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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/062
1, 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC) Bangladesh.
*Corresponding Author: : Shahidul Islam, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, University of Science & Technology Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Citation: Rupa Dev and Md. Shahidul Islam (2022) Chemical, Biological & Pharmacological Investigations of Different Fractional Extracts of Passiflora edulis Sims. (Family: Passifloraceae). J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research, 5(3); DOI:10.31579/2693-7247/062
Copyright: © 2022 Shahidul Islam, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 28 January 2022 | Accepted: 15 February 2022 | Published: 06 March 2022
Keywords: passiflora edulis sims, antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity
In the evaluation of antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform & n-hexane extracts of P. edulis was tested against 10 bacteria at concentrations of 500µg/disc. Standard antibiotic disc of Azithromycin (30 µg/disc) was used for the comparison. The extracts showed no activity against gm (+ve) & gm (-ve) bacteria at a concentration of 500 µg/disc. Antifungal activity of ethanol, chloroform & n-hexane extracts of P. edulis was tested against 7 fungi at concentrations of 500µg/disc. Standard antifungal disc of Fluconazole (30 µg/disc) was used for the comparison. In antifungal screening the chloroform extract showed activity against A. fumigatus (15nm). In DPPH scavenging assay the ethanol extract of leaves showed maximum % inhibition of 73.41% at 100μg/ml while the standard ascorbic acid showed % inhibition of 82.14% at the same concentration. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased by increasing the concentration of the sample extract. The extract exhibited considerable DPPH free radical scavenging activity as indicated by their IC50 values which indicate the potency of scavenging activity. Standard ascorbic acid was found to have an IC50 of 1.66μg/ml. In comparison to standard ascorbic acid, ethanol extract of P. edulis showed of an IC50 of 2.57μg/ml. In the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by albumin denaturation assay method, the percent inhibition of protein denaturation in the experiment of ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis was found to be 55.454% at 500μg/ml, 49.818% at 250μg/ml and 41.818% at 125μg/ml. The extract possesses significant activity comparable with that of the standard acetyl salicylic acid which showed percent inhibition of protein denaturation of 91.945%, 88.181% and 45.454% in the same concentration range. In this analgesic activity study using Eddy’s hot plate method in mice, the ethanol extract of P. edulis showed mild analgesic activity. After 30 minutes of administration of standard drug (Diclofenac 9 mg/kg), mean latency was found to be 17.34sec. While the extract at concentration of 400 mg/kg exposed mean latency of 6.67sec. Respectively. During antipyretic activity by Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia method in mice, the ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis produced moderate antipyretic activity. In this test, the extract reduced temperature from 102.4°F to 99.84°F (p=0.151188), 98.74°F (p=0.070485), 98.6℉ (p=0.056108), 98.37℉ (p=0.039072) and 98.27°F (p=0.110528) in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th hour respectively and caused maximum reduction of temperature in 1st hour. During antidiarrhoeal activity by castor oil induced test in mice, the ethanol extract of P. edulis produced moderate antidiarrheal episode. The latent period and the total diarrheic faces were found to be 0.978 hr & 8.34 at 500 mg/kg for P. edulis as compared to standard (Loperamide 3mg/kg) 2.845 hr & 5.34.
In the sedative and hypnotic activity by using open field box, hole cross box and swing Test method on swiss albino mice ethanol extract of P. edulis showed moderate sedative and hypnotic activity.
During the open field test, squares crossed by the group receiving standard Diazepam and ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis were 63 and 84.34 respectively. During the swing test, number of swings observed after administration of standard Diazepam and ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis were 3.67 and 8.67 respectively. During diuretic activity by using the Lipschitz test in mice, ethanol, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of P. edulis (500mg/kg body wt.) showed no activity compared to standard drug Furosemide (20mg/kg body wt.).
