Decoding Peripheral Lung Disease: Lung Ultrasound Phenotypes, Endotypes, and Etiology

Review ariticle | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/1084

Decoding Peripheral Lung Disease: Lung Ultrasound Phenotypes, Endotypes, and Etiology

  • Perlat Kapisyzi FCCP 1,2*
  • Eritjan Tashi 1
  • Eugerta Dilka 1,2
  • Juliana Gjoni 1
  • Elona Xhardo 1
  • Armela Cuko 1
  • Laert Gjati 1
  • Esmeralda Nushi 1
  • Alma Tefereci 1
  • Valentina Hima 1
  • Franc Rrumbullaku 1
  • Marsel Broqi 1
  • Behexhet Neziri 1
  • Anxhela Duqi 1
  • Suada Velo 1
  • Fadil Gradica 1,2
  • Silva Tafaj 1,2
  • Silvana Bala 1,2

1University Hospital “Shefqet Ndroqi’’ Tirana Albania.

2University of Medicine, Tirana Albania.

*Corresponding Author: Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi FCCP, University Hospital “Shefqet Ndroqi’’ Tirana Albania.

Citation: Perlat Kapisyzi, Eritjan Tashi, Eugerta Dilka, Juliana Gjoni, Elona Xhardo, et al, (2026), Decoding Peripheral Lung Disease: Lung Ultrasound Phenotypes, Endotypes, and Etiology, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, 35(2); DOI:10.31579/2690-4861/1084

Copyright: © 2026, Perlat Kapisyzi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 28 March 2026 | Accepted: 14 April 2026 | Published: 17 April 2026

Keywords: lung ultrasound; phenotypes; Endotypes; pulmonary infarction; tuberculosis; pulmonary edema; bronchiectasis; lung imaging

Abstract

Key Learning Points

Introduction

Lung ultrasound (LUS) has gained increasing acceptance as a bedside imaging modality for the evaluation of pulmonary disease, particularly in critical care and emergency settings. Early work by Lichtenstein and colleagues demonstrated that ultrasound artefacts generated at the pleural interface may provide valuable diagnostic information in acute respiratory failure [1,2]. Subsequently, international consensus recommendations established LUS as a useful tool for evaluating pleural and peripheral lung pathology [3]. Despite its growing clinical application, the interpretation of lung ultrasound findings remains largely artefact based.

While artefact-based terminology has provided a useful starting point, it may inadvertently favor classification over comprehension. However, many peripheral lung diseases share common structural alterations that modify the balance between alveolar air, tissue, and blood. These changes generate reproducible acoustic patterns that may be interpreted as phenotypes, while the biological mechanisms responsible for these patterns may be viewed as Endotypes, analogous to concepts widely used in asthma and acute respiratory distress syndrome research [4,5]. Acoustic patterns should not be viewed as isolated visual entities, but as expressions of underlying biological processes shaping the lung periphery.

The aim of this study is to point out the new concept of image describing based on traditional methods of radiography and computed tomography and not in artefacts. This review proposes a conceptual framework linking lung ultrasound phenotypes with underlying biological Endotypes.

Physical Basis of Lung Ultrasound Patterns

The ultrasound appearance of the lung is determined primarily by acoustic impedance differences between air, and soft tissue. Air has extremely low acoustic impedance relative to biological tissues, producing strong reflections when ultrasound waves encounter air–tissue interfaces. In normal lung, the pleural surface and subpleural interstitial tissue act as a dominant reflective boundary that prevent deeper penetration of ultrasound waves. When pathological processes alter the composition of the peripheral lung, new acoustic interfaces emerge. Edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, or atelectasis may reduce the air–tissue ratio by increasing tissue density and/or partially replacing alveolar air, thereby modifying the distribution of air–tissue interfaces. These changes generate a limited number of acoustic phenotypes observable on lung ultrasound [2,6]. In this sense, ultrasound images do not merely reflect acoustic artefacts, but dynamic relationships between air, tissue, and vascular components.[7,8].

