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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/067
1 Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
Citation: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Ghoson M. Daba (2022) Botryotrichum and Scopulariopsis Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activities. J, Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 3(1); DOI: 10.31579/2766-2314/067
Copyright: © 2022, Waill A. Elkhateeb, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 17 November 2021 | Accepted: 15 December 2021 | Published: 05 January 2022
Keywords: botryotrichum; scopulariopsis; secondary metabolites; biological activities
Botryotrichum and Scopulariopsis are a fungal genera that belongs to Class: Sordariomycetes. This review is to demonstrate secondary metabolites from Botryotrichum and Scopulariopsis and some of their reported biological activities. Moreover, describing the unique chemical diversity of these fungal genera involved in medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural applications. Also highlight the harmful side of these fungi if present.
Natural products have, historically, played an important role in drug discovery. Fungal natural products with diverse chemical structures and biological activities are rich resources of both drugs and toxins, thus causing Janus-like effects on human beings [1-3]. Significant progress has been made in discovery and mining of novel fungal Natural products in the past decades. The kingdom Fungi represents an incredibly rich and untapped source of bioactive natural products and seems to be an ideal agent for providing unique chemical compounds against various diseases [4-6]. They are present in almost every ecological niche, making them the second largest kingdom after insect and bacteria. Many reports represent that earth is approximately estimated to have 1.5 million species and only 10% of it is known to scientific community. The variety of genera and species and the variety of their habitats, made fungi great source of different natural product [7-9].
Today, mankind is not only still facing the challenge to treat untamed diseases, but is also fighting newly recognized diseases, and diseases that once were subdued but are developing resistance to the current therapeutic regimes [10-12]. Several fungal secondary metabolites are useful for human life, for example, penicillin a β-lactam antibiotic was isolated first time from Penicillium sp. Now, it is one of the widely used antibiotics worldwide. Fungal kingdom produces a variety of secondary metabolites, including all important classes like terpenes, terpenoids, alkaloids, and sugar derivatives. Today many scientists around the world is searching for a chemical method to synthesize the secondary metabolite in laboratory at higher yield for getting the most benefits [13-17].
Fungal natural products have provided revolutionary pharmaceuticals against various diseases, and have provided unique and inspirational chemicals for innovative drugs. Fungi are essential source of drugs in spite of many remarkable therapeutic agents discovered from them so far. But only a small fraction of the fungal taxa can be and have been fermented in laboratory media for drug discovery [18-20]. Fungal secondary metabolites exhibit biological activities that have been developed into life-saving medicines and agrochemicals and also produced toxic metabolites, known as mycotoxins, contaminate human and livestock food and indoor environments. The present review focuses on the two different genus Botryotrichum and Scopulariopsis natural products and highlighting the originality of the structures and their biological potential and their harmful if present.
Botryotrichum and Scopulariopsis, description and ecology
The genus Botryotrichum belonging to phylum: Ascomycota; Class: Sordariomycetes; Order: Microascales; Family Microascaceae. Conidiophores indistinguishable; Conidia (aleurioconidia) produced singly on short stalks, or sometimes in botryose clusters, large, globose, thick-walled; sterile hairs present, erect or sub-erect, tapering acutely at the apex, mostly roughened, dracker below, hyaline or subhyaline above; Phialoconidia sometimes present, phialides short, arising directly from vegetative hyphae, conidia hyaline, produced in chains, but sometimes slime down into a ball-like mass. Colonies attaining 3.5 cm in diameter after 10 days on malt extract agar at 25C, whitish at first but gradually changing into light brown or buff colour [12]. The most common species is Botryotrichum piluliferum. Botryotrichum is commonly found in soils especially those high in organic matter (Figure, 1).
The genus Scopulariopsis belonging to phylum: Ascomycota; Class: Sordariomycetes; Order: Sordariales; Family: Chaetomiaceae. Colonies white, buff or black, never true green, velvety or funiculose; hyphae hyaline or pigmented; Conidiophores macronematous or semi- macronematous, usually short to very short, branched with branches mostly confined to the apical region; Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, closely annellate, also called annellophores, ampulliform, elliptical or cylindrical, produced singly or in whole in a pencillate arrangement; Conidia one-celled produced in chains of basipetal succession, dry, elliptical, pyriform, globose or subglobose, truncate with a rim at the base, colourless to brown, smooth to verrucose. Colonies attaining 6 cm in diameter after 10 days on Czapeks+yeast extract agar at 25C, at first whitish, later Orange-White, with a narrow white margin, surphace powdery [12]. The most common species s Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and is commonly found in soils (Figure, 2).
Botryotrichum and Scopulariopsis as source of biologically active compounds
Fungal secondary metabolites exhibit biological activities that have been developed into life-saving medicines and agrochemicals. However some of these metabolites exhibited unfavourable activities. The genus Botryotrichum produced many secondary metabolites. Four new decarestrictine analogues (botryolides A−D), a biosynthetically related γ-lactone (botryolide E), and the known compounds decarestrictine D and sterigmatocystin have been isolated by Sy et al., [21], from cultures of a fungicolous isolate of Botryotrichum sp. (NRRL 38180). The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of 2D NMR and ESIMS data. The relative configurations of botryolides A−D and botryolide E were established on the basis of NMR data and/or X-ray diffraction analysis [21]. Chromatographic analysis of a crude ethyl acetate extract derived from a solid rice culture incubated at 40°C inoculated by the extremophilic fungus Botryotrichum piluliferum strain WESH19 yielded a new natural butenolide compound (1) together with three known metabolites (2-4). Chemical structures of isolated metabolites were confirmed via HRESIMS along with 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analyses. Compounds (1-3) revealed significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 700699), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Enterococcusfaecium (ATCC 35667) while their antifungal activities were evaluated against the extremophilic fungus Penicillium simplicissimum strain WSH17 [22].
