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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-8816/039
1 Resident of internal medicine Rasool Akram Hospital Iran University of medical science, Iran.
2 Associated professor of Baghiatallah Medical University, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Marzieh Amiri
Citation: Marzieh Amiri, Rohollah Jomhouri and Abbas T Zavareh, (2021). Cognition Deficit and Hypothyroidism in a Population-Based Study of Iranian Women. J. Clinical Research Notes. 2(2). DOI: 10.31579/2690-8816/039
Copyright: © 2021 Marzieh Amiri. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 05 September 2021 | Accepted: 20 September 2021 | Published: 01 October 2021
Keywords: cognition; hypothyroidism; education; mini mental status exam
Background: There are some evidences on adverse effects of reducing thyroid hormones levels on appearing cognition. The present study aimed to assess cognitive function in patients with hypothyroidism under-treated with routine hormone replacement therapy compared to healthy euthyroid individuals.
Methods: Thirty consecutive hypothyroid female patients aged 25 to 40 years who referred to endocrinology and metabolism clinic at Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in Tehran within a four-year period in 2015 were assessed. Also, thirty healthy euthyroid subjects matched for sex, age, and educational level were selected as the control. For assessment of cognitive function status, the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) was used.
Results: The study showed lower mean cognitive score in hypothyroid patients when compared to euthyroid ones (25.33 ± 3.90 versus 29.40 ± 1.80, p = 0.010). Regarding association between cognition deficit and patients’ baseline characteristics, except for educational level that was positively associated with cognition score (p < 0.001), no significant association was revealed between mean cognition score and other parameters including age (p = 0.569), occupation status (p = 0.631), and marital status (p = 0.859). According to the Bonferroni correction analysis, lower cognitive function was revealed in those with primary educational levels than those who with college degrees.
Conclusion: Clinical hypothyroidism is potentially association with cognition deficit especially in those with lower educational level.
The development of cognition ability is directly associated with normal functional status of metabolic systems such as thyroid function throughout life. In fact, the association between thyroid hormones deficiency and deterioration of cognitive disorders has been recently proposed. Some pathophysiological basis of this association has been well described [1]. It has been shown that hypothyroidism may lead to inadequate sustaining the glucose consumption that is necessary for memory enhancement, synthesis of neurotransmitters, as well as improve high brain function. These neural abnormalities caused by low brain uptake of energy can finally deteriorate cognition and cause Alzheimer’s disease [2]. These changes considerably occurred by increasing age in parallel with progressive cognitive decline. Some studies could show adverse effects of reducing thyroid hormones levels on appearing cognitive deficits in attention, memory, learning, and psychomotor speed [3-13]. It has been also suggested a direct association between the severity and duration of hypothyroidism and degree of cognitive dysfunction. However, the association between treatment of hypothyroidism and improvement of cognitive deficits has not been well clarified. So, it has been shown that by treating hypothyroidism even for one year, cognition deficits still remain and the recovery of cognitive functioning has not been fully achieved. As shown by Wekking et al [14], although the treatment of hypothyroidism for a period of 5.5 years led to normalization of TSH, but some aspects of cognitive deficits such as memory deficits remained persistent following this adequate hormone replacement. It seems that the brain in advanced ages may become more susceptible to thyroid dysfunction as shown by Capet and his colleagues [15]. As similarly shown by Osterweil et al [3], improvement in cognitive function following thyroid hormones replacement was more revealed in younger patients than in those who aged more than 75 years. Thus, increase of age is associated with increased vulnerability on cognitive in background of hypothyroidism [15].
The present study aimed to assess cognitive function in patients with hypothyroidism under-treated with routine hormone replacement therapy compared to healthy euthyroid individuals.
Study population:
Thirty consecutive hypothyroid female patients aged 25 to 40 years who referred to endocrinology and metabolism clinic at Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in Tehran within a four-year period in 2015 were assessed. The included patients had no risk factors for psychological disorders and were regularly treated with levothyroxine within the last six months with normal serum TSH level. Also, thirty healthy euthyroid subjects matched for sex, age, and educational level were selected as the control. These controls had no history of thyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, anemia or other major risk factors for psychological disorders. For removing confounding effect of sex and age factors, all female patients aged 25 to 40 years were included into the study. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee at Iran University of Medical Silences and written informed consents were taken from all subjects.
