AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Chat with us
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/255
1 Chief Highly Distinguished Professor and Nutritional Scientist, National Elites Foundation, Iran
2 Behroozi Dairy Complex, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Akbar Nikkhah. Chief Highly Distinguished Professor and Nutritional Scientist, National Elites Foundation, Iran. Email: anikkha@yahoo.com
Citation: Akbar Nikkhah and Masoud Alimirzaei. (2022). Boosting Concurrent Intakes of Milk, Solid Starter, and Water: The Ultimate Preweaning Calf Management Success Triangle, J. Clinical Research and Reports, 11(3); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/255
Copyright: © 2022, Akbar Nikkhah. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 31 May 2022 | Accepted: 16 June 2022 | Published: 27 June 2022
Keywords: milk; starter; water; intake; management triangle; calf health
In this review article, we aimed to explore and discuss interrelationships amongst milk, starter and water intakes and to highlight their cumulative effects on optimizing young calf performance and health. In addition, the unique role of adequate quality water consumption in triggering starter intake and rumen development were discussed. Given that the pre-weaning performance of dairy heifers is associated with their subsequent productivity, efforts have been made to improve calf weight gain in pre- and post-weaning periods. Intensified feeding of whole milk or milk replacers is a nutritional strategy resulting in greater weight gain and feed efficiency in pre-weaning calves. However, depressed starter intake and delayed rumen development are the most prevalent concerns, leading producers to feed calves rather restricted amounts of milk in the pre-weaning period. Recent studies have shown that gradual weaning is a useful method to overcome such negative effects on starter intake and post-weaning performance. Individual differences exist among calves in starter intake behavior and amount. Notably important, calves fed greater amounts of milk and starter simultaneously, grow better and remain healthier than those merely consuming greater milk. To maximize growth performance in both pre- and post-weaning periods, greater starter consumption should be encouraged alongside greater milk intake. Water is essential for stimulating solid feed intake and establishing healthy microbial ecosystem in the rumen. Therefore, the promoted intakes of milk, starter and quality water are all interrelated and should be managed together towards optimal calf health and growth performance, and thus, future productivity and longevity.
The aim of this review article was to innovatively emphasize the significance of simultaneous boosting in milk, starter and water intakes for optimal health and growth of pre-weaning calves. Conventional (milk fed at approximately 10% of birth body weigh) and intensified (ad libitum access to milk fed at about 20% of body weight) milk feeding systems are the major nutritional strategies adopted to feed young calves worldwide, with each method having its own advocates [1]. The restricted milk feeding method is based on increasing starter intake and early weaning planned to be economical. However, calves on this feeding program do not reach their maximal genetic growth potential and suffer from poor welfare [2]. Moreover, the starter intake, emphasized in such programs, would not support calves’ growth until intakes rise enough to meet their maximal growth requirements [3]. As a result, calf growth and perhaps immunity are impaired during the first weeks of life in restricted milk feeding programs. Of practical note, newborn calves respond properly to increased dietary energy and protein supply via greater amounts of milk or milk replacers by increased body lean tissue gain and greater live weight, which are presumably related to their future first lactation performance [4,5]. However, solid feed intake may decrease following the greater milk provision, resulting in sub-optimal rumen development. Nonetheless, it has been reported that gradual reduction of milk allowance promotes growth performance and has no undesirable effects on gastrointestinal development in dairy calves [6]. Accordingly, each of the conventional or intensified methods of milk provision are used by different farmers for different purposes. Referring to recent research [7,8], however, it is obvious that the traditional view into pre-weaning calf rearing should be revised and refined. It is contemplated that enhancing solid feed intake along with greater milk and water consumption is required for maximal calf growth and optimal health and production efficiency. It is necessary to highlight that optimizing and maybe maximizing milk and starter intakes in a parallel way would be an art that would require profound insights into calf nutrition, physiology and behavior.