biodiversity of nature. Through natural ecosystem function and stability biodiversity provides humankind huge direct benefits and indirect essential services. It comprises about 5 to more than 50 millions of species of biodiversity 270,000 are plant species [1]. Chemical constituents such as tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, glycosides, phenolics, terpenes, alkaloids, waxes, essential oils, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins etc. are contained in plants. About 74% of drugs in the USA are based on plants and in developing countries a large portion of the world population depends directly on the traditional medicine system for a variety of diseases. In the world, approximately 20% of the plants have been used for pharmacological and biological screening. In the original system of medicine in India, several thousands of plants are used medicinally, mainly as herbal preparations. The sources of very potent and powerful drugs which have stood the test of time and modern chemistry have not been able to replace most of them [2]. For all time, man has use plants and herbs to treat disease and heal injuries. Now-a-days, to explain some of the medicinal phenomena associated with traditional herbal remedies scientific studies are began and renewed interest has been shown. Governments and the scientific and medical communities have created awareness about the importance of medicinal plants in health care systems in many developing countries [3]. Since ancient times, plants have also been used in the production of stimulant beverages (e.g. tea, coffee, cocoa, and cola) and inebriants or intoxicants (e.g., wine, beer, and kava) in many cultures and till today this approach continues. In the 9th century, coffee (Coffea arabica) was initially cultivated in Yemen but tea (Thea sinensis) was first addicted in ancient China for commercial purposes. Bitter beverages containing raw cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao), red peppers, and various herbs are consumed by dignity using the Aztec. At the present time, tea, coffee, and cocoa are important property and their utilization has spread worldwide. Methylated xanthine derivatives, namely caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, are the active components of these stimulants and these are the main constituents of coffee, tea, and cocoa, respectively [4]. To discover all medicinal plants that exist in the world, the World Health Organization made a challenge several years ago. Since botanical confirmation was not attempted it was admitted that the collection of names of medicinal plants certainly contained many replicates. Additional, excluding data indicating what the plants were used for, the list including more than 20,000 species only provided Latin binomials and the countries where the plants were used [5].
Phytochemical analysis
Chemical tests for the screening and identification of bioactive chemical constituents in the medicinal plants under study were carried out in extracts as well as powder specimens using the standard procedures as described below:
Phytochemical studies in ethanol extract of leaves of P. adulis
The results of the phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis has shown a remarkable variation in the presence the above studied phytochemical compounds in the studied taxa. The study revealed that the ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis are showing maximum presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flevonoids and phenols in ethanol solvent extracts.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
Experimental design (6)
The assigned assay method is based on the ability of antibiotics to diffuse from a confined source through the gel media and create a concentration gradient. If the agar seeded or streaked with a sensitive organism, a zone of inhibition will result. In this method, a definite amount of the test sample was dissolved in definite amount of solvent to give solution of given concentration (μg/μl). Then the sterile filter paper discs having 5mm in diameter were impregnated aseptically with known amount of the test substances and dried. Such discs and standard drugs discs were placed on plate containing a suitable medium seeded with the test organisms. These plates were kept at low temperature (4°C) for 24h to allow maximum diffusion. The dried discs absorb water from the agar medium and the material under test was dissolved. The plates for antibacterial test were then kept in an incubator (37°C) for 24h and the plates for antifungal test were kept at room temperature for 72 hours to allow sufficient growth of organisms. If the test material has antimicrobial activity, it will inhibit the growth of microorganism having a clear distinct zone called "Zone of Inhibition" [7]. The antimicrobial activity of the test agent was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition in terms of mm.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
Determination of quantitative antioxidant activity
Quantitative antioxidant activity was determined by determining the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ethanol extract of P. edulis graphically in comparison to standard ascorbic acid (8).
% scavenging of the DPPH free radical was measured by using the following equation:
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity
The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by calculating the percent inhibition of protein denaturation. The percent inhibition of protein denaturation was calculated by using the following formula:
The percent mean inhibition protein denaturation of ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis was calculated and noted down in the following table and results were graphically presented and compared with the standard drug Acetyl salicylic acid (9).