Rajachan et al., [23], reported that, two new sterigmatocystin derivatives, oxisterigmatocystins E and F, along with nine known compounds, oxisterigmatocystins G and H, sterigmatocystin, N-0532B, O-methylsterigmatocystin, N-0532A, 6-O-methylversicolorin A, 6,8-O-dimethylversicolorin A, and 8-O-methylaverufin, were isolated from Botryotrichum piluliferum. Among these, compounds oxisterigmatocystins G and H, and 6-O-methylversicolorin A, were discovered as natural products for the first time. Oxisterigmatocystins E, oxisterigmatocystins G, and oxisterigmatocystins H displayed antimalarial activity toward Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, all these compounds except O-methylsterigmatocystin, exhibited cytotoxicity against KB, MCF-7, and NCI-H187 cell lines. From all these results finding should promote awareness of the contamination of Botryotrichum piluliferum in the food chain and agricultural soil [23].
Marine fungi and, mainly, endophytic species have been recognised as one of the most prolific sources of structurally new and diverse bioactive secondary metabolites with multiple biotechnological applications [24]. Marine organisms especially fungi produce many novel compounds with useful biological activity, but are currently underexploited, Youssef and Simal-Gandara, [25], reported that Scopulariopsis fungi isolated from marine source produced alkaloid metabolites showed considerable effect with respect to the tested activities. Most of the reported bioactive alkaloids showed considerable biological activities mainly cytotoxic followed by antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and required further investigations for additional biological activities. Thus, alkaloids isolated from marine-associated fungi can afford an endless source of new drug entities that could serve as leads for drug discovery combating many human ailments [25].
Many researches have been invested compounds from marine fungi, and concluded that marine fungi produce an interesting range of compounds [26, 27]. During product discovery, these compounds are often produced only in non-agitated culture conditions, which are unfortunately not well suited for scaling up. A marine isolate of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, strain LF580, produces the cyclodepsipeptide scopularide A, which has previously only been produced in non-agitated cultivation. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis LF580 produced scopularide A when grown in batch and fed-batch submerged cultures [28].
Yu et al., [29], reported that, two novel cyclodepsipeptides, scopularides A and B, were found in the fungus Scopulariopsisbrevicaulis extracted by ethyl acetate, which was isolated from the marine sponge Tethya aurantium. In addition, the known fungal metabolite paxilline was identified. The structures of the scopularides were elucidated by NMR, MS, and chemical derivatization methods as cyclo-(3-hydroxy-4-methyldecanoyl−Gly−l-Val−d-Leu−l-Ala−l-Phe), and cyclo-(3-hydroxy-4-methyloctanoyl−Gly−l-Val−d-Leu−l-Ala−l-Phe) for scopularide A and B, respectively. Antibiotic activity against Gram-negative bacteria was absent and against Gram-positive bacteria was weak, but activity against several tumor cell lines was significant at 10 µg/mL [29].
Scopularide A is a promising potent anticancer lipopeptide isolated from a marine derived Scopulariopsis brevicaulis strain [30]. The compound consists of a reduced carbon chain (3-hydroxy-methyldecanoyl) attached to five amino acids (glycine, l-valine, d-leucine, l-alanine, and l-phenylalanine). Using the newly sequenced Scopulariopsis brevicaulis genome we were able to identify the supposed biosynthetic gene cluster. The scopularide A gene cluster includes a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS1), a polyketide synthase (PKS2), a CoA ligase, an acyltransferase, and a transcription factor. Homologous recombination was low in Scopulariopsis brevicaulis so the local transcription factor was integrated randomly under a constitutive promoter, which led to a three to four-fold increase in scopularide A production [30].
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases are widespread in the Sudan causing substantial losses in terms of morbidity, mortality, reduction of production and costs of control and treatment. Control of ticks is based mainly on chemical acaricides. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was isolated and its identification was based on macro and microscopic characteristics. Metabolite profiling of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis culture filtrate was detected on thin layer chromatography and organic compounds were detected. Pathogenicity of the spore suspension and culture filtrate of the isolated Scopulariopsis brevicaulis to larvae, nymph and adult stages of Hyalomma anatolicum and Amblyomma lepidum was investigated by Suleiman et al., [31]. High mortality to flat larvae and biotic potential of the adult were observed. Results obtained stimulate the use of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis metabolites as biological control agents for controlling ticks in Sudan [31].
Fungi are important source of unique natural products with a high level of biodiversity and produce several compounds having different pharmaceutical activities and other different applications, which is currently attracting scientific researchers. Every study conducted on Botryotrichum and Scopulariopsis resulted in discovery of new metabolites or pointing to a possible application, which made these genera promising source of pharmaceuticals and attracted attention for further investigations of their important bioactivities properties.
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