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Short Communication | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1897/302
*Corresponding Author: Mehmet Rami Helvaci, Specialist of Internal Medicine, MD, Turkey
Citation: Mehmet R. Helvaci, (2026), Chemical Composition of Smooth Tonic Muscles, J, Surgical Case Reports and Images, 9(3); DOI:10.31579/2690-1897/302
Copyright: © 2026, Mehmet Rami Helvaci. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 02 March 2026 | Accepted: 10 March 2026 | Published: 26 March 2026
Keywords: smooth muscle; tonic contraction; chemical composition; myofibrillar proteins; actomyosin; tropomyosin; paramyosin; ATPase activity; stromal proteins; collagen
The smooth musculature of vertebrates, of mesenchymal origin, is one of the key tissue types enabling the function of internal organs, the vascular wall, and specialized sphincter apparatuses. The fundamental differences between smooth muscles and striated skeletal musculature are evident both at the level of histological organization and in the features of their contractile activity.
The smooth musculature of vertebrates, of mesenchymal origin, is one of the key tissue types enabling the function of internal organs, the vascular wall, and specialized sphincter apparatuses. The fundamental differences between smooth muscles and striated skeletal musculature are evident both at the level of histological organization and in the features of their contractile activity [1, 2].
Despite the significance of smooth musculature, its chemical composition and, in particular, the organization of its contractile apparatus have been studied to a lesser extent compared to skeletal muscles [3, 4].
Analysis shows that smooth muscles are characterized by a number of fundamental features. In addition to proteins, their composition includes glycogen, lipoids, nitrogenous extractive substances, nucleotides, and creatine phosphate; however, the concentration of ATP and other high-energy compounds in smooth musculature is significantly lower than in striated muscles [5]. The same applies to the content of the dipeptides carnosine and anserine, which are present here only in trace amounts. However, the most characteristic and important differences are revealed when studying the protein fractions of smooth muscles [6, 7].
The ratio of fractions extracted at different ionic strengths of the solution exhibits a pronounced uniqueness. The actomyosin complex of smooth muscles differs in its characteristics from the classical actomyosin of skeletal tissue, and the ATPase activity of the isolated proteins is reduced by an order of magnitude [8]. A characteristic feature is the increased concentration of tropomyosin and its variants, as well as a significant proportion of stromal elements, represented mainly by collagen, which impart mechanical stability and elasticity to the muscle [9, 10].
This work is devoted to the analysis of the chemical composition of smooth tonic muscles, with an emphasis on the uniqueness of their protein components, which is necessary for understanding the molecular organization of the contractile apparatus and its regulatory mechanisms [11].
Smooth muscles of vertebrate animals of mesenchymal origin differ from striated skeletal muscles both in their tissue structure and in the nature of their contractions [1, 12].
The chemical composition of smooth muscles has been studied less thoroughly than that of skeletal muscles. The composition of smooth musculature, like that of striated muscles, includes, in addition to proteins, glycogen, neutral fats and lipids, small amounts of phosphorus esters of monosaccharides, phosphotrioses, glucose, nitrogenous extractive substances, adenosine triphosphate and other purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, creatine, creatine phosphate, creatinine, carnosine and anserine, amino acids, urea, and many other compounds. Nucleoside triphosphates, particularly ATP and other acid-soluble organic phosphorus compounds, are present in smooth musculature in significantly lower concentrations than in striated muscles [5].
The same can be said about the content of extractive substances like carnosine and anserine in smooth muscles. In most cases, only traces of these dipeptides are found in smooth musculature [3]. However, the most characteristic and important features of the chemical composition of smooth musculature can be discovered by studying its protein fractions [6].
The total protein nitrogen content in smooth muscles is lower than in skeletal muscles. Data on the fractional composition of contractile (myofibrillar) proteins, which are extracted from muscle tissue with salt solutions of high ionic strength after prior removal of easily soluble sarcoplasmic proteins, are of the greatest importance [4]. The total content of contractile proteins in the smooth musculature of the stomach is approximately two times lower than in skeletal muscles [13].
It has been established that contractile proteins, in turn, can be divided into two groups: proteins soluble in salt solutions with high ionic strength, and proteins soluble in salt solutions with low ionic strength [14]. The ratio between these two groups of proteins differs in different types of musculature. For fast skeletal muscles, this ratio is approximately 3.5, whereas for smooth tonic muscles it ranges from 1/1.5 to 1/3.
The so-called "actomyosin fraction" of smooth muscles differs sharply in a number of properties from the typical actomyosin of skeletal musculature [8].
It is likely that the so-called "readily soluble" contractile proteins play the most important role in the tonic locking function of smooth muscles [11]. They represent heterogeneous systems, which include tropomyosin, water-soluble contractile protein, globulins, and a number of sarcoplasmic proteins more or less firmly bound in the muscle fibers into a single functional complex with myosin. Some of these proteins readily undergo spontaneous denaturation [6].
