Awareness of Occupational Hazards and Safety and Health Practices Among Wood Artisans in Imo State

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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-8808/253

Awareness of Occupational Hazards and Safety and Health Practices Among Wood Artisans in Imo State

Agwah Eunice Ifeyinwa ^1*

Amadi Agwu Nkwa ²

Okereke Chike CA ²

Iwuala CC ²

Opara AC ²

Anyanwu EO ³

Ngwu E. E ⁴

1 Department of Public Health, School of Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
2 Department of Dispensing Opticianry, School of Health Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
3 Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.

*Corresponding Author: Agwah Eunice Ifeyinwa, Department of Public Health, School of Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

Citation: Agwah E. Ifeyinwa, Amadi A. Nkwa, Okereke Chike CA, Iwuala CC, Opara AC, et al, (2025), Awareness of Occupational Hazards and Safety and Health Practices Among Wood Artisans in Imo State, J, Clinical Case Reports and Studies, 6(4); DOI:10.31579/2690-8808/253

Copyright: ©, 2025, Agwah Eunice Ifeyinwa. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 28 March 2025 | Accepted: 04 April 2025 | Published: 10 April 2025

Keywords: wood artisans; occupational hazards; workplace air quality; safety & heath practices; Imo state

Abstract

Wood occupation is a gainful job, and has contributed immensely to socioeconomic development of many developed and developing countries of the world, including Nigeria. However, activities involved in wood processing often expose artisans to various occupational hazards. This study is aimed at assessing awareness of occupational hazards, safety and health practices among wood artisans in Imo State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted for the study. Two hundred and sixteen (216) wood artisans (saw millers, wood carvers and carpenters), who consented and met inclusion criteria participated in the study. Their selection was via multi-stage random sampling technique comprising 30% of wood artisans from selected local government areas and communities in the three senatorial zones of Imo State. A semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire and workplace environment air quality tools were employed to collect data from respondents aged 20 years and above, who have lived for not less than two years in Imo State, and had been actively involved in artisanal activities, with all ethical requirements obtained. The study lasted for a period of six months (October 2022 to April 2023). Data obtained was analyzed with SPPS version 23 and presented in tables using descriptive statistics for preliminary analysis while Chi square test, t - test and logistic regression were other analytical methods utilized. The result obtained showed that wood occupation is male dominated (92.6% ), with majority being married (72.2% ), aged between 30-39 years (29.6% + 29.2% ), and have secondary education (56.9% ). Greater proportion of them have worked for 8years and above (35.6% ), with work schedule of 8 - 10 hours daily (89.8% ) and income of above #4,000 daily (36.6% ). Occupational hazards detected included physical - (wood particles (96.3% ), noise (71.8% ), heat (61.1% ), vibration (43.5% ), fire (40.7% ) and electric fault (34.3% ); chemical - (wood dust (91.7% ), organic fumes (63.9% ), smoke (24.1% ); biological - (insect bite (58.5% ); ergonomic - (manual lifting of heavy objects (60.2% ), awkward posture (63.3% ), repetitive work (54.2% ), fixed posture (53.7% ) and psycho-social - (stress (60.2% ) & fatigue (58.8% ). Other hazard included environment air pollution which was found to be far above the permissible limits - (Pm2.5 (35.5 mg/m3), Pm1.0 (78.33 mg/m3), PM10 (75.00 mg/m3), NO (6.533 ppm), CO (21.0 mg/m3), CO2 (66.17 mg/m3), and SO (15.50 mg/m3). Awareness towards hazards was quite high (93.8% ), but safety and health practices were quite poor. Only few respondents attended medical checks (35; 16.2% ), had safety training (56; 25.9% ) and use of appropriate personal protective equipment (54: 25.0% ). Their personal hygiene and sanitation practices were also found to be poor (89: 41.2% ). Wood artisans constitute substantial proportion of labour force in Imo State, Nigeria, but they are particularly vulnerable to hazard exposures due to their non-compliance to safety and health practices/habits. Increased sensitization, safety training and education towards occupational hazards and their protection as well as provision of functional occupational safety and health services are therefore recommended for these economically viable group of workers in Imo State.