To better understand the concurrent effects of milk, starter, and water intakes on rumen development and growth performance of pre-weaning calves, interrelationships amongst these factors should be investigated. An inverse relationship between milk and solid feed intakes has been reported in several studies [9,10]. Nevertheless, it is believed that solid feed intake increases as calves age regardless of milk allowance [2]. With respect to this report and given that calf feed intake rises markedly after weaning, the effects of milk allowance on starter feed intake may be, at least partly, due to weaning age. It appears that extended weaning age may allow calves to improve starter intake and rumen development as well. It has been demonstrated that calves weaned at 56-d of age had greater starter intake and average daily gain than did calves weaned at 42-d of age [11]. Also, calves weaned at 42-d of age exhibited more non-nutritional behaviors than did those weaned at 56-d of age. It seems that milk allowance effects on starter intake may be greater in magnitude in early stages of life. In early ages especially the first three weeks, restricted milk fed calves consumed approximately twice as much starter as did intensified milk fed calves [7].
It is logical that chemical and physical factors controlling feed intake such as higher blood glucose, insulin and also gut-fill related to milk clot formation may induce satiety in calves fed greater amounts of milk [12]. It is important to note that calves have a voracity to eat solid feeds as their age regardless of how much milk they consume [13]. Consequently, providing high quality starter feed accompanied by free access to clean quality water can stimulate greater starter intake in calves on intensified milk feeding programs.
In addition to the physiological relationships between milk and starter intakes, individual calf personality can affect feeding patterns, as well. In a study conducted to determine different individual characteristics among calves, the authors indicated that the age at which the calf starts to eat starter and also total pre-weaning starter intake are the best predictors of weaning age [14]. Slow learner calves were weaned later than exploratory-active calves, indicating that eating more starter as early as possible would result in greater average daily weight gain and smooth transition from liquid to solid feed. Such variations amongst calves seem not to be only because of genetics, as some other factors such as management, dam parity, birth season, and health may be involved in inter-calf differences observed [14]. As such, increasing the number of calves with high capacity for identifying starter feed by improving nutritional management practices can help producers wean their calves safely and efficiently. Also, considering that weight gain and N retention increase in line with milk supply and ad libitum access to starter feed [15], optimal management of starter intake would provide an opportunity to reach optimal performance and health in calves under intensified milk feeding systems.
Cereal grains are the main portion of starter feeds. Grain type and amount included in the starter feed and also processing methods used in manufacturing of calf starters may partly explain the different calf growth responses. In a recent review and meta-analysis, greater starter intake was attributed to texturized feeds [16]. As such, it has been reported that supplementing finely ground starter feeds with hay may increase starter intake [16]. In addition to the physical form of the starter diet, it appears that chemical composition of starters impacts on intake and later performance of calves independent of milk feeding program. In a study performed to compare the role of supplying energy and protein from milk replacer or starter, calves with greater vs. lower average daily gain had received greater energy and protein from the starter feed [17]. Interestingly, the greater intake of energy and protein from starter were positively related to their first lactation performance. These results suggest that additional factors beyond milk intake affect growth performance and later milk production of Holstein heifers.
Water is an essential nutrient for young calves because it is necessary for establishing healthy and sustainable microbial ecosystem and triggering solid starter intake. As noted above, the well grown calves are those that are capable to eat more starter and drink more milk and quality water concurrently. The time of water provision to pre-weaned calves is under debate and varies from one farm to another. Some producers believe that calves do not need additional water during the milk feeding period, but this opinion does not seem to hold true in modern dairy farming. Calves receiving additional water apart from the water provided by milk replacer, consumed greater starter feed than those receiving inadequate water [18]. Moreover, improved growth performance, rumen development, and nutrient utilization have been reported for calves receiving quality water from early stages of life [18]. According to the current knowledge, quality water and starter feed must be provided freely to calves under intensified milk feeding programs to help maximize dry matter intake and subsequent growth, health, and productivity.
Maximizing calf weight gain in the pre-weaning period is essential for optimal growth and health and later performance of heifers and herd longevity and economics. As such, the intakes of milk, solid feed, and water should be boosted simultaneously to effectively and timely accomplish the goal. Providing greater amounts of milk and highly palatable and nutrient-rich solid starter alongside quality water provision is greatly recommended. The effects of dry matter supplied by milk and starter are cumulative and would result in improved rumen development, gut integrity, and calf health and growth performance. Consequently, dairy herds’ productivity and longevity can improve.
Nature is acknowledged for its inspirational nature.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