Study measurement:
For assessment of cognitive function status, the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) was used. The MMSE was originally developed by Marshall and Susan Folstein as a tool to quickly assess cognitive function in the elderly hospitalized population [16]. Originally, the MMSE was tested on a mere 206 patients before Folstein declared that this exam could accurately determine one’s cognitive abilities. The MMSE is composed of 11 major items; temporal orientation (5 points), spatial orientation (5 points), immediate memory (3 points), attention/concentration (5 points), delayed recall (3 points), naming (2 points), verbal repetition (1 points), verbal comprehension (3 points), writing (1 points), reading a sentence (1 points), and constructional praxis (1 points). The MMSE has maximum score of 30, with five different domains of cognition analyzed: (1) Orientation, contributing a maximum of 10 points, (2) Memory, contributing a maximum of 6 points, (3) Attention and calculation, as a measure of working memory, contributing a maximum of 5 points, (4) Language, contributing a maximum of 8 points, and (5) Design copying, contributing a maximum of 1 point [17]. A score of, or close to, 30 is indicative of normal cognitive function. The lower the score indicates the higher the level of impairment. In total, the score higher than 25 was considered as normal cognitive function, 20 to 25 as the possibility of cognitive deficit, and lower than 20 as definitive cognitive damage [17]. In a study by Seyedian et al [18], the Farsi version of MMSE obtained a good reliability with the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient 0.81. Also, in their study and using ROC curve, a cut-off point of 22 showed a sensitivity of 90 and specificity of 93.6 percent. Internal consistency in the present study was explored for MMSE, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients was adequate as 0.81. In the present study, first, the objectives of the study were described briefly to participants. Then, baseline characteristics and clinical data of study subjects were collected by interviewing. Then all women in both case and control groups were invited to complete the questionnaire under the supervision of the researcher.
Results were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative variables and were summarized by absolute frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when more than 20% of cells with expected count of less than 5 were observed. Quantitative variables were also compared with t test or Mann- Whitney U test. For the statistical analysis, the statistical software SPSS version 16.0 for windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used. P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant.
Compared to euthyroid group, the patients with hypothyroid were older as well as had lower educational level (table 1). Also, students and employed ones were more categorized in euthyroid group, while housewives were more observed in hypothyroid group. There was no difference in marital status between hypothyroid and euthyroid groups. The study showed lower mean cognitive score in hypothyroid patients when compared to euthyroid ones (25.33 ± 3.90 versus 29.40 ± 1.80, p = 0.010). Regarding association between cognition deficit status and patients’ baseline characteristics (table 2), except for educational level that was positively associated with cognition score (p < 0 xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed>
As the first finding, we could show significant cognition deficit in hypothyroid patients when assessed by a common tool for assessing cognitive condition named as MMSE. In fact, lower mean MMSE cognition score was expected in those who suffered hypothyroidism in comparison with normal thyroid subjects. This evidence was similarly obtained in some previous studies. Some authors such as Burmeister et al [19] emphasized on mainly deficit in memory following stabilization and progression of hypothyroidism. They could show that hypothyroidism was associated with a decrease in retrieval from memory, but was not related to other components of cognition including affect immediate recall, verbal learning, inhibitory efficiency, information processing speed, or attention switching. In another study emphasizing cognitive dysfunction in older hypothyroid patients [20], prose Memory Test score resulted significantly lower in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and also TSH was negatively correlated with MMSE score, however in their study, other aspects of cognition such as selective attention was also less evident. Despite discovering a strong association between overt hypothyroidism and cognitive deficit in various populations, the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and cognition deficit has remained uncertain. So in some recent population-based studies [21, 22], no association was revealed between hypothyroidism indicated by lowering thyroxin and cognitive deficit especially in the elderly. In a recent systematic review by Akintola et al [23], by reviewing15 studies comprising 19,944 subjects that of whom 1,199 had subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism was shown not to be significantly associated with accelerated cognitive decline in older adults. Thus, it seems that subclinical hypothyroidism cannot predispose older patients to cognitive disorders, while overt hypothyroidism can potentially alert cognitive deficit. In this regard, some mechanisms have been explained on this association. It has been even in the elderly shown that because thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the development and function of the central nervous system, there was a "resetting" of the hypothalamus-pituitary thyroid axis, characterized by a decrease in pituitary sensitivity to changes in thyroid hormones, with lower response in the production of TSH respect to younger subjects in which TSH increases in the face of even slight reductions in thyroid hormones levels [24]. It has been also shown by SPECT imaging devices that cerebral hypo-perfusion following hypothyroidism can affect areas controlling attention, motor speed, memory and visual-spatial processes [25]. In fact, global cerebral perfusion in hypothyroidism can be related to increased vascular resistance in these areas [26].
In the present study and among various baseline variables, only lower educational level was associated with lower cognitive function. This association can be explained by two points. First, it seems that those with higher educational level have higher knowledge and alertness toward their disease and thus performed to treat their deficit by approaching proper anti-hypothyroid treatments. Also, it seems that those with high memory working have higher brain perfusion state and thus memorial deficits may occurred less in these patients than those with lower alertness.
In summary, patients with clinical hypothyroidism more suffer from cognition deficit especially as memory loss compared to euthyroid individuals. This association is more evident in those with lower educational level probably because of lower knowledge toward disease and also lower brain perfusion state especially in brain areas responsible for memory regulation.
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Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