Introduction

Wood occupation is a gainful job, and has contributed immensely to socioeconomic development of many developed and developing countries of the world, including Nigeria. Great number of craftsmen, workmen and tradesmen are directly employed in wood industries where timbers are processed and converted to wood products, partly or completely with hands. However, activities involved in this occupation often expose artisans to numerous hazards, which affect their health, even years after retirement.
Occupational hazards often emanate from work materials, substances, processes or conditions of work [1]. They contribute to global disease burden and economic loss of about 4 – 6 % Gross Domestic Product for most countries of the world [2]. But these factors of work can either be minimized or prevented when workers are aware of them and if appropriate safety and health measures are adhered to by workers [3]
Hazards of physical, chemical, psycho-social, ergonomic and organizational factors are common with artisans especially in low and middle-income countries of the world including Nigeria and have greatly affected the well-being of workers. In Nigeria, wood artisans form the substantial proportion of the labour force, but there is little or no occupational services involving regulatory enforcement for occupational health and safety standard for them. Interaction between work hazards and negligence of safety and health practices often increase their vulnerability to occupational morbidity and mortality [4]. Occupational health and safety (OHS) issues have not been accorded the necessary and adequate attention by workers, safety professionals and the government. Although Nigeria signed the 1981 ILO’s Geneva Convention on occupational safety and health (OSH), but it is still struggling with the implementation and enforcement of OSH policies and regulations [6]. Most wood activities have failed to meet decent work criteria as evident in the way artisans in these enterprises earn their livelihood under hazardous environment and outright neglect of safety and health standard. Like other low and middle-income countries of the world, there is lack of occupational safety and health regulation and enforcement in Nigeria [7]. Findings of several studies among wood artisans in Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan African countries, have implicated poor awareness towards hazards and knowledge of interactions between work and health among the causes of negligence towards safety and health practices [8]. Reports showed that majority of artisans never had training on occupational safety, and were either unaware, or become aware of their work–related hazards after experiencing some health issues associated with them [9]. Study among sawmill workers in Nakuru County, Kenya, has it that most (80 %) of the wood respondents had no occupational health and safety training [10] in Nigeria, all pointed towards low compliance towards safety and health standards among artisans. Some of these studies, revealed poor usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) as being instrumental to self - reported health problems among artisans. This has led to increased lost-work days and low productivity among these workers [11]
There is therefore need for functional occupational health and safety services that will involve proper safety training and health education on occupational hazards, appropriate use of personal protective devices in order to promote sustainable development goals 8 and 3 of decent work and economic growth, well-being promotion and good health to all.