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity
Experimental design (10)
In this experiment, the analgesic activity of ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis was investigated in swiss albino mice, as per the method described by Eddy and Leimbach. Overnight fasted mice were placed individually on a thermostatically controlled heated beaker and the reaction time of each mouse was recorded. The temperature of the hot plate was maintained at 45 ± 1°C. The reaction time was considered as the time elapsed between placing of the mouse on the hot plate and appearance of signs of acute discomfort, characterized by flicking or licking of the hind paw, forepaw or jumping in an attempt to escape from the pain. The mice showing initial reaction time of 11sec or less were selected for this study. The animals were then, divided into control, standard and one test group containing three mice in each group. Control group received vehicle (1% Tween-80 in water) at a dose of 10ml/kg body weight orally. The standard group received Diclofenac-Na at the dose of 9mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally; test group received the ethanol extract of P. edulis leaves at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight orally. Thereafter, the initial latent reaction time of each mouse in heated beaker was recorded on “0” minute (just after treating with respective substances) and finally 30 minutes later the latent reaction time of each mouse was recorded.
Evaluation of Antipyretic Activity
This study was conducted by slightly modifying the method described by Adams (11). Animals of either sex were divided into control, standard and one test group containing 3 mice in each group for this experiment. The normal body temperature of each mouse was measured from rectum at one hour interval on a thermometer and recorded. The antipyretic activities of extract were evaluated using Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in Swiss albino mice. Before yeast injection, rectal temperature of mice were recorded and after recording animals were given subcutaneous injection of 10ml/kg of 10 % w/v yeast solution for elevation of body temperature of mice. At the 24hrs after yeast injection, the vehicle, standard drug and extract were administered into different groups. Distilled water at dose of 10ml/kg was administered orally to the control groups of animals and Paracetamol at dose of 150mg/kg was administered orally to standard group of animals. The ethanol extract of P. edulis plant was administered orally at a dose of 500mg/kg of body weight. Rectal temperature was recorded by digital thermometer at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th hours after drug administration.
Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity
Experimental design (12)
The animals were all screened initially by giving 0.4 ml of castor oil and only those showing diarrhea were selected for the final experiment. The animals were then, divided into control, standard and one test group containing three mice in each group. Control group received vehicle (1% Tween-80 in water) at a dose of 10ml/kg body weight orally. The standard group received Loperamide at the dose of 3mg/kg orally; test group received the ethanol extract of P. edulis at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight orally. Each animal is placed in an individual cage, the floor of which was lined with blotting paper. The floor lining was changed every hour. Diarrhea was induced by oral administration of 0.4 ml castor oil to each mouse, 30 minutes after the above treatments. During the observation period (4hrs), the total latency periods (first diarrheal stool after the administration of castor oil) and the number of diarrheic feces excreted by the animals were recorded. A numerical score based on stool consistency was assigned (normal stool =1 and watery stool = 2).
Pharmacological Evaluation of Sedative and Hypnotic Activities
Preparation of samples for the test, standard and control groups (13)
In the present work, 500mg/kg dose was selected for plant species and for this 3mg ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis was dissolved in 1.2ml of distilled water for three mice.
For standard, 4mg/kg dose of Diazepam was selected. For this 0.08mg Diazepam was dissolved in 1.2ml of distilled water for three mice and for control group 10ml/kg dose of distilled water was selected.
Experimental design
Determination of the antifungal activity
The antifungal activity of the ethanol, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of leaves of P. edulis were determined by covering the zone of inhibition (mm) of the 10 bacteria with the percent zone of inhibition caused by the test groups in comparison to the standard Fluconazole and control groups
Results of the antifungal activity
Antifungal activity of ethanol, chloroform & n-hexane extracts of P. edulis was tested against fungi at concentrations of 500µg/disc. Standard antifungal disc of Fluconazole (30 µg/disc) was used for the comparison. In antifungal screening the chloroform extract showed activity against A. fumigatus (15nm).
Quantitative antioxidant activity
IC50 calculation from graph
Result of quantitative antioxidant assay
In DPPH scavenging assay the ethanol extract of leaves showed maximum % inhibition of 73.41% at 100μg/ml while the standard ascorbic acid showed % inhibition of 82.14% at the same concentration (Table 6.1) The DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased by increasing the concentration of the sample extract. The extract exhibited considerable DPPH free radical scavenging activity as indicated by their IC50 values which indicate the potency of scavenging activity. Standard ascorbic acid was found to have an IC50 of 1.66μg/ml. In comparison to standard ascorbic acid, ethanol extract of P. edulis showed of an IC50 of 2.57μg/ml.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Results of anti-inflammatory activity
In the present investigation, the percent inhibition of protein denaturation in the experiment of ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis was found to be 55.454% at 500μg/ml, 49.818% at 250μg/ml and 41.818% at 125μg/ml (Table 7.1). The extract possesses significant activity comparable with that of the standard acetyl salicylic acid which showed percent inhibition of protein denaturation of 91.945%, 88.181% and 45.454% in the same concentration range.
Analgesic activity:
Determination of analgesic activity
Analgesic activity was determined by evaluating the latent period by recording the reaction time of the each mouse of the test group on a thermostatically controlled heated beaker jumping in an attempt to escape from the pain in comparison to the control and standard drug Diclofenac-Na.
The ethanol extract of P. edulis showed significant analgesic activity. After 30 minutes of administration of standard drug (Diclofenac-Na 9 mg/kg), mean latency was found to be 17.34sec. while the extract at
concentration of 400 mg/kg exposed mean latency of 6.67sec. respectively.
Antipyretic activity
Determination of antipyretic activity
Antipyretic activity was determined by determining the rectal temperature of the mice of the test group in comparison to the control and standard drug Paracetamol.
Results of antipyretic activity
During antipyretic activity by Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia method in mice, the ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis produced moderate antipyretic activity (Table 9.1, 9.2 & Table 9.3). In this test, the extract reduced temperature from 102.4°F to 99.84°F (p>0.05), 98.74°F (p>0.05), 98.6°F (p>0.05), 98.37°F (p<0>0.05) in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th hour respectively and caused maximum reduction of temperature in 1st hour.
Antidiarreal activity
Determination of anti-diarrheal activity
Antidiarrheal activity was determined by evaluating the latency period and diarrheal frequency by counting the feces number of the test group in comparison to the control and standard drug Loperamide.
*[TNF = Total number of faeces (MD×3 ± SE)], MD= Mean defecation, SE= Standard error]
Results of antidiarrheal activity
During antidiarrheal activity by castor oil induced test in mice, the ethanol extract of P. edulis produced moderate antidiarrheal episode. The latent period and the total diarrheic faces were found to be 0.978 hr & 8.34 at 500 mg/kg for P. edulis as compared to standard (Loperamide 3mg/kg) 2.845 hr & 5.34.
Sedative and hypnotic activity
Results of sedative and hypnotic activity
In open field box, hole cross box and swing test method on swiss albino mice ethanol extract of P. edulis showed moderate sedative and hypnotic activity.During the open field test, squares crossed by the group receiving standard Diazepam and ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis were 63 and 84.34 respectively.During the swing test, number of swings observed after administration of standard Diazepam and ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis were 3.67 and 8.67 respectively.
The results of the phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis has shown a remarkable variation in the presence the above studied phytochemical compounds in the studied taxa. The study revealed that the ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis are showing maximum presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and phenols in ethanol solvent extracts. Pathogenic microbial infectious agents exhibit the increasing failure of chemotherapeutics, severe adverse effects with increase doses and repeated use of drugs, problems with multiple dosage regimens and antibiotic resistance. All over the world, for their possible activity, appearance of new diseases has led to the screening of medicinal plants. A large quantity of pharmaceutical raw materials including medicinal plants and semi-processed plant produce drugs and medicines are imported in Bangladesh. If the manufacturers, to satisfy their needs, utilize the native medicinal plants or their semi processed products huge foreign exchanges can be saved.
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Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
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Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
