Biochemical Fluctuations Owing to Fenvalerate Nastiness in Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822)

Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/630

Biochemical Fluctuations Owing to Fenvalerate Nastiness in Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822)

  • Leena Grace Beslin

Department of Zoology, Nesamony Memorial Christian College (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University), Marthandam-629165, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding Author: Leena Grace Beslin, Department of Zoology, Nesamony Memorial Christian College (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University), Marthandam-629165, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Citation: Leena G. Beslin, (2026), Biochemical Fluctuations Owing to Fenvalerate Nastiness in Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822), J Clinical Research and Reports, 24(2); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/630

Copyright: © 2026, Leena Grace Beslin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 17 April 2026 | Accepted: 10 July 2026 | Published: 20 July 2026

Keywords: biochemical changes; exposure; induced toxicity; lethal rate; mortality

Abstract

The Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widespread and useful scientific model for studies of vertebrate development and gene function. The present study investigated the fenvalerate-induced toxicity range (20 µg/L–100 µg/L) in zebrafish. In the 24th exposure hour, 20 µg/L, 55% mortality was observed. After 96 hours, 82% death was obtained. In  40 µg/L, 62% mortality was registered after 24 h and further increased to 94% after 96 h of exposure. At 60 µg/L, 71% mortality was noted initially, and it rose to 99% at the 96th hour of the trial. At 80 µg/L the mortality rate ranged from 79% to 100%. Finally, at 72 h and 96 h, all fishes died and registered 100% mortality in 80 µg/L and 100 µg/L of fenvalerate concentration. The sub-lethal concentration of fenvalerate-induced biochemical changes was studied, and their results showed that normal fish gill protein was 120 ± 1.22 mg/g, and it reduced to 118.31 ± 0.5 mg/g, 117.4 ± 1.8 mg/g, 114.3 ± 2.1 mg/g, and 110 ± 1.4 mg/g after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. The total protein content of the muscle also declined after 96 h of treatment. In the control fish, total muscle protein was 80.2 ± 1.3 mg/g, and it minimized to 78.4 ± 2.4 mg/g and 71.4 ± 2.2 mg/g in subsequent exposures of LC50. After 96 h of exposure to fenvalerate, muscle protein was 60 ± 2.7 mg/g in the zebrafish. The control muscle lipid content was 4 ± 0.46% wet weight. It has decreased considerably in the muscle of fenvalerate-exposed zebrafish (3.1 ± 0.12% wet weight) in the 96 h. Compared with lipid from the muscle, the lipid content of the gill was dramatically depleted from 6.5 ± 0.22 to 2.5 ± 0.31%. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed variations in protein bands between the control and experimental groups. The present study depicted that fenvalerate inhibited protein biosynthesis and induced stress by stress protein synthesis.

Introduction

Pesticides are the biological toxicants that are commonly required by man to kill the pests and insects and also to fight various disease-causing organisms. In recent years, the applications of pesticides have become an indispensable and integral part of agriculture throughout the world. The severe application of these pesticides in agricultural operations has dangerously changed the ecological balance of various nontarget organisms like fishes (Todd and Leeuwen 2000). Environmental pollutants such as metals, pesticides, and other organic supplies cause high menace to various aquatic organisms, including fishes (Graham et al. 2004). They are the bioindicators of pollution in the environment and can be generally used for the assessment of the quality of aquatic environments (Dautremepuits et al. 2004). Since fishes are directly exposed to the elements of various chemicals through surface runoff or indirectly by the food chain of the ecosystem (Ateeq et al. 2002). The environmental aspects, like pH level, atmospheric temperature, and dissolved oxygen, play a crucial role in enhancing pesticide toxicity due to the presence of various residual molecules. The unhindered use of farming pesticides has led ecologists to weigh up the impacts of noxious elements on natural communities (Relyea 2005). 

The awareness of insect repellents has been established more in aquatic flora and fauna than in various earthly systems. The effect taken as a whole proved more in aquatic habitats regarding pesticides. More non-target organisms are affected by detrimental supplies that are transported to greater distances in the hydrosphere. There are about 234 classes of pesticides under usage in India, of which 24 are applied widely. A huge quantity of insecticides released into the earth by no means finds their target organisms and washes into aquatic environments. In the past few decades, loads of farming and industrial noxious wastes from water sinks have led to global environmental issues (Gupta 2004).