Lung Ultrasound Phenotypes

To facilitate interpretation, lung ultrasound phenotypes can be understood along a continuum of peripheral lung aeration, ranging from air-dominant states to tissue- and fluid-dominant conditions, with intermediate mixed patterns in between (Figure nr 1,3).

Figure 1: Lung Ultrasound Phenotypes 

Normal TWA Phenotype

The normal TWA phenotype represents the baseline acoustic configuration of the peripheral lung. It is characterized by a physiologic Twinkling White Area (TWA) beneath a smooth pleural line, reflecting preserved subpleural aeration and intact air–tissue interfaces [7,8].

All pathological lung ultrasound phenotypes may be interpreted as progressive deviations from the normal TWA phenotype, driven by alterations in the peripheral air–tissue–blood-lymph balance.

Nightfall Phenotype

The nightfall phenotype is characterized by a relative increase in the air-to-tissue ratio within the peripheral lung, reflecting processes such as air trapping, alveolar destruction, loss of the vascular tree, and regional overinflation. These biological changes result in a progressive reduction of reflective subpleural interfaces and alteration of the acoustic geometry of the Twinkling White Area (TWA), typically manifested as a decrease in TWA length and an increase in TWA width. This phenotype reflects a state of hyper-aeration with reduced tissue and vascular components, leading to diminished structural complexity at the lung periphery [9,10].

Foggy Dawn Phenotype

The foggy dawn phenotype reflects a relative increase in tissue and interstitial components within the peripheral lung without overt loss of aeration. It is associated with peribronchovascular and subpleural interstitial inflammation, as well as regional hypoventilation without overinflation. These biological processes lead to increased acoustic density and preservation of partially aerated interfaces, resulting in a relative increase in TWA length and a decrease in TWA width. This phenotype represents an intermediate state between normal aeration and consolidation, where air–tissue interactions remain present but altered [9,10].

Black Hypoechoic Density Phenotype

The black hypoechoic density phenotype refers to peripheral lung regions appearing as relatively homogeneous, markedly hypoechoic areas on lung ultrasound, often with poorly defined internal architecture and reduced internal echogenic reflections. This pattern reflects a marked reduction or near absence of residual aerated interfaces within the affected subpleural tissue. It is most commonly observed in acute inflammatory conditions such as pneumonia, where rapid alveolar filling and tissue edema produce fluid-dominant acoustic properties. Similar appearances may also occur in malignant lesions with central necrosis, where tissue breakdown and fluid accumulation create hypoechoic acoustic environments at the lung periphery.

White Reflective Phenotype

The white reflective phenotype occurs when alveolar aeration remains partially preserved despite inflammatory or interstitial changes. Numerous air–tissue interfaces generate strong reflections, producing highly reflective ultrasound patterns. This phenotype is frequently observed during early stages of viral pneumonitis and interstitial edema [11].

During the COVID-19 pandemic, early lung involvement often demonstrated highly reflective peripheral patterns corresponding to interstitial inflammation with preserved aeration [12].

Gray Peripheral Phenotype

Peripheral lung diseases may initially present as black hypoechoic subpleural lesions on lung ultrasound and later evolve into heterogeneous gray peripheral patterns as alveolar air progressively decreases and the inflammatory and vascular composition of the lesion changes over time. The gray peripheral phenotype reflects a prolonged disturbance of alveolar aeration associated with sustained inflammatory or vascular injury. As alveolar air-tissue ratio decreases due to edema, hemorrhage, or atelectasis, hypoechoic subpleural lesions emerge. With persistence over time, tissue organization, fibrosis, and necrotic changes increase lesion density, producing heterogeneous gray patterns. The recognition of the gray peripheral phenotype has important implications for differential diagnosis. Rather than indicating a single disease, this pattern defines a restricted diagnostic field that allows clinicians to move from a broad differential diagnosis (“long list”) toward a smaller group of biologically plausible conditions (“short list”). In this context, lung ultrasound phenotypes may function as a pattern-recognition filter, helping clinicians distinguish between common diseases and less frequent but clinically important entities. This approach resembles the classical diagnostic principle often referred to as the “zebra theory,” where uncommon conditions may occasionally explain atypical imaging findings when common explanations are insufficient.

