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Cochliobolus, Drechslera, Bipolaris, Curvularia different nomenclature for one potent fungus

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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/031

Cochliobolus, Drechslera, Bipolaris, Curvularia different nomenclature for one potent fungus

  • Waill A. Elkhateeb 1*
  • Abdu Ghalib AL Kolaibe 2
  • Ghoson M. Daba 1

1 Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt. 
2 Microbiology Department, Faculty of science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.

*Corresponding Author: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Department of Pharmaceutical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.

Citation: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Abdu G. AL Kolaibe, Ghoson M. Daba (2021) Cochliobolus, Drechslera, Bipolaris, Curvularia different nomenclature for one potent fungus J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 4(1); DOI: 10.31579/2693-7247/031

Copyright: © 2021, Waill A. Elkhateeb, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 25 January 2021 | Accepted: 28 January 2021 | Published: 04 February 2021

Keywords: cochliobolus; secondary metabolites; biological activities

Abstract

Cochliobolus is a Dematiaceous fungi that belong to family: Pleosporaceae. It is known as worldwide pathogen of mostly grasses that caused devastating disease epidemics of important economic food crops as wheat, rice, and maize. Many Cochliobolus species have their asexual states, and consequently synonyms, in either Bipolaris or Curvularia. In this review, highlights were presented on Cochliobolus species as models of fungi rich in therapeutic agents that can be employed in different applications. Moreover, describing the importance and potentials of this fungus in order to encourage for further studies to search, isolate, and purify already known metabolites. Also, screen for, and discover novel metabolites produced by those potent fungi in order to be involved in additional applications.

Introduction

Natural products represent the significant and important source for discovery of potential novel drugs. The search for novel secondary metabolites is currently focusing on endophytic microorganisms isolated from plants, remote locations, and novel sources. Numerous reports shows that endophytes produce a wide variety of chemical substances, many of which show biological activity [1-3].

There are various uses of the numerous promising secondary metabolites produced by fungal endophytes. The application of microbial secondary metabolites in various fields of biotechnology has attracted the interests of many researchers. Bioactive compounds have various applications in pharmacology and agriculture [4]. Cochliobolus species are heterothallic fungi that found mainly in soil and organic compost and they are noted for the production of secondary metabolites with vital biological activities [5-8].

The microorganisms such as Cochliobolus may be very interesting for biotechnological production of bioactive substances as medicinally important agents. The endophytic fungus Cochliobolus sp. this fungus possess significant antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potentials [9-11].

The previous studies reported that Cochliobolus sp. produce many important secondary metabolites cluding curvularides, anthraquinones, cochlioquinones, helminthosporal, helminthosporol, prehelminthosporol as well as various related metabolites. These compounds exhibit many pharmacological importances, due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial as well as antifungal properties. Hence, screening and identification of fungal endophytes s very important as a source for novel natural products. Fascinatingly, it seems that the host–endophytic interaction plays a crucial role in the direction of the endophytes secondary metabolites production [12, 13].

Cochliobolus description and ecology

Endophytes are microorganisms located in internal layers of living plants without being harmful to the plant. There are many remarkable pharmacological agents that are continuously explored and identified from endophytic fungi [14]. It should be mentioned that over 50% of identified bioactive compounds have been isolated from fungal endophytes [15]. Endophytic fungi are the source of many pharmaceutical compounds including those exerting antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antitumor, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities [16, 17].