Results

Socio-Demographics Wood Artisans
Freq %
Age
20 – 29 33 15.3
30 – 39 64 29.6
40 – 49 48 22.2
50 – 59 63 29.2
60 + 8 3.7
Total 216 100.0
Gender
Male 200 92.6
Female 16 7.4
Total 216 100.0
Marital Status
Married 156 72.2
Single 48 22.2
Others 12 5.6
Total 216 100.0
Educational Level
Primary 51 23.6
Secondary 123 56.9
Tertiary 14 6.5
Non-formal 28 13.0
Total 216 100.0
Daily Income (#)
< 2> 13 6.0
2,000 - 3,000 44 20.4
4,000 - 5,000 79 36.6
Above 5,000 80 37.0
Total 216 100.0
Work Duration
2 - 4 years 27 12.5
5 - 7 years 51 23.6
8 - 10 years 77 35.6
Above 10 years 61 28.2
Total 216 100.0
Work Schedule
2 - 4 hours 8 3.7
5 - 6 hours 14 6.5
8 - 10 hours 194 89.8
Total 216 100.0
Table 1: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Wood Respondents
Physical Hazard Exposures Frequency (N) Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following physical hazards in your workplace?
Noise
Yes 155 71.8
No 61 28.2
Total 216 100.0
Heat
Yes 132 61.1
No 84 38.9
Total 216 100.0
Wood particles
Yes 208 96.3
No 8 3.7
Total 216 100.0
Vibration
Yes 94 43.5
No 122 56.5
Total 216 100.0
Fire
Yes 88 40.7
No 128 59.3
Total 216 100.0
Table 2: Physical Hazard Exposures Among Respondents
Chemical Hazard Exposure Frequency (N) Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following chemical hazards in your workplace?
Wood dust
Yes 198 91.7
No 18 8.3
Total 216 100.0
Organic fumes
Yes 138 63.9
No 78 36.1
Total 216 100.0
Smoke
Yes 52 24.1
No 164 75.9
Total 216 100.0
Table 3: Chemical Hazard Exposures Among Respondents
Ergonomic Hazard Exposures Frequency (N) Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following ergonomic hazards in your workplace?
Repetitive work
Yes 117 54.2
No 99 45.8
Total 216 100.0
Fixed posture
Yes 116 53.7
No 100 46.3
Total 216 100.0
Awkward posture
Yes 128 59.3
No 88 40.7
Total 216 100.0
Manual lifting of Objects
Yes 130 60.2
No 86 39.8
Total 216 100.0
Table 4: Ergonomic Hazards Exposures Among Respondent
Biological Hazard Exposures Frequency (N) Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following biological hazards in your workplace?
Insect Bite
Yes 132 61.1
No 84 38.9
Total 216 100.0
Snake Bite
Yes 9 4.2
No 207 95.8
Total 216 100.0
Table 5: Biological Hazard Exposures Among Respondents
Psycho-social Hazard Exposures Frequency (N) Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following psycho-social hazards in your workplace?
Stress
Yes 130 60.2
No 86 39.8
Total 216 100.0
Fatigue
Yes 127 58.8
No 89 41.2
Total 216 100.0
Exhaustion
Yes 38 17.6
No 178 82.4
Total 216 100.0
Table 6: Psycho-social Hazard Exposures Among Respondents
Parameter NOISE (db) PM2.5 PM1.0 PM10 NO CO CO2 SO
Permissible Limit 85 25 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 5ppm 10 mg/m3 50mg/m3 5ppm
Mean 104.00 35.5 78.33 75.00 15.40 21.0 66.17 15.50
St.dev 12.52 13.00 8.525 20.21 4.96 4.60 8.91 3.987
t- test 10.759 17.047 8.142 3.029 5.140 5.852 4.445 6.450
P-value 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.029 0.004 0.002 0.007 0.001
Table 7: Workplace Environment Air Quality Among Wood Respondents
Awareness of Hazards & Sources Frequency (N) Percentage ( %)
Are you aware that you are exposed to various hazard(s) in your work place?
Yes 199 92.1
No 17 7.9
Total 216 100.0
What is your source of awareness? 100.0
Work safety books
Yes 30 15.1
No 186 84.9
Total 216 100.0
Radio/ TV media
Yes 32 16.1
No 184 83.9
Total 216 100.0
Colleagues/friends
Yes 35 17.6
No 181 82.4
Total 216 100.0
Social media
Yes 28 14.1
No 188 85.9
Total 216 100.0
Personal experience
Yes 142 62.8
No 74 37.2
Total 216 100.0
Table 8: Awareness Towards Hazards and Their Sources Among Respondents
Adherence Towards Safety Practices
Artisans
(n=216)
Freq %
Attending Medical check up
Monthly 0 0
Bimonthly 6 2.8
Quarterly 10 4.6
Yearly 19 8.8
Not at all 181 83.8
Total 216 100.0
Safety & Health Training
Yes 56 25.9
No 160 74.1
Total 216 100.0
Usage of PPE
Yes 83 38.4
No 133 61.6
Total 216 100.0
Frequency of Usage of PPE
Every time 14 16.9
sometimes 30 36.1
Once in a while 19 22.9
Rarely 20 24.1
Total 83 100.0
Table 9: Adherence Towards Safety Practices Among Respondents
Personal Hygiene Practices/Habits Wood Artisans (n=216)
Freq %
Do you have separate accommodation apart from the workshop?
Yes 190 88.0
No 26 12.0
Total 216 100.0
Do you brush your teeth daily?
Yes 100 46.3
No 116 53.7
Total 216 100.0
How often do you bath after work?
Every time 87 40.3
Sometimes 111 51.4
Once in a while 11 5.1
Rarely 7 3.2
Never 0 0.0
Total 216 100.0
How often do you wash hands before eating at work?
Every time 69 31.9
Sometimes 119 55.1
Once in a while 23 10.6
Rarely 5 2.3
Never 0 0.0
Total 216 100.0
Do you wash hands with chemical substances at work?
Yes 162 75.0
No 54 25.0
Total 216 100.0
Do you treat wound with chemical substances at work?
Yes 150 69.4
No 66 30.6
Total 216 100.0
Table 10: Personal Hygiene Practices/Habits Among Respondents
Refuse Collection & Disposal Practices Wood Artisans (n=216)
Freq %
How do you collect refuse in your workplace?
Any Container 110 50.9
Without container 64 29.6
Wheel barrows 8 3.7
Bin bags 34 15.7
Total 216 100.0
Are trash bins available in your workplace?
Yes 20 9.3
No 196 90.7
Total 216 100.0
How do you dispose refuse in your workplace?
Open dumping 44 20.4
Incineration (burning) 154 71.3
Dumping in the river 8 3.7
Dumping anywhere 10 4.6
Total 216 100.0
How often do you remove refuse generated in your workplace?
Daily 66 30.6
Weekly 60 27.8
Forth nightly 60 27.8
Every three weeks 0 0.0
Monthly 30 13.9
Total 216 100.0
Table 11: Refuse Collection & Disposal Practices Among Respondents
Sanitation Practices Wood Artisans (n=216)
Freq %
Do you have hand washing facility in your workplace?
Yes 0 0.0
No 216 100.0
Do you have urinal facility in your workplace?
Yes 20 9.3
No 196 90.7
Tota 216 100.0
Do you have water supply in your workplace?
Yes 216 100.0
No 0 0.0
Total 216 100.0
What is the source of your water supply in your workplace?
Tap water 0 0.0
Tanks 52 24.1
Borehole 164 75.9
Total 216 100.0
Do you have access to toilet facility in your work place?
Yes 89 41.2
No 127 58.8
Total 216 100.0
What type of toilet is available in your work place?
Water closet 21 23.6
Flush pour 195 76.4
Bucket toilet 0 0.0
Total 216 100.0
Is the toilet in your work place functional?
Yes 104 48.1
No 112 51.9
Total 216 100.0
Is the toilet cleaned from time to time?
Yes 158 73.1
No 58 26.9
Total 216 100.0
How frequent is the toilet cleaned?
Once daily 59 37.3
Weekly 12 7.6
Don’t know 79 50.0
None 8 5.1
Total 158 100.0

