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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/227
SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
*Corresponding Author: Vishal Phogat, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
Citation: Phogat V., Harvir S. Gambhir (2022) Community Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Causing Acute Urinary Tract Infection and Epididymo-Orchitis: A Case Report. International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. 11(3); DOI: 10.31579/2690-4861/227
Copyright: © 2022 Vishal Phogat, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 23 May 2022 | Accepted: 27 May 2022 | Published: 07 June 2022
Keywords: MRSA; UTI; epididymitis; orchitis; genito-urinary infection.
Acute epididymitis is most commonly infectious in etiology, usually secondary to a urinary tract infection (UTI) or a sexually transmitted infections (like gonorrhea and chlamydia). Enteric gram-negative bacteria (like Escherichia coli) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most frequently encountered organisms associated with UTIs. Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is an uncommon pathogen when considering community associated acute UTI and acute epididymitis. We present an unusual case of a 28-years-old immunocompetent male, who presented with a left scrotal swelling and was found to have acute epididymo-orchitis due to an acute MRSA UTI.
MRSA= Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
SA= Staphylococcus aureus
UTI= Urinary tract infection
STI= Sexually transmitted infections
IV= intravenous
ID= infectious diseases
CFU= Colony Forming Units
Acute epididymitis is the most common cause of scrotal pain in adults in the outpatient setting, accounting for 600,000 cases per year in the United States (Tracy et al., 2008). Acute cases most commonly arise from infections like urinary tract infections (UTIs) or a sexually transmitted infections (such as gonorrhea and chlamydia). Noninfectious causes of epididymitis generally present as subacute or chronic, and the etiology can range from trauma to autoimmune diseases. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is an uncommon pathogen when considering epididymitis. We present an unusual case of acute epididymo-orchitis and UTI secondary to community associated methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) in a young immunocompetent male.
Data was obtained from the electronic medical record The patient gave verbal informed consent for the case report. The diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis was confirmed through ultrasound findings, which correlated with clinical findings. MRSA UTI was diagnosed by urine cultures.
A 28-years-old Caucasian male with a past medical history of intravenous drug use, MRSA bacteremia, and hepatitis C (not on active treatment) was admitted with complaints of left scrotal swelling, increased urinary frequency, dysuria, and hematuria for 5 days. He denied any fevers or chills. No history of kidney stones, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), UTIs, or exposure to tuberculosis was reported. His personal history included a monogamous long-term relationship with a female partner, active use of intravenous drugs (heroin), 10 pack- years of cigarette smoking, and occasional marijuana smoking.
On physical examination, the patient had significant erythema, tenderness, induration, and swelling of the left hemi-scrotum. No fluctuance, crepitus, or active drainage was noticed. Cord structures were thickened and tender on the left-sided scrotum. Cremasteric reflex was present on both sides. On rectal examination, the prostate was smooth, non-tender, nonindurated, and without any boggy areas.
His labs were significant for leukocytosis (WBC count of 29,800/uL) with neutrophilic predominance, and an elevated CRP of 305 mg/L. All other labs, including tumor markers, were normal. Urine analysis was suggestive of a urinary tract infection and the urine cultures grew >100,000 CFU/ml of MRSA. Amplified urine testing for Neisseria and Chlamydia was negative. Blood cultures were drawn.
Ultrasound of the scrotum showed an enlarged hyperemic left testicle and epididymis, consistent with epididymo-orchitis. Multiple focal hypoechoic lesions were seen within the left testis suggestive of micro-abscesses. There was also an associated thickening and edema of the left scrotal wall with a small complex hydrocele. Transthoracic echo, obtained as part of workup to locate for the source of MRSA infection, did not show any obvious cardiac vegetations.
Urology and Infectious diseases (ID) were consulted. Urology recommended conservative management and ID recommended intravenous (IV) vancomycin. The patient’s scrotal swelling and dysuria improved with a couple of days of IV vancomycin, and the patient decided to leave the hospital against medical advice. Upon discharge, the patient was prescribed Bactrim (Double Strength) twice a day for 21 days and Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 14 days as per ID recommendations. Outpatient follow-ups were scheduled with Urology and ID. His blood cultures did not show any growth over the next 5 days.
Acute epididymitis is a clinical syndrome consisting of pain, swelling, and inflammation of the epididymis lasting <6>C. trachomatis or N.gonorrhoeae. In men aged ≥35 years, epididymis usually becomes infected in the setting of bacteriuria secondary to bladder outlet obstruction (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia) (Tracy & Costabile, 2009). In older men, non-sexually transmitted acute epididymitis is also associated with prostate biopsy, urinary tract instrumentation or surgery, systemic diseases, and/or immunosuppression.
The most frequently encountered organisms associated with bacteriuria and UTI are the enteric gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli being the most predominant) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Repeated unprotected anal intercourse can predisposes men to UTIs from enteric flora (like E. coli); (Ashby & Smith, 2010). Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus, account for less than 5
Community-associated SA predominantly causes skin and soft tissue infections, and other fatal infections such as necrotizing pneumonia and necrotizing fasciitis. Community-associated MRSA is an uncommon pathogen for urogenital infections, and a little is published on MRSA-positive urine cultures. Recent studies have reported an increasing prevalence of SA in UTIs (E & O, 2008). This case report points out that there may be an increasing incidence of community-associated MRSA as a causative agent of genitourinary infections, like UTIs and acute epididymo-orchitis. This case also points out the importance of obtaining urine cultures in these cases. More case reports and case series are required to ascertain the true incidence and prevalence of MRSA las a cause of community acquired infections, including UTIs and genito-urinary infections.
No sources of financial support were needed for writing or publishing this manuscript. The authors do not have any commercial or other associations that might pose a conflict of interest.
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