Genus Cochliobolus is a fast growing fungus attaining 5.5 cm diameter after 5 days on Czapek’s Agar and Malt Agar. Genus Cochliobolus belong to Phylum Ascomycota; Class: Dothideomycetes; Order: Pleosporales; Family: Pleosporaceae. The genus Cochliobolus (as well as its anamorphic sp. that almost include nearly 55 species (Bipolaris, Curvularia) are found worldwide. These species   are weeds pathogens and since the weeds and pathogens are coevolved over long term, these species can be applied as weed herbicides [18]. The taxonomy of Cochliobolusis is a little bit confusing due to the frequent changes in nomenclatural that have occurred in the sexual and asexual states of species over the past decades. Cochliobolus ascomata are dark brown to black, unilocular with a globose body and a long or short cylindrical ostiolate neck. Hyaline to brown sterile hyphae and conidiophores often occur on the ascomata and less so on the neck [19]. Asci are bitunicate, 2-8-spored, cylindrical toobclavate or obclavate cylindrical .Ascospores are filiform and more or less coiled in a helix in the ascus (Figure 1, 2). Most species of Cochliobolus form protothecia (sclerotia) which are sterile without any ascogenoushyphae [20-22]. It is a saprophyte and survives primarily as thick-walled conidia. It can also survive as mycelium in soil or crop debris.  The sexual stage is not important in the disease cycle.  Primary inoculum includes mycelium from infected seed, conidia in the soil, and conidia on the kernel surface [23]. Cochliobolus species encountered based on conidia different shapes. Conidia straight, conidia curved, conidia wall smooth, conidia curved with 3-distoseptate, conidia wall with tuberculate, conidia with 5-distoseptate and conidia with 6-10-distoseptate.

Germination of conidia takes place in presence of susceptible hosts and initiate primary infection on the coleoptile, or primary roots. Before penetration, appressoria and dome-shaped infection cushions are formed. Infection pegs form underneath infection cushions and appressoria. Tissue disintegration come as the final step after development of infection from epidermis to cortex then endodermis. Spreading of conidia is causing the progress in colonization of infected plant parts [24].

Figure 1. Cochliobolus Sp. On Potato Dextrose Agar (cited in: www.ipmimages.org)
Figure 2. Cochliobolus sp. with different shapes and septate conidia. On Potato Dextrose Agar (cited in: www.sen.wikipedia.org and www.forestryimages.org).

Cochliobolusis secondary metabolites

Species of Cochliobolus Drechsler [25] and its anamorphs Bipolaris [20] as well as Curvularia [26, 27] are worldwide pathogens of most grasses. There are a lot of secondary metabolites produced by strains of Cochliobolus and its anamorph.  Cochliobolus carbonum produced TOXEp Novel as protein Regulation of cyclic peptide biosynthesis [28], EXG1p novel exo-β1,3-glucanase Cell wall degradation. Cochliobolus spicifer which produced spiciferone as AGamma-pyrone as plant growth inhibitor [29] and 6-Chlorodehydrocurvularin [30]. Cochliobolus miyabeanus produced Cochlioquinones A, B compound as new metabolites with p-quinonoid nature [31]. Cochliobolus sativus which produced 9-Hydroxyprehelminthosporol compound which as Anti-viral property [32]. Cochliobolus sp. produced Isocochlioquinone and Cochlioquinone A which as ALeishmanicidal activity [33]. 

Mycotoxin production by Cochliobolus (Bipolaris species) may or may not be host-specific [19]. HS toxin (a peptide and a secondary amine) produced by Cochliobolus victoriae, HC toxin (a polypeptide) produced by Cochliobolus carbornumrace 1, and T toxin produced by Cochliobolus hetero-strophusare examples of host-specific toxins. Ophiobolins (terpinoid) produced by Cochliobolus miyabeanus and carbotoxin produced by Cochliobolus carbornumare examples of non-host-specific toxins [19]. Other mycotoxin are Bipolaroxin, Sorokinianin, Carbotoxine, Victorin and Ophiobolin which produced by Cochliobolus. 

The filamentous fungi Cochliobolus sorokiniana efficiently produces the biotransformation of α-bisabolol (Figure, 3) to bisabolol-oxide B. α-Bisabolol is economically significant due to its delicate characteristic floral odor and its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic biological activities. Therefore, it is being widely employed in the pharmaceutical industry.

Potent antifouling activity is observed in some newly isolated resorcylic acid lactones found in the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus derived from the gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea. Thus obtained were cochliomycins A–C (Figure, 4).  Only cochliomycin A shows potent activity against Balanus amphitrite.

Some biological activities of Cochliobolus metabolites 

Apart from being a worldwide pathogens of mostly grasses (Poaceae) and important food crops such as rice, wheat and maize [26], Cochliobolus exhibit different activities that can be useful for plants. 

