AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/152
1 Azerbaijan State Advanced Training Institute for Doctors named by A. Aliyev, department of psychiatry and drug addiction, Baku, Azerbaijan.
2 Azerbaijan Medical University, department of psychiatry Baku, Azerbaijan.
*Corresponding Author: Nadir A. Aliyev, Department of psychiatry and addiction, Azerbaijan State Advanced Training Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan.
Citation: NA Aliyev and ZN Aliyev (2022) Combination of Clomipramine and Carbamazepine for Treatment of Patients with Methamphetamine Dependence. J. Psychology and Mental Health Care, 6(1): DOI: 10.31579/2637-8892/152
Copyright: ©2022, Nadir A. Aliyev, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 04 October 2021 | Accepted: 01 December 2021 | Published: 05 January 2022
Keywords: methamphetamine addiction; anafrani; carbamazepine; therapy
Objective: There are few new approaches to the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of methamphetamine dependence in the literature. The publications contain abundant data on various methods of pharmacotherapeutic treatment of methamphetamine dependence. However, no pharmacotherapeutic therapy for methamphetamine dependence is sufficient.
Materials and Methods: This was a double-blind study in patients diagnosed with methamphetamine dependence according to DSM-5. A total of 100 patients who met the DSM-5 criteria for methamphetamine dependence were examined. All male patients from 18 to 60 years old. The patients were divided into two groups of 50 people: the first group received clomipramine (anafranil) 300 mg / day (100 mg 3 times a day) and carbamazepine 600 mg / day (200 mg 3 times a day) orally. The second group received an indifferent drug (placebo)
Results: as shown by follow-up data (12 months), among 50 patients who received anaphrani and carbamazepine only, 10 had short-term breakdowns associated with exposure to microsocial causes. The rest of the patients were in remission. Among patients receiving placebo, only 5 patients experienced remission, all the rest had cases of relapse. Responder analysis was performed using chi-square (x2) and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Conclusion. Clinical statistics indicate the high efficiency of the use of anaphrani and carbamazepine in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. The mechanisms of action of the drug are being discussed.
According to [1] WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021, methamphetamine continues to dominate the global production of ATS amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). During the period 2015–2019, around 24,000 clandestine laboratories used to manufacture ATS1 (45 countries) were discovered or dismantled worldwide. More than 95 percent of them produced methamphetamine. 2019 saw a record number of ATS seized and increased by 64 percent over the previous year, the highest annual growth rate since 2001. The increase in the number of ATS seized over the past decade is mainly attributable to the nearly tenfold amount of methamphetamine seized over the period 2009–2019. Between 2015 and 2019, methamphetamine accounted for 72 per cent of the total ATS seized worldwide.
In the WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021[2] indicated, that the abuse of methamphetamine, a highly addictive and potent stimulant, remains an extremely serious problem in the United States. In some countries, this problem has even reached the point where it is more dangerous than opioids and leads to more crime and violence. . According to the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), more than 14.7 million people (5.4 percent of the population) have tried methamphetamine at least once. Chomchai C, Chomchai S. [3] write that- NSDUH also reports that nearly 1.6 million people used methamphetamine in the year preceding the survey, 1 and remains one of the most frequently abused stimulants in the world.
As a result, methamphetamine abuse causes problems in all walks of life - psychological, medical, social, professional and family. The consequence of methamphetamine use contributes to a number of mental and behavioral disorders as well as somatic disorders such as, aggression, mental and behavioral, damage to the cardiovascular and other body systems, malnutrition and serious dental problems.
As you know, from the RAND Corporation. The economic cost of methamphetamine use in the United States [4] in addition to the devastating effects on human health, methamphetamine abuse threatens entire communities, contributes to new waves of crime, unemployment, neglect and other anti-social activities It is known from the literature that the abuse of methamphetamine is causing great damage to the economies of some countries. For example, according to the RAND Corporation, in 2009 the figure in the United States was $ 23.4 billion.