The uniqueness of the fractional composition of proteins in different muscle types is closely related to the nature of their physiological activity. In locomotor, i.e., rapidly contracting muscles of invertebrates, the proteins of the actomyosin complex differ little in their properties from the actomyosin of skeletal striated muscles and are present in significantly greater quantities than in the tonic muscles of vertebrate internal organs [7, 8].
According to available data, smooth muscles are characterized by a high content of tropomyosin [11].
The attention of many researchers has been directed to studying the fractional composition of proteins in the locking muscles of mollusks. The pattern of X-ray diffraction spectra of mollusk locking musculature differs from that of mammalian skeletal musculature. Fibers producing such distinctive X-ray patterns are found in especially large numbers in the slowly contracting part of the bivalve mollusk adductor. These fibers were named type I fibrils or paramyosin fibrils [9].
From the smooth, slowly contracting part of mollusk locking muscles, an exceptionally viscous extract can be obtained using 1 M KCl solution, which gives only weak characteristic reactions for myosin and actomyosin [10].
The protein of this extract can be precipitated during dialysis against solutions of low ionic strength in the form of crystalline birefringent needles. The protein obtained in this way is similar in a number of properties to tropomyosin isolated from mammalian skeletal muscles. But, unlike it, this protein is insoluble in water in the absence of salts and is precipitated by ammonium sulfate at a significantly lower degree of saturation [14].
This protein was identified as paramyosin. In the smooth part of the oyster and Pinna adductor, this protein accounts for 25 to 30% of the total muscle protein.
In its amino acid composition, paramyosin is very close to tropomyosin [11].
In addition to water-insoluble paramyosin, which is considered a water-insoluble form of ordinary tropomyosin, water-soluble tropomyosin, which can also be obtained in crystalline form, is found in low concentration in the muscles of cephalopods (Cephalopod) [10].
The ATPase activity of proteins extracted from vertebrate smooth tonic musculature with 0.6 M KCl is significantly lower (10–20 times) than the enzymatic activity of skeletal muscle myosin [5]. Most of the ATPase activity of smooth musculature is associated with water-soluble proteins that are not directly related to the contractile function of muscles [8].
Also characteristic is the high content of myoalbumin and stromal proteins (connective tissue framework proteins) in smooth tonic muscles. In the myometrium, for example, stromal proteins account for up to 40% of all muscle proteins [15]. The stroma of skeletal muscles consists almost exclusively of connective tissue elements. The stromal proteins of the myometrium are represented mainly by collagen. Thus, it can be considered highly probable that the stroma of smooth musculature consists for the most part of relatively inert proteins that do not participate directly in muscle contraction [16].
It is likely that these proteins impart additional mechanical strength and elasticity to smooth musculature and possibly play a certain role in the mechanism of passive return of the muscle to its initial state after active contraction [12].
The existence in smooth musculature of a special protein, originally named nucleotropomyosin, has not been confirmed subsequently. Apparently, there are also insufficient grounds for recognizing the existence of actotropomyosin as an individual protein. At the same time, the possibility of interaction between individual proteins and various other substances, for example nucleic acids, with the formation of unstable complexes of variable composition cannot be denied [2].
Data on the presence of a large amount of free actin (up to 30–40%) in extracts from the myometrium have not been confirmed in subsequent studies [15].
High ionic strength extracts from minced smooth musculature of the uterus, as well as the stomach, do not possess (or possess to an insignificant extent) the ability to interact with L-myosin to form viscous actomyosin. This makes the assumption of the presence of free actin in any significant concentration in extracts from the myometrium or stomach musculature unlikely [13].
There is data suggesting that in smooth musculature, particularly in the myometrium, actin is less firmly bound to myosin than in the actomyosin of skeletal musculature, and separates from this complex upon simple precipitation of proteins with ammonium sulfate. The so-called hysteriomyosin is also apparently a peculiar artifact arising during the process of isolating proteins from muscle tissue [15].
Thus, the chemical composition of smooth tonic muscles is characterized by a number of fundamental differences from skeletal musculature. The key features are a lower total content of contractile proteins and ATP, a specific set of myofibrillar proteins with a predominance of the "readily soluble" fraction and tropomyosin, as well as a high proportion of stromal components such as collagen [17]. These biochemical characteristics directly correlate with the physiological properties of smooth muscles: their slow tonic contraction, high distensibility, efficiency of work, and ability to maintain tension for a long time without fatigue [1, 6]. Further study of the molecular organization of the contractile apparatus and its regulatory mechanisms in smooth muscles is necessary for understanding the pathogenesis of many diseases of internal organs and developing new methods of therapeutic intervention [16].
The conducted analysis of the chemical composition of vertebrate smooth tonic muscles allows us to conclude that their biochemical organization fundamentally differs from that of skeletal musculature. The revealed features of the chemical composition directly depend on physiological parameters: the propensity for prolonged tonic tension, pronounced plasticity, and resistance to fatigue [2, 7].