Discussion

Craftsmen, workmen and tradesmen in wood industries constitute the substantial proportion of the nation’s labour force, but they are particularly vulnerable to occupational hazard exposures due to their non-compliance to safety and health practices [12].
Socio-demographically, most wood artisans were found to be between the ages of 30 – 39 years ((29.6 %). This agreed with similar studies by [13] in Port Harcourt Metropolis Nigeria. Sex distribution showed that wood occupation is male dominated (99.5 %), supporting similar studies by [14] in Ojo local government, Lagos State, Nigeria. Greater number of wood workers had attained secondary school (56.9 %), which corroborated the study of [15]. Majority of them earned between #4,000 & above #5,000 daily (37.0 %), showing that their activities were in high demand in Imo State.
Majority of these artisans had worked at least 8 years and above (35.6 %), lending credence to the saying that perfection comes with years of practice. Since most of them learn by experience as the study revealed, hence high duration at work among these artisans. Greater proportion of them work between 8 - 10 hours daily (98.8 %), which corroborated similar studies by [16]. Activities of wood artisans fall outside the purview of government regulation, no wonder they work as they like especially for long hours.
Wood particles (96.3 %), Noise (71.8 %) and heat (61.1 %) were the most encountered physical hazards, while wood dust (91.7 %) and organic fumes (63.1