Fenvalerate was first formulated for agricultural use in 1974, approved as a termiticide in 1987, and added as an alternative to cyclodiene termiticides. Principally in India, cotton and vegetable pest control was done by this chemical. The most sensitive pesticides impair immunocompetent organs, especially the liver and kidneys of fishes. Assessment of the potential role of fenvalerate is essential to recognize its consequences on aquatic organisms, their immune-suppressing ability, and impacts on growth for finding suitable mitigation, amelioration, or prophylactic measures (Madan et al. 2000). 

  Most of the commercial pesticides were reported to have high toxicity towards non-target aquatic organisms, including fish, and were extensively studied by Cao et al. (2011). Hence synthetic pyrethroids were reported as one of the important contributors of aquatic pollution and extremely toxic to aquatic organisms (Richterova and Svobodova, 2012). It could be noted that any impact of pesticides in fish subsequently affects humans through the food web because fish serves as an important food source for humans. Tarkhani et al. (2012) determined the acute toxicity of diazinon and deltamethrin in Danio rerio, where the LC50 values observed indicated that mortality of zebrafish exposed to the pesticides severely increased with increasing concentration and time of treatment and further showed that zebrafish were highly sensitive to lower values of deltamethrin than diazinon. Sapanadevi and Gupta (2014) studied the noxious nature of lindane, deltamethrin, and atrazine on the beginning stages of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) and observed that the fingerling stages were less sensitive to the pesticide, lindane; however, in the case of deltamethrin and atrazine, the subjected larvae were more sensitive. Mohapatra et al. (2012) reviewed fenvalerate-induced improvement by supplementing dietary probiotics in Labeo rohita, in which total protein content was reduced notably in the fenvalerate-exposed fish compared to that of fish supplemented with probiotics.

Fenvalerate is effective against various aquatic organisms and is also used in animal husbandry and public health. When this fenvalerate is washed down with running water, it reaches various water bodies and brings out toxic effects on various aquatic animals. To assess the significant role of pesticides such as fenvalerate, it is essential to find out their impact on aquatic organisms in growth and immune-suppressing ability for finding suitable prophylactic and mitigation measures (Madan et al. 2000). Fenvalerate is absorbed at the elevated rate through the gills because of lipophilicity. However, fishes have a reduced capability to expel and metabolize fenvalerate and thus are highly susceptible even to very low quantities of the pesticide. These effects noted in the pyrethroid pesticide geared up to formulate the present study to measure the toxicity and its effects. Their biochemical changes and protein expression in muscle and gills due to pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate toxicity to a freshwater zebrafish, Danio rerio, were also carried out and evaluated.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Animal Collection

Freshwater Zebrafish (Danio rerio) was gathered from an Aquarium at Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, India. Experimental animals were transported to the Laboratory for further toxicity assays and ensured aeration during transportation (figure 1). 

Figure 1: External view of Danio rerio- Entire

Distinctiveness of Experimental Fishes

 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widespread scientific model life form for vertebrate studies and gene function. Genetic screenings exposed their vitality. The Zebrafish Information Network (ZFIN) has an online database of genetic, genomic, and developmental information dedicated to this genus. D. rerio is one of the few fish species sent into space. The zebrafish encloses numerous compensations for scientists for the reason that it is positioned as a model biological system. It has a fully sequenced genome with identifiable, obvious developmental qualities. Its embryonic development is rapid, and its embryos are relatively transparent, large, robust, and able to develop outside their mother. They have parallel mammalian evolutionary traits and mutant strains characterized for human toxicity testing. They have a diurnal sleep cycle with similarities to mammalian sleep behavior. Some disadvantages to their scientific use are the absence of a standard diet and the presence of small differences between zebrafish and mammals in the roles of some genes related to human disorders.

Maintenance and Culture of Zebra Fish

Freshwater Zebrafish (D. rerio) was kept with 12h/12h light and dark cycle in a glass tank. The glass aquarium (60 × 30 × 25 cm) was maintained with dechlorinated water. Daily two times they were fed with freeze dried tubefex worms. About 20 fishes were maintained for each set of experiment and acclimatized prior to the experiment at 28 ± 2°C. Triplicate analysis was done for each experiment.

Effect of Fenvalerate on Zebrafish 

 In the laboratory condition, the fishes were acclimatized for 15 days and made into a control group and five investigational groups (Figure-2). Various concentrations of technical grade fenvalerate (Merck, Bangalore, India-99.9% purity) were added to investigational groups (20µg/L to 100µg/L). To the control group, pesticide was not added. Experiment was carried out up to 96h. Mortality observations were done after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h correspondingly. Dead fish was counted, registered and removed from the tank immediately. Finally the percentage mortality was tabulated. 

