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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1897/177
1Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
2Universidad Anáhuac del Sur, México
3Universidad de Sonora, México
4Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
5Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, México
6Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
7Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
8Universidad de La Plata, Argentina
9Univesidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México
*Corresponding Author: Cruz García Lirios, Universidad de La Plata, Argentina
Citation: Arturo S. Sánchez., Gilberto B. Ruiz., Rincón Ornelas RM, Julio E. Crespo., Cruz G. Lirios, et al, (2024), Community resilience in the literature from 1992 to 2024, J, Surgical Case Reports and Images, 7(2); DOI:10.31579/2690-1897/177
Copyright: © 2024, Cruz García Lirios. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 07 February 2024 | Accepted: 20 February 2024 | Published: 01 March 2024
Keywords: natural disasters; stress; isomorphism; negentropy; entropy; resilience
Background: The environmental complexity observed in a locality has been studied through an isomorphic model in which the emergence of two identities is anticipated: one entropic and the other negentropic. In situations of risk, scarcity and unhealthy conditions, communities organize to reduce the effects of natural disasters on community health.
Aim: Specify a model for the study of stress and community resilience in the face of environmental risk events and natural disasters.
Method: A non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with a non-probabilistic selection of 600 people affected by the flooding of a river in central Mexico.
Results: Significant differences were found between men and women with respect to their levels of risk, stress and resilience that served to specify the model of dependency relationships between the variables that explain isomorphic environmental complexity.
Discussion: In relation to other model specifications, it is recommended to include the variables to demonstrate the logical trajectories of proposed dependency relationships.
Starting from a psychological approach to environmental complexity, the objective of this work is to specify a model for the study of community resilience. In this sense, the discussion is focused on isomorphism as an object of study and negentropy and entropy as the units of analysis. Isomorphism refers to a scenario in which it is possible to observe the influence of public policies on behavior against or in faavor of the conservation of the environment and natural resources, affecting the opportunities and capabilities of individuals, antecedent to the emergence of resilience (García et al 2015).If environmental complexity refers to the interrelationship between organized systems, then isomorphism refers to the imbalance and balance of organized systems that can tend towards chaos or order. In the case of an imbalance with a tendency to chaos, resilience emerges as an organized response of communities (García 2008). In the face of natural disasters and environmental catastrophes, communities develop a negentropic isomorphism in order to reduce the effects of climate change on local public health (García 2007).
Negentropy not only refers to the resources and capabilities of communities, but also to their cognition, emotionality, cooperation, solidarity and identity. Even at a more organized level, negenthropy involves governance that would consist of an agreement between actors regarding sustainability. Conflicts between economic, political and social actors anticipate the suffering and/or resilience of communities. In contrast, entropy refers to hopelessness, indolence and indifference to environmental problems (García et al 2015). Environmental complexity can be observed in a model which would include entropic and negentropic variables. In this sense, a non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with a non-probabilistic selection of 600 residents of communities surrounding the Balsas River. Based on the findings, the model specification was carried out.
Environmental isomorphism: governance with gender resilience
Resilience includes the ability to resist critical events that put people's stability at risk, as well as the ability of survivors to recover from such traumatic events. In the past floods in the states of Morelos and Guerrero, three scales were applied: stress, resilience and risk; in order to find a correlation between stress and resilience under the assumption that less stress would lead to greater resilience. The instrument was applied to 600 people in order to reach a reliability level of 95% with a margin of error of 3.8
The contribution of this work to the state of knowledge lies in the specification of a model for the study of stress and/or community resilience. However, compared to other specified models, it does not include sociopolitical variables such as the intention to vote in favor of green proposals (Carreón et al. 2015), social entrepreneurship (Carreón et al. 2013) or social postmaterialism (Carreón et al. 2014). Although the specified model focuses its interest on communities, its relationship with the State would allow the levels of sustainable local development to be observed (García 2007), although it is the media that determines social representations by establishing issues on the public agenda. of citizens with respect to their authorities (García 2008). The specified model also does not include the dependency relationships between cognitive variables such as beliefs, attitudes and intentions that determine pro-environmental behavior (García 2012) even though these trajectories explain the tariff policies of municipal services (García and Bustos 2013). The inclusion of sociopolitical, cognitive and community variables would explain the isomorphism related to governance as an object of study of environmental complexity. Unlike stress or resilience that represent reactions of communities to environmental risk events, governance is indicative of a process in which negentropic resources and discourses counteract the effects of entropic identity (García, Carreon and Quintero 2015). This is because human capital appears to be linked to the production of innovations that reduce farsightedness and enhance cooperation. García et al. (2015) warns that, in the face of natural disasters, risk communication would be another variable to include in the model for the study of stress and resilience, since an increase in risk events means greater stress. Consequently, the formation of human capital would be a function of the anticipation of risks and not after natural disasters and catastrophes (García, Carreón and Hernández 2014).
Even, instead of anticipating risks, an indifference known as farsightedness develops, which minimizes the scope of natural disasters in localities and when catastrophes are perceived as close, then their effects are maximized, holding the State responsible for environmental safety. (García 2016). Therefore, an explanatory and anticipatory model of governance would not only include sociopolitical and psychological variables but would also anticipate the emergence of an agenda that legitimizes the stewardship of the State in matters of environmental security and reduces citizen participation to its minimum expression. regarding its negentropic identity (García et al. 2015). To the extent that environmental risks, disasters, and stress intensify, they lead to the emergence of entropic and negentropic identities that will determine the resilience of communities in the face of shortages of natural resources and municipal services.
The objective of this work was to characterize resilience in relation to environmental complexity. Dimensions related to entropy and negentropy are noted. Furthermore, the relationships between the dimensions and subdimensions indicate a reflecting rather than determining model. Therefore, the area of opportunity of the present work lies in the exploration and description of the determinants of resilience which were reported in the literature as danger, threat, risk and disaster.