This phenotype may occur in pulmonary infarction, organizing pneumonia, contraction atelectasis, and granulomatous diseases such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. Pulmonary infarction represents a typical vascular Endotype, where arterial occlusion leads to alveolar hemorrhage, necrosis and surfactant dysfunction, followed by localized atelectasis and inflammatory organization [13].

Tissue-Like Consolidation Phenotype

When alveolar air is almost completely replaced by inflammatory exudate, tissue or fluid, lung ultrasound produces a tissue-like pattern resembling hepatic parenchyma. This phenotype is commonly observed in bacterial pneumonia, atelectasis and severe alveolar filling processes [6].

Streaky Panoramic Phenotype

A streaky phenotype appears when destructive lung processes disrupt normal pulmonary architecture. In these cases, ultrasound images reveal multiple elongated echogenic streaks extending across the field of view, producing a streaky panoramic appearance. This pattern may occur in lung abscesses, cavitary lung cancer, bronchiectasis with inflammatory destruction, infected pulmonary bulla, or ruptured pulmonary echinococcal cysts.

Fibro-Inflammatory Hyper-Echogenic Phenotype

Chronic inflammatory diseases associated with fibrosis may produce clusters of hyper-echogenic densities within hypoechoic heterogeneous lesions. In these cases, acoustic interfaces arise primarily from fibrotic and inflammatory tissue interfaces   rather than from air–tissue boundaries. This phenotype may be encountered in advanced tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, chronic bronchiectatic remodeling and end stage of diffuse lung diseases These patterns appear not as isolated visual signatures, but as consistent acoustic expressions of underlying biological states.

Biological Endotype of Peripheral Lung Injury

Several biological mechanisms may generate similar acoustic phenotypes:

Rather than representing fixed diagnostic categories, endotypes reflect dominant biological mechanisms that shape the acoustic phenotype. 

Peribronchovascular–Subpleural Interstitial Inflammatory endotype

 (Foggy Dawn-associated) The corresponding Endotype is characterized by predominant interstitial inflammation involving both the peribronchovascular and subpleural interstitial tissue. This process is associated with increased interstitial cellular infiltration and fluid accumulation in interstitial compartments leading to a relative increase in tissue density without complete loss of aeration. In addition, regional hypoventilation due to bronchial obstruction contributes to reduced air turnover, further altering the local air–tissue balance. Importantly, this Endotype is not associated with overinflation or structural destruction, but rather with a tissue-enriched state in which alveolar architecture remains partially preserved. The combined effect of interstitial inflammation and hypoventilation results in complex but still structured air–tissue interfaces, corresponding to the characteristic acoustic pattern of the foggy dawn phenotype.  Regional hypoventilation due to bronchial obstruction further alters the air–tissue balance. Unlike hyper aerated or destructive states, this pattern reflects a tissue-enriched but structurally preserved lung, corresponding to the foggy dawn phenotype.

Hyper-aeration with Structural Loss, Air Trapping, and Overinflation Endotype (Nightfall-associated) 

The underlying Endotype is defined by structural and functional loss of the alveolar–vascular unit, driven by mechanisms such as alveolar wall destruction, reduced capillary network, and impaired perfusion. These changes increase the relative proportion of air within the lung while reducing tissue and blood components, resulting in altered acoustic reflection and simplified subpleural architecture. The dominant pathophysiological feature is a shift toward an air-dominant state with loss of normal air–tissue–vascular interfaces.

Necrotic / Fluid-Dominant Endotype

Acute inflammatory injury may result in alveolar flooding with inflammatory exudate, cellular debris, and interstitial edema, leading to a substantial reduction in air content. In malignant disease, tumor necrosis and liquefaction may generate similar fluid-rich microenvironments. In both situations, the dominant pathophysiological mechanism is the replacement of aerated alveolar structures by fluid or necrotic material, shifting the local air–tissue balance toward a fluid-dominant state and producing the hypoechoic acoustic pattern observed on lung ultrasound.