Biochemical Impact of Sub-lethal Fenvalerate Concentration in Zebra Fish

For the current biochemical study, freshwater Zebrafish with 3±0.21cm in length and 0.31 ± 0.02 gm in weight were acquired. The selected fishes in glass tank were acclimatized for two weeks. The water change was done daily; fishes were fed with pellets.  Exposure to sub-lethal (1/10th of 96th hour LC50) concentration of fenvalerate for one week was provided to the selected experimental group. After that control and experimental animals were subjected for biochemical assays. 

Total Protein Estimation from Muscle and Gill

 Determination of protein concentrations lies in the reactivity of the peptide nitrogen[s] under alkaline conditions with the copper [II] ions and the succeeding diminution of the Folin-Ciocalteau phosphomolybdic phosphotungstic acid to heteropolymolybdenum blue by the copper-catalyzed oxidation of aromatic acids. The pH of the assay solution should be maintained at 10 - 10.5 because this method is sensitive to pH changes. A variety of compounds interfere include some amino acid derivatives, certain buffers, drugs, lipids, sugars, salts, nucleic acids and sulphydryl reagents by low concentrations of protein. These substances should be removed or diluted before running Lowry assay (1951).

Lipid Estimation from Muscle and Gill 

Lipid content of the sample was extracted from 0.5g gill and muscle of Zebrafish was put thrice with chloroform: methanol (2: 1 v/v) according to Mahmoud et al. (2020) 0.1g muscle and gill tissue from the fresh fish were cut, rinsed with distilled water and dried to constant weight in a drying oven (60°C, 24 h). Dried samples were pulverized in a glass blender, homogenized with chloroform: methanol mixture (2:1, v/v), vortex at 2800rpm and filtered. The extract was shaken and equilibrated with about 20% of its volume to a saline solution. The extracted lipids were weighed and the percentage of lipid content was measured.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis [SDS- PAGE]

Sodium dodecyl suplhate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE) used for the separation of proteins based on their size (Suneetha et al. 2004). Charged molecule will migrate in an electric field towards an electrode with opposite signal. To determine the molecular weight of biological molecules, the mobility of a substance in the gel depends on both charge and size. To overcome this, the biological samples acquire uniform charge and the electrophoretic mobility depends primarily on size. Different protein molecules with different shapes and sizes needs to be denatured (with the aid of SDS) to lose their structural protein disparity. The negatively charged proteins with SDS, when loaded onto a gel placed in an electric field will migrate towards the anode (positively charged electrode) are separated by a molecular sieving effect based on size. The image by a staining (protein-specific) technique calculated by comparing its migration distance with that of a known molecular weight ladder (marker) offered the size of a protein.

Results

Fenvalerate Toxicity to Zebra Fish

In the present study fenvalerate toxicity for Zebrafish was explored. In 20 µg/L concentration, 24th h exposure recorded 55% mortality. 82% mortality was obtained in 96th h of treatment. 62% mortality was registered after 24th h at 40 µg/L and further increased as 94?ter 96h of exposure. At 60 µg/L, 71% mortality was noted initially and it raised 99% at the 96th hour of the trial. In 80 µg/L the mortality rate ranged from 79% to 100%. Finally in 72h and 96h, all fishes were died and registered 100%mortality in 80 µg/L and 100 µg/L of fenvalerate concentration (figure 2).

Figure 2: Effect of different (20 – 100 µg/L) concentrations of fenvalerate on Zebrafish at various exposure times

Biochemical Changes Due to Fenvalerate Toxicity 

Total protein content of muscle and gill of Zebrafish exposed to sub-lethal fenvalerate concentration (96h) 

Total protein content of normal fish gill was 120 ± 1.22 mg/g and it reduced to 118.31± 0.5 mg/g, 117.4 ± 1.8 mg/g, 114.3 ± 2.1 mg/g and 110 ± 1.4 mg/g, after 24, 48, 72 and 96h respectively. The total protein content of the muscle also declined after 96h treatment. In the control fish, total muscle protein was 80.2 ± 1.3 mg/g and it minimized to 78.4 ± 2.4 mg/g, 71.4 ± 2.2 mg/g in subsequent exposure of LC50. After 96h of exposure of fenvalerate, muscle protein was 60± 2.7 mg/g in the Zebrafish (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Total protein content of muscle and gill of Zebrafish exposed after 96hrs to sub-lethal fenvalerate concentration