Summarizing the results of the analysis, the following conclusions should be drawn. It has been established that smooth muscles are characterized not only by a reduced total content of contractile proteins and high-energy compounds (ATP, creatine phosphate), but also by a qualitative uniqueness of the proteome [3, 5]. Significant differences in the actomyosin complex, manifested in low ATPase activity and lability of bonds between actin and myosin components, determine the slow nature of filament interaction and the low rate of force development [8].
Special attention deserves the confirm
ed role of tropomyosin and its analogs (paramyosin), whose concentration in smooth tonic muscles significantly exceeds that in fast skeletal muscles. This forms the morpho-functional basis for prolonged tone maintenance and ensuring the mechanical strength of internal organ walls [14, 17].
Thus, the chemical composition of smooth muscles should be considered as a type of tissue organization, optimized by evolution to perform specific functions in visceral systems. The presented data serve as a fundamental basis for further in-depth study of the molecular mechanisms regulating contraction [4, 10].
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Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is a high quality journal that has a clear and concise submission process. The peer review process was comprehensive and constructive. Support from the editorial office was excellent, since the administrative staff were responsive. The journal provides a fast and timely publication timeline.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, What distinguishes International Journal of Clinical Case Report and Review is not only the scientific rigor of its publications, but the intellectual climate in which research is evaluated. The submission process is refreshingly free of unnecessary formal barriers and bureaucratic rituals that often complicate academic publishing without adding real value. The peer-review system is demanding yet constructive, guided by genuine scientific dialogue rather than hierarchical or authoritarian attitudes. Reviewers act as collaborators in improving the manuscript, not as gatekeepers imposing arbitrary standards. This journal offers a rare balance: high methodological standards combined with a respectful, transparent, and supportive editorial approach. In an era where publishing can feel more burdensome than research itself, this platform restores the original purpose of peer review — to refine ideas, not to obstruct them Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi, FCCP PULMONOLOGIST AND THORACIC IMAGING.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I write here a little on my experience as an author submitting to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews (IJCCR). This was my first submission to IJCCR and my manuscript was inherently an outsider’s effort. It attempted to broadly identify and then make some sense of life’s under-appreciated mysteries. I initially had responded to a request for possible submissions. I then contacted IJCCR with a tentative topic for a manuscript. They quickly got back with an approval for the submission, but with a particular requirement that it be medically relevant. I then put together a manuscript and submitted it. After the usual back-and-forth over forms and formality, the manuscript was sent off for reviews. Within 2 weeks I got back 4 reviews which were both helpful and also surprising. Surprising in that the topic was somewhat foreign to medical literature. My subsequent updates in response to the reviewer comments went smoothly and in short order I had a series of proofs to evaluate. All in all, the whole publication process seemed outstanding. It was both helpful in terms of the paper’s content and also in terms of its efficient and friendly communications. Thank you all very much. Sincerely, Ted Christopher, Rochester, NY.
Dear Grace Pierce, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I had a very positive experience with Auctores - Journal throughout the publication process. The Editorial Team was highly responsive, professional, and supportive at every stage. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the Editor: Grace Pierce, for her guidance and assistance. The peer-review process was smooth and constructive, helping improve the quality of my work. I would gladly recommend Auctores Journal to fellow researchers and authors. Dr. SABITA SINHA, Medical Oncologist, MD (Electro Homeopathy).
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of - Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. ''I am pleased to provide this testimonial following the publication of our recent case report in this journal. The peer review process was rigorous, constructive, thorough, and conducted in a timely manner. The reviewers’ comments were thoughtful, detailed, and highly constructive, contributing substantially to the refinement, clarity, and scientific robustness of our manuscript. The process was conducted with professionalism and academic integrity throughout. The support provided by the editorial office was exemplary. Communication was consistently prompt, clear, and courteous at all stages of the submission and publication process. The editorial team demonstrated a high level of organization and responsiveness, ensuring that all queries were addressed efficiently and that the process remained transparent and well-coordinated. The overall quality of the journal is reflected in its strong editorial standards, commitment to scientific excellence, and dedication to publishing clinically meaningful research. It has been a privilege to publish our work in this journal, and we would welcome the opportunity to contribute further in the future.'' Best wishes from, Dr. Efstratios Trogkanis, Cardiologist.
Dear Reader: We have published several articles in the Auctores Publishing, LLC, journal, Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports in recent years (CMRR). This is an ‘open access’ journal and the following are our observations. From the initial invitation to submit an article, to the final edits of galley proofs, we have found CMRR personnel to be professional, responsive, rapid and thorough. This entire process begins with Catherine Mitchell, Editorial Coordinator. She is simply outstanding, and, I believe, unparalleled in her capacity. I cannot imagine a more responsive and dedicated Editorial Coordinator. As I read the dates and timing of her correspondence with us, it seems that she never sleeps. I hope Auctores Publishing, LLC, appreciates her efforts as much as these authors do. Thank you to Auctores Publishing, LLC, to the Editorial Staff/Board, and to Catherine Mitchell from a grateful author(s).
