged the crops, 86.35perecentage missed the domestic animals. 

Committed crimes by person(s)Percentage
Local people86.03
Person(s) out of local area13.97
Others0.00

Table-7: Person(s) who are mostly committed crime(s) in during disaster.

The table notes the person who is mostly committed crimes in during-disaster. The table mentions that 86.03% local people are committed crimes mostly, 13.97perecentage respondents said that people out the local area have 

committed crimes.  Table opines a statement that the crime(s) in the disaster affected coastal areas has mostly performed by the local people. 

The study area is observed by taking interviews of noted personalities who are worked/ lived there. The noted personalities referred that

  • Most of the people of disaster affected coastal areas are poor in all sites. It is not possible by them to fulfill their needs and demand in during and post disaster so that the local people have done some undesirable behaves.  The noted person is mentioned that unique proverb as like “necessity knows no law”.
  • The local people are satisfied if their demands and needs will be fulfilled by the govt. and other agencies.  The local people like that the local police force comes forward to help the affected people in the disaster period.
  • The local police force has noted that in the duration of disaster everyone is busy to protect oneself.  So that police force is busied to protect, at first, them and try to save their logistics support of profession secondly. The local people are claimed that police force is not professionalized according to serve the mass people as the profession commitment. 
Victimized person(s)Percentage
Male person4 .82
Female person51.23
Children24.30
Senior citizens19.65

Table-8: Person(s) who are mostly being victimized in during-disaster.

The table highlights the person(s) who are mostly being victimized in during-disaster. The table mentions that 4.82perecentage male persons are being victimized, 51.23perecentagefemale person being victimized, 24.30% children are hampered by the disasters, and 19.65perecentage senior citizens are suffered by the disasters. 

Discussion

The study is conducted to know the relationship between disaster and crime in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. In the period of data collection procedure, some issues are observed in the coastal areas that interrelated in the livelihood pattern of coastal people. The people of coastal areas are facing the disaster and its impact from the long time. The coastal people are capable more than previous period because they are known how to face the disaster its related factors from the multi-dimensional institutions which are working the in the coastal areas. In some cases, the coastal people are annoyed to local police force due to their (police) late responses to combat the disaster oriented crimes. On the other hand, the coastal people’s perception are being changed day by day towards police force because of they (police) are trying to serve the local people in the durations of natural and man-made catastrophes. Bangladesh with a huge population is situated in a geographical position which is called disaster prone country internationally (Babul et al, 2020). Due to fragile geographical location, the people of Bangladesh are facing the disasters frequently. The people of disaster prone areas have scope hardly to change their fate and position by the own resources as well as capacity. By the Govt. programs and NGOs initiatives, the situation is changed slowly but proper way. Floods are a common disaster in the coastal areas of Bangladesh (Parvin et al, 2008). The history of floods in Bangladesh captures tragic documents for the people. Floods are the most frequent disasters in Bangladesh, causing immense suffering to a large number of people, damaging infrastructure and other resources. Roughly one-third of the country become severely affected by floods while the catastrophic floods of 1988, 1998, 2004, and 2007 caused inundation of more than 60 percent of the country's land (Nasreen, 2017: February 26, The Daily Star). The four types of flooding in Bangladesh include flash floods caused by overflowing of hilly rivers of eastern and northern Bangladesh; rain floods caused by drainage congestion and heavy rain falls; river floods during monsoon season; and coastal floods caused by storm surges. The causes behind the floods of Bangladesh indicate the natural and human influenced factors. Crime and recidivisms in the coastal area are done mostly due to floods. And the floods also make the other problems that stimulate the human of doing crimes such as river erosion, damaging embankments, damaged standing crops and infrastructures in the coastal areas. Disasters in coastal areas of Bangladesh create a vulnerable situation on the human life, social and cultural progress. Disasters also make favorable environment of doing crimes in the coastal areas though these types of crimes are non-serious criteria in most of cases. The police force of south Asian countries has taken some pertinent programs to save the human of disaster prone areas.  Though the action of programs of the countries is varied because of the situation and causes of disasters as well as the human movement are also different from one to one.  Geographically, Bangladesh is a land of disaster prone and the disaster (both natural and man-made) for Bangladesh is a curse for the mass people particularly the people in the coastal areas.  The mass people have to face any type of disaster in anytime. Considering the consequences of 

disasters, the field based professions are involved to rescue the affected people as well as to control the public procurement for the batter safety.  In the legal aspects of disasters management of Bangladesh has specified some roles for police department considering the overall disasters situation. The prime objectives involving the police force in disaster management are to: (a) engage the police force in emergency responses in disasters, rescue and rehabilitation programs in post disasters, (b) take the professional actions for the field level police unit increasing the working skills. Actually, there is no research report and documents on the police role in disasters prone areas.  Form the daily newspaper, some information is collected but it is not enough according to the role of police.  In Bangladesh, the police of local level have performed lot of activities to save the disaster affected people, and it is recognized in national and international level. The country of Japan in South Asia has faced disaster as daily events. The police department of Japan government has taken some pertinent programs and actions that recover the people from any undesirable situations as like crimes. The disaster affected people in Japan are well trained by the local police force in the question of how to tackle the disaster situation. And the police force of Japan has conducted some preventive parameters to control the human behaviors as if any unexpected situation is not done. The police force of Japan has made a model how to control the human ill motive as like crimes in the period of disasters, and it (model) is used in many countries. For the better improvement, the Bangladesh police force may be introduced the model in controlling the field situation. Disasters promote criminal behaviors among the human in the disaster affected areas. In some cases, crimes welcome disasters both man-made and natural. An article written by Fullerton et al (2003) is published on the disasters and crimes situation in the disaster-prone country, and has declared that disaster is an event that more or less depends on the human behavior. Local people of disaster affected areas have done some unethical activities that will damage the normalcy of the mass people.  The study is guided by a clear methodological direction but the field situation makes some difficulties that intervenes the study perceptions, and it is called the limitations of the study.  The present study is conducted to know the role of police force in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. When it is said for the respondents, it is a fearing issue for the local people. The local people, in some cases, feel uneasy to provide the actual situation with data collectors. Second limitation of the study is desperate weather in the data collection period in the research areas. For that the data collectors are faced some painful environments to meet with the local people known as respondents in the study. The police force is treated as study stakeholders but in the interviewing session the police force is controlled themselves not to open the actual situations that are done in the coastal areas. 

Conclusion

Disasters in coastal areas of Bangladesh create a vulnerable situation on the human life, social and cultural progress. Disasters also make favorable environment of doing crimes in the coastal areas though these types of crimes are non-serious criteria in most of cases. This study concluded a thing that the local people of disaster affected coastal areas are committed to act of stealing in most of the cases. They had to face tidal mostly in the terms of natural disaster. 

Conflict of interest

This was a self-funding study. There was no conflict of interest.

References

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Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

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Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

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Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

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Luiz Sellmann

I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.

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Zhao Jia