Figure 4: Lipid content of muscle and gill of Zebrafish exposed after 96hrs to sub-lethal fenvalerate concentration

Lipid content of muscle and gill in sub-lethal fenvalerate concentration (96h) exposure

In the present study, the muscle lipid content was 4 ± 0.46% wet weight (Figure 4). It has decreased considerably in muscle of fenvalerate exposed Zebrafish (3.1 ± 0.12% wet weight) for 96h. Compared with lipid from the muscle, the lipid content of gill was dramatically depleted from6.5± 0.22 to 2.5 ± 0.31%. 

SDS-PAGE analysis of protein from muscle and gill of Zebrafish exposed to sublethal fenvalerate concentration (96h)

Variations in protein bands between control and experimental group revealed the SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Figure 5 showed variations of gill and muscle protein of Zebrafish exposed to fenvalerate. Fenvalerate inhibited the biosynthesis of proteins and induced the synthesis of stress proteins was the reason behind the less intensity in few sub units and appearance of few proteins in experimental samples. 

Figure 5 Changes in subunits of protein in gill and body tissues of Zebra fish, exposed to fenvalerate in SDS-PAGE. Lane 1- Normal gill, Lane 2 – Gill exposed to fenvalerate, Lane 3 – protein marker, Lane 4 – Normal muscle, Lane 5 – Fenvalerate exposed muscle.

Discussion

The important objective of acute toxicity tests revealed stressful and pathological abnormalities lead to short death, which evaluated the concentration of toxic materials that obstructed their physiological tasks. The toxicity of agricultural pesticides is one of the main causes for the drastic decline of fish populations. Death is the chief decisive factor in toxicity experiments because of its obvious determination in ecological and biological significance. (Maheshwari et al. 2001). In a biological system, the immediate pesticide toxic effect of an aquatic environment should be explicated. In the present study, the LC50 value for 96h exposure of fenvalerate to zebrafish was 0.609. This value was almost 10 times lower than that of fishes such as Catla and Rohu. In Cyprinus carpio the LC50 value for 48 h exposure to fenvalerate at pH 8.00 to 8.88 was reported to be 0.0210 mg/L (David et al. 2004). 

LC50 study of Clarias batrachus reported the fenvalerate (freshwater catfish) content of 19μg/L by Tripathi and Verma (2004). The acute toxicity (LC50) in 96 h for Catla fingerlings was 6 μg/L (Tandon et al. 2005). Prusty et al. (2011) reported 96h LC50 value for Labeo rohita was reported as 5.36 µg/L. LC50 value of Channa punctatus at 96 h was reported as 2.13 μg L-1 in fenvalerate exposure.  Coverage of fenvalerate reported detrimental to biochemical contents on Channa punctatus in swamps (Seth and Saxena, 2003) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Mushigeri and David, 2004). 

Normally fishes have less capability to metabolise and send out fenvalerate; thus they are vulnerable even at little concentration. When fish is exposed to toxicants, they readily utilize glycogen reserves for their survival. Water solubility of insecticides and lipophilicity was the key parameters which influence the uptake correlated with the toxicity of insecticides including fenvalerate. Stressed fishes also showed shrinkage in protein content and increase in total amino acids to meet the energy requirements. Uptake of insecticides through the gills, bloodstream causes fish toxicity. (Mahmoud et al. 2020).

In the present study, behavioural changes were observed, while on fenvalerate exposure. Various behavioural changes were registered at sub-lethal and lethal fenvalerate concentration. It includes movement of fishes to the bottom of the aquarium water. Also, noticed excess production of mucus substances from the gills and much dashing the tank wall. These practical behavioural responses were noticed in dimethoate exposed common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Pandey et al. 2009). Again, body colour did not change at lethal or sub-lethal concentration of fenvalerate. Santhakumar and Balaji (2000) found colour change in Anabas testudineus after the fish was exposed to monocrotophos and he reported imbalance in posture, erratic swimming and more surface activity, excess of mucus all over the body and sluggishness. At high concentration of fenvalerate toxicity, restless swimming, imbalances at surface to bottom and unusual surface activity was observed. The surface swimming habit is mainly to gulp maximum possible air to solve stress by the fishes (Mahmoud et al. 2020). 