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system. It is a white crystalline powder, odorless with a bitter taste, which dissolves easily in water or alcohol. In Azerbaijan, in the jargon of drug addicts, it is called glass or stamps. In Azerbaijan, this drug comes from Iran. Only 10% of this drug is detained by the relevant authorities, the rest of it is transported to Europe. Only 10% of this drug is detained by the relevant authorities, the rest of it is transported to Europe. As a precursor in Iran, it is made from citric acid or lemon salt, together with asetyl anhydride
Kish SJ. Write [5] that methamphetamine has been classified as a Schedule II stimulant by the US Drug Enforcement Administration, making it legally available only on a one-off prescription basis. Medically, it may be indicated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and as a short-term component of weight loss treatment, but its use is limited and rarely prescribed; in addition, the prescribed doses are much lower than those usually used incorrectly.
This was a double-blind trial for patients diagnosed with DSM-5 for methamphetamine dependence. When examining patients, ethical standards were observed in accordance with both international and local legislation. The patients gave their informed, written consent to participate. In accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association “Recommendations for doctors engaged in biomedical research involving people”, adopted by the 18th World Medical Assembly (Finland, 1964, revised in Japan in 1975, Italy-1983, Hong Kong-1989, the South African Republic-1996, Edinburgh-2000); The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Law “On Psychiatric Assistance” (adopted on 12.06.2001, with amendments and additions -11.11.2011, Decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan No. 83, dated April 30, 2010 “On Approval of the Rules for Conducting Scientific, Preclinical and Clinical studies of medicines” are established. The conditions of the conducted researches corresponded to the generally accepted norms of morality, the requirements of ethical and legal norms, as well as the rights, interests and personal dignity of the participants of the studies were observed.
Conducted research is adequate to the topic of research work.
a) There is no risk for the subject of research.
b) Participants in the study were informed about the goals, methods, expected benefits of the study and associated with risk and inconvenience in the study.
c) The subject's informed consent about participation in the research was received.
The decision of the Ethical Committee at the Azerbaijan Psychiatric Association on the article of NA Aliev, ZN Aliev “New pharmacological approaches to methamphetamine dependence” submitted for publication in psychiatric journals: in connection with compliance with its legislative requirements and regulatory documents is to approve the article by NA Aliyev, Z.N. Aliev “Combination of clomipramine and carbamazepine for treatment of patients with methamphetamine dependence”. The method of randomization core out different methods, we were given by the lottery. This was a double-blind study in patients diagnosed with methamphetamine dependence according to the DSM-5. A total of 100 patients who met the DSM-5 criteria for methamphetamine dependence were examined. All male patients from 18 to 60 years old. The patients were divided into two groups of 50 people: the first group received clomipramine (anafranil) 300 mg / day (100 mg 3 times a day) and carbamazepine 600 mg / day (200 mg 3 times a day) orally. The second group received an indifferent drug (placebo). Therapy 12 months at the Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The study was conducted from January 01, 2020 to January 01, 2021, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled method. All patients with other, mental, neurological and somatic diseases were excluded from the study.
For the diagnosis, a clinical interview was used, for DSM-5 Axis I Disorder, Patient Edition, was used to diagnose methamphetamine dependence [6]. All male patients from 18 to 60 years old. The patients were divided into two groups of 50 people: the first group received clomipramine (anafranil) 300 mg / day (100 mg 3 times a day) and carbamazepine 600 mg / day (200 mg 3 times a day) orally. The second group received an indifferent drug (placebo).
The randomization of patients is usually carried out in several ways: as the patient turns to the hospital, according to the table of random numbers and by the lottery method. In our research, we used given by lottery.
The clinical and pharmacological characteristics of anafranil and carbamazepine are sufficiently reflected in the literature on psychopharmacology [6, 7, 8]. Here we will give very brief information about these drugs.