The vascular endotype 

Encompasses processes such as vascular thrombosis, pulmonary necrosis, hemorrhage, increased hydrostatic pressure, and alterations in oncotic balance, all of which modify perfusion and the air–tissue–blood interface. 

The inflammatory endotype 

Reflects parenchymal inflammation driven by viral, bacterial, autoimmune, drug-induced, or radiation-related mechanisms, leading to increased tissue density and altered aeration. 

The granulomatous endotype 

Is characterized by structured inflammatory responses with varying stages of granuloma formation and organization.

The mechanical endotype 

Includes obstructive, compressive, or contraction atelectasis associated with impaired ventilation and surfactant dysfunction. 

Destructive Structural Endotype 

Represents advanced architectural disruption, where combinations of tissue destruction and intra-parenchymal fluid or secretions create complex air–fluid interfaces (Figure 2). 

Pleural Ultrasound Phenotypes 

Linking Morphology, Mechanisms, and Disease Lung ultrasound provides direct visualization of the pleural interface and the pleural cavity, allowing pleural abnormalities to be interpreted through recognizable morphological phenotypes. Pleural ultrasound morphology has been previously described in terms of echogenic patterns and structural characteristics of pleural fluid and pleural surfaces [14–17]. These phenotypes should not be viewed as disease-specific entities but rather as structural expressions of different biological processes occurring within the pleural space. In this framework, ultrasound phenotypes reflect underlying pleural Endotypes, which in turn may arise from a range of clinical conditions. 

The free pleural effusion phenotype

Represents the simplest structural configuration. Ultrasound demonstrated a homogeneous anechoic fluid layer separating the pleural surfaces while preserving smooth pleural boundaries and free gravitational redistribution. [15,16]. Mechanistically, this pattern reflects fluid accumulation without significant fibrin organization, typically associated with hydrostatic imbalance, reduced oncotic pressure, or early inflammatory exudation. Such mechanisms are commonly encountered in heart failure–related transudative effusions, hypoalbuminemia, early parapneumonic effusions, or early malignant pleural effusion. 

The septated pleural effusion phenotype 

Reflects progressive organization of the pleural fluid. Echogenic fibrinous strands traverse the effusion and divide it into loculated compartments, restricting fluid mobility. This morphology corresponds to Endotypes characterized by fibrin deposition and inflammatory organization within the pleural cavity [16,17]. While classically associated with empyema and tuberculous pleuritis, similar septated patterns may also occur in malignant pleural effusions where tumor-related inflammation or hemorrhage promotes fibrin formation.

The complex pleural effusion phenotype

Is characterized by heterogeneous internal echoes resulting from suspended cellular elements, fibrin aggregates, hemorrhagic components, or necrotic ones [14,16]. This phenotype reflects a pleural environment with high inflammatory or cellular activity and may be observed in complicated parapneumonic effusions, malignant pleural effusions, or hemothorax. Alterations of the pleural surface itself produce distinct structural phenotypes. 

The pleural thickening phenotype 

manifests as focal or diffuse enlargement of the pleural line, frequently associated with irregular contours, increased echogenicity, and reduced pleural sliding. This pattern reflects Endotypes related to chronic pleural remodeling, fibrotic transformation, or tumor infiltration, as encountered in chronic pleuritis, asbestos-related pleural disease, or pleural metastases [17-21]. 

The pleural nodular phenotype

Is defined by focal nodules or mass-like protrusions arising from the pleural surface, producing an irregular pleural profile and heterogeneous acoustic reflections. These structures typically reflect infiltrative or proliferative Endotypes of the pleura, most commonly associated with pleural metastases, mesothelioma, or granulomatous pleuritis [17,18,20,21]. 