In the present study increased opercular movements were observed which was similar to that of report in Clarias batrachus exposed to herboclin. The high rate of opercular movements in experimental animal may be due to heavy accumulation of mucous on gill tissues due to the toxicant (Amita kiran and Jha, 2009).  The changes in behaviour such as irregular swimming, surface swimming and mucous on the gills was noticed when Zebrafish was exposed to fenvalerate indicated pollution of the habitat (Zutshi et al. 2010).               In this investigation fenvalerate induced biochemical changes in muscle and gills of Zebra fish, total protein content depleted considerably in gills than in muscle tissue. In gill total protein depletion was about 24.4?ter 96h exposure than control whereas in muscle only 4% total protein content was depleted. Pesticides generally induce various enzymatic and biochemical changes in aquatic organisms especially in fishes (Kumaresan et al. 2019). 

Tiwari and Singh (2009) reported the effect of cypermethrin on Labeo rohita showed variations in biochemical composition in fish. In the structural point of view, proteins are vital and involve various biological activities among various types of cells (Bhushan et al. 2002). The decrease of protein level due to pesticide toxicity was reported previously by Mastan and Ramayana (2010). Depletion of total protein content in present findings are in good agreement with previous findings of David et al. (2004), they reported comparable results in Cyprinus carpio with cypermethrin exposure. Kumar and Gopal (2001) reported depleted level of total protein content in the liver of fish exposed with toxicants. In the present study, lipid content was decreased in the muscle of fenvalerate exposed Zebra fish. Compared with muscle lipid, the lipid content of gill was dramatically depleted in the experimental animal. Fat content of Zebrafish was significantly affected by fenvalerate; it was the basis for fat reduction in fishes. Gills are first target to pesticides. In Terapon jarbua, endosulfan affected the lipid content in Terapon jarbua (Abirami et al. 2012). Vinodhini and Narayanan (2008) studied the total lipid profile with pesticide in the liver of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Zutshi et al. (2010) reported reduction of lipid content in Labeo rohita and, Hanan et al. (2013) studied the impact of pesticide and reported reduced level of lipid in Clarias gariepinus.      In this study PAGE was used to analyze the protein profile of fenvalerate treated fish illustrated variations in protein profile between control and fenvalerate exposed animals. In the present study, fenvalerate exposed muscle and gill sample demonstrated least protein intensity in banding pattern compared to control group on PAGE. The variation in the subunit of muscle and gill protein may be manifested in the expression of some of the protein genes or production of stress proteins to survive at toxic conditions. The results of protein are in concurrence with Suneetha et al. (2010) who analyzed changes in protein profile of Labeo rohita induced by fenvalerate. The mechanism of action of fenvalerate and other pesticides may significantly inhibit the expression of genes or may activate other set of genes leads to the production of mRNAs; afterwards which may be translated into stress induced proteins to survive in the stress conditions (Murat et al. 2009). 

References

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Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.

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Dr Chiara Giuseppina Beccaluva

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.

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Dr Aline Tollet

Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.

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Dr Ravi Shrivastava

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora

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Dariusz Ziora

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.

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Dr Jelle Lettinga

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.

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Dr Walter F Riesen

Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.

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Dr Rakhi Mishra

Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.

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Hala Al Shaikh

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD

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Dr Eric S Nussbaum

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.

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Dr Victor Olagundoye

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.

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Dr Farahnaz Fallahian

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.

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Dr Oleg Golyanovski

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

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Dr Elvira Farina

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

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Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

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Dr David Vinyes

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

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Dr Anyuta Ivanova

I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.

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Dr Farooq Wandroo

"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".

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Dr Shweta Tiwari

To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

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Dr Tewodros Kassahun Tarekegn

I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Cristina Berriozabal

Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."

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Thomas Urban

I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.

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Zhao Jia

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

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Luiz Sellmann

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

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Sonila Qirko

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Lin-Show Chin

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

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Bruno Chauffert

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

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Dr Suramya Dhamija

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

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Andreas Filippaios

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

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Raed Mualem

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

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Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

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Hao Jiang

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

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Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

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Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

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Pedro Marques Gomes

Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

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Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.

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Katarzyna Byczkowska

Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.

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Orlando Villarreal

The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.

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Sing-yung Wu

We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.

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Layla Shojaie

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.

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Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.

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Ziemlé Clément Méda

Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.

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Delcio G Silva Junior

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

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Virginia E. Koenig