Clomipramine (Anafranil). Nomenclature based on neurology: Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI). Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). The parent drug is a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The active metabolite is a potent norepinephrine / norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Stahl Stephen M. Stephens sowed that [7] commonly prescribed to treat: obsessive-compulsive disorder ((in bold, FDA approved)); depression; severe depression that does not respond to treatment; cataplexy syndrome; anxiety; insomnia; neuropathic pain / chronic pain. Mechanism of action:
Interacts with the open channel conformation of voltage sensitive sodium channels. Interacts with a specific region of the alpha pore-forming subunit of voltage-sensitive sodium channels
Response analysis refers to the last observation carried over for all
subjects who had valuable efficacy at baseline and on treatment. Responder analysis was performed using chi-square (x2) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to Glantz [10].
Sociodemographic characteristics of patients are shown in table 1.
When analyzing between the two groups, no statistical difference was found, the results of which are presented in Table 2.The responder was conducted by X2 demonstrated superior for than for placebo (Table2). Anafranil and Carbamazepine was generally well tolerated by the patients in the study. Anafranil and Carbamazepine group in 10 had short-term breakdowns associated with exposure to microsocial causes. Among patients receiving placebo, only 5 patients experienced remission, all the rest had cases of relapse. There were not unexpected or serious adverse events.
Side effects were studied on the basis of spontaneous complaints of patients, while serious side effects were not found.
According to date of Rawson, R.A et al, Huber, A et al, [11, 12] have found that various types of psychotherapy have a positive effect in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence, with particular emphasis on cognitive-behavioral interventions.
For example, the matrix model - a 16-week comprehensive approach to behavioral treatment combining behavioral therapy, family education, one-to-one counseling, 12-step support, drug testing, and encouragement for non-drug activities - in particular, this method has been found to be beneficial in reducing the abuse of methamphetamine. Petry et all., indicated that [13], contingency management activities that provide material incentives in exchange for participating in treatment and maintaining abstinence have also been shown to be effective. Motivational Incentives to Improve Drug Abuse Recovery (MIEDAR), an incentive-based method of encouraging abstinence from cocaine and methamphetamine, has been shown to be effective among methamphetamine abusers through the NIDA National Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network.
According to date Salo, R et al., Huber, A. et all., [14, 15] in drug development, researchers typically study the effects of potential drugs with neurobiological effects that may counteract the known physiological effects of chronic methamphetamine use. They may also test medications that have proven to be effective in treating other addictions or other mental disorders. The following goals and strategies have shown promising results in animal or human studies associated with methamphetamine use disorder.
Among the non-invasive methods, transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain should be especially noted. Makani et al., [16] pointed out the usefulness of this method for methamphetamine dependence. Researchers are exploring this approach as a treatment for substance use disorders, but this work is at a very early stage [16]. Rostami R, Dehghani-Arani F. [17] indicated that Neurofeedback Training as a New Method in Treatment of Crystal Methamphetamine Dependent Patients Neurofeedback: Neurofeedback (also called neurotherapy or neurofeedback) is a type of biofeedback that uses real-time imaging of brain activity (most commonly electroencephalography) to teach people how to regulate their own brain function. In one study, neurofeedback to the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder reduced the severity of addiction and improved mental health and overall quality of life.
Collins KC put forward [18] Vaccines and antibodies: Methamphetamine vaccines, which use the body's immune system to prevent the drug from entering the brain, are currently being tested in animals.
Problems of pharmacological treatment to methamphetamine dependence very problematic. This is the first study on the use of anafranil and cabamazepine, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Of the 50 patients who received anafranil in combination with cabamazepine, 40 people went into remission, 10 patients experienced short-term breakdowns associated with exposure to microsocial causes. Among patients receiving placebo, only 5 patients went into remission. Thus, patients with methamphetamine dependence gave a very good result.
First, our anafranil in combination with cabamazepine treatment of pharmacological approaches to methamphetamine dependence study group and we recommend that these results be replicated in a larger population of patients in order to more accurately estimate the magnitude of the effect is necessary. Second, this work is a necessary study of the possibility of generalizability these data to women. Notwithstanding these limitations, this study suggests that, anafranil in combination with cabamazepine are efficacious and well toler¬ated in the treatment of pharmacological approaches to methamphetamine dependence.
The authors would like to thank staff of the Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