For example, Cochliobolus can be used as a biochemical modulator to alleviate

salinity stress in okra plants [34, 35]. Chloromonilinic acids C and D extracted from Cochliobolus australiensis  showed toxic effect to buffelgrass in a seedling elongation bioassay, with significantly delayed germination and dramatically reduced radicle growth, especially at a concentration of 5 × 10–3 M [36].

Figure 3. Some important structures compounds produced by Cochliobolus sorokiniana.
Figure 4. Some important structures compounds produced by Cochliobolus lunatus.

On the other hand, Cochliobolus species have well known potency in the field of microbial biotransformation of compounds generally, and steroidal compounds in particular [37, 38].

Furthermore, Cochliobolus species have shown promising various biological activities. Metabolites originated from Cochliobolus exerted antileishmanial activities against Leishmania and Trypanosoma. It was reported that the crude extract of Cochliobolus sp. (UFMGCB-555) at 20 µg/m concentration could kill 90% of the amastigote-like forms of Leishmania amazonensis and inhibit by 100% Ellman's reagent reduction in the trypanothione reductase (TryR) assay, which demonstrated that the chromatographic fractionation of that Cochliobolus sp. extract was a promising drug target for Trypanosoma cruzi. The metabolites, Cochlioquinone A and Isocochlioquinone A were identified as the enzyme inhibitors responsible for the antileishmanial activities [33], [39, 40]. Cochliobolus metabolites showed also promising anticancer activities. Radicinin isolated from Cochliobolus geniculatus WR12 exhibited high cytotoxic activity against T47D cells recording IC50 of 25.01 ppm [41]. The same compound showed also anti- MRSA activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 µg/disc against tested MRSA [42]. Dendryphiellin I isolated from the marine derived Cochliobolus lunatus SCSIO41401 showed cytotoxic activity against three renal cancer cell lines (ACHN, 786-O, and OS-RC-2), a human liver cancer cell line (HepG-2), and a human gastric cancer cell line (SGC7901) (IC50 1.4 to 5.9 and antibacterial activities against three bacterial species (MIC 1.5 to 13 μg/mL). Another metabolite, (dendryphiellin J), was extracted from the same fungus and showed cytotoxicity against ACHN and HepG-2 cells with IC50 values of 3.1 and 5.9 μM, respectively [42]. 

Cochliobolus in biological control

Cochliobolus species and its asexual states have been isolated as saprobes from different dead wood plants. Also Cochliobolus can be found in association with many species of Poaceae such as bamboo and also other host plants. For example, Curvularia lunata is a frequently recorded saprobe of bamboo clumps [43-45].

Using fungi as biological control agents is a rapidly growing area of research with implication for plant productivity, animal and human health, and food production [46]. Weeds are an economic restraint to agricultural production [47]. Biological control of weeds by using plant pathogens has gained acceptance as a practical, safe, environmentally beneficial weed management method applicable to agroecosystems. The use of mycoherbicides is important in the move towards organic farming and the reduction in the use of chemical herbicides.

Many Cochliobolus and its anamorphic species (Bipolaris and Curvularia) are pathogens of weeds and can successfully be applied as weed herbicides. Some examples of research that shows Bipolaris and Curvularia can be used as potential mycoherbicides. The pathogens may have evolved biochemical mechanisms to kill the weed host [18]. Bipolaris sp. were tested as a potential herbicide agent against serrated tussock in Australia [48]. The biological control of weeds has generally been limited by the slow development of effective, broader spectrum biological control agents [49, 50], and more effective biocontrol agents need to be developed. 

Curvularides, cochlioquinones, anthroquinones and some novel proteins involved in cyclic peptide regulation and cell wall degradation have been reported from Cochliobolus strains. These compounds may have important medicinal values, such as anti-fungal properties, and thus have the potential to be used in medical science [12]. 

Conclusion

Fungi are promising sources for such compounds due to their ability to produce variety of secondary metabolites that could be, if truly investigated, the solution for currently serious problems. Every study conducted on Cochliobolus resulted in discovery of new metabolites or pointing to a possible application, which made Cochliobolus species potential source of pharmaceuticals and attracted attention for further investigations of their medical properties.  

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Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

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Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

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Pedro Marques Gomes

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

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Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

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Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

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Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

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Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

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Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

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Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

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Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

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Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad