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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2688-7517/209

Cerebellum

  • Marium Ahsan 1*
  • Muhammad Akram 1
  • Momina Iftikhar 1
  • Tansif Ur Rehman 1
  • Francisco Garcia-Sierra 1
  • Riadh S Al-Malki 1
  • Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir 1
  • Gaweł Sołowski, Najmiatul Fitria 1
  • Marcos Altable 1
  • Marcos Altable 1

1. Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais

*Corresponding Author: Muhammad Akram, Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan.

Citation: Marium Ahsan, Muhammad Akram, Momina Iftikhar, Tansif Ur Rehman, Francisco Garcia-Sierra, et al, (2024), Cerebellum, J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research, 7(10); DOI:10.31579/2688-7517/209

Copyright: © 2024, Muhammad Akram. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 15 July 2024 | Accepted: 02 August 2024 | Published: 16 September 2024

Keywords: cerebellar cortex; mossy fiber; parallel fiber; purkinje cell; and posterior lobe

Abstract

Located at the base of the brain, the cerebellum is a marvel of neural architecture that is essential for motor learning, balance, and movement coordination. Although originally believed to be primarily involved in motor control, more recent studies have shown that it also plays broader roles in emotional regulation and cognitive processing.The cerebellum, a complex network of closely spaced neurons, integrates information from the spinal cord and other sensory systems to precisely regulate motor commands. Its unusual folded shape, which gives it the appearance of a cauliflower, contains billions of neurons organized in precise circuits that allow rapid and synchronized movements. The cerebellum is involved in cognitive functions such as attention, language and decision making, in addition to muscle function. Research indicates that it plays a role in procedural memory, facilitating learning and improving skills through practice. Its involvement in affective processing and emotional regulation is further highlighted by its links to the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Cerebellar pathologies, such as stroke or degenerative disorders, can cause ataxia, motor disorders, and cognitive abnormalities. The complexity of cerebellar function is still being uncovered by advances in computational neuroscience and neuroimaging, which emphasize the role of the cerebellum in higher-order cognitive processes as well as movement.

Introduction

The cerebellum is crucial for movement as well as language production, vision, hearing, and cognition (Hampson et al 2015). Animals differ greatly in the size and complexity of their cerebellum. In animals, the vermis joins the two hemispheres in the midline. The paravermis is the transitional area that separates the hemispheres from the vermis. The flocculus and parafloccules are located more laterally in relation to the hemispheres (Hernández et al 2023). The cerebellum is made up of two different kinds of neurons: those that are located in the outside region known as the cerebellar cortex. The uppermost layer, called the molecular layer, is located below the pial membrane (Martí et al 2022). Stellate cells and basket cells are the two main types of interneurons (Lainé et al., 1998). The lowest stratum and contains the granule cell bodies, Golgi, Lugaro, chandelier and unipolar brush (Dieudonné et al 1998). These describe the non-random and age-dependent spatial organization of neurons both within and between neuronal groups. In other words, it is necessary that there be a relationship between the moments of origin of these macroneurons and their destination in the cerebellum (Prestori et al 2019). Certain receptors in the cerebellum are capable of detecting changes in movement and balance. It moves and changes position by communicating with the body (Zeng et al 2011). Most body motions need coordination between multiple muscle groups. The cerebellum synchronizes motor function to preserve fluid body motion (Ghez et al 2000). Eye movements are controlled by the cerebellum (Miall et al., 2001; (Hinton et al 2020).

Conclusion

The cerebellum may be a regulator of voluntary and deliberate movement, balance, and cognitive and affective functioning, according to recent study and mounting evidence. Research using structural and functional imaging provides strong evidence for the cerebellum's specific role in these processes, as well as its relationship to neurological and psychiatric diseases. As previously indicated, there is evidence linking the cerebellum to mental and cognitive symptoms in a variety of disorders, as well as behavioral and medicinal therapy. However, the exact relationship between cerebellar dysfunction and specific symptoms of psychiatric diseases remains unclear. 

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