Pleural separation phenotype

 In acute microbial pleuritis, the inflammatory process is characterized by edema, fibrin deposition, and a reactive exudate that increases pleural reflectivity but keeps adherence between layers. Consequently, the pleural complex appears thickened but unified. In contrast, during chronic or post-inflammatory stages, fibrosis, focal retraction, or partial detachment of the visceral pleura can create a pleura separation. This may produce two parallel hyper echoic lines — the parietal and visceral pleurae - separated by a narrow hypo echoic interspace corresponding to fibrotic or residual fluid tissue. Thus, the probability of visualizing separated pleural layers may be lower in acute inflammation (due to adhesion and exudate) and higher in chronic pleuritic remodeling (due to fibrosis and mechanical decoupling) [22] (Table 1, 2). Taken together, pleural ultrasound phenotypes represent different structural expressions of pleural interface alteration. Interpreting these patterns within a phenotype–Endotype framework may help bridge ultrasound morphology with the biological mechanisms shaping pleural disease. This approach allows ultrasound findings to be interpreted within a physiological and pathological context, rather than as isolated acoustic events.

Diagnostic Value of Spatial Patterns in Lung Ultrasound Phenotypes

The anatomical distribution of lung lesions may provide additional diagnostic clues. Granulomatous diseases frequently involve the apical lung zones, whereas vascular processes such as pulmonary infarction tend to affect posterior, basal lung regions. Diffuse inflammatory diseases such as viral pneumonitis, connective tissue diseases often involve the basal part of peripheral lung bilaterally.

Conclusion

Lung ultrasound reveals a structured spectrum of reproducible acoustic phenotypes that reflect structural responses of the peripheral lung to injury. These phenotypes arise from multiple biological Endotypes affecting the balance between alveolar air, tissue, lymph, and blood. Integrating acoustic phenotypes with their biological Endotypes and spatial distribution may provide a more pathophysiologically grounded framework for interpreting lung ultrasound findings. In this review, we introduce several conceptual descriptors for peripheral lung ultrasound morphology, including the terms” nightfall “phenotype, “foggy dawn” phenotype, streaky panoramic phenotype,” heterogeneous gray hypo echoic density,” phenotype, “fibro-inflammatory hyper echoic density,” phenotype, “pleural rupture phenotype”, and “pleural separation” phenotype. These terms are proposed as descriptive phenotypic categories reflecting different air–tissue–vascular configurations at the lung periphery. 

This phenotype–Endotype framework may help bridge the gap between traditional artefact-based lung ultrasound interpretation and a more biologically grounded understanding of peripheral lung pathology. Lung ultrasound phenotypes may function as a clinically useful pattern-recognition filter, helping clinicians distinguish between common diseases and less frequent but clinically important entities. In this context, lung ultrasound becomes not only a tool for detection, but a means of interpretation, bridging image and biology at the bedside.  It is time to move beyond uncertainty and toward consistent clinical application.” Here we are no longer in "what if", but in "let's do it" 

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.

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Dr Victor Olagundoye

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.

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Dr Farahnaz Fallahian

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.

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Dr Oleg Golyanovski

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

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Dr Elvira Farina

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

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Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

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Dr David Vinyes

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

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Dr Anyuta Ivanova

I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.

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Dr Farooq Wandroo

"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".

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Dr Shweta Tiwari

To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

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Dr Tewodros Kassahun Tarekegn

I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Cristina Berriozabal

Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."

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Thomas Urban

I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.

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Zhao Jia

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

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Luiz Sellmann

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

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Sonila Qirko

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Lin-Show Chin

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

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Bruno Chauffert

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

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Dr Suramya Dhamija

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

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Andreas Filippaios

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

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Raed Mualem

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

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Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

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Hao Jiang

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

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Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

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Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

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Pedro Marques Gomes

Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

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Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.

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Katarzyna Byczkowska

Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.

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Orlando Villarreal

The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.

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Sing-yung Wu

We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.

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Layla Shojaie

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.

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Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.

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Ziemlé Clément Méda

Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.

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Delcio G Silva Junior

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

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Virginia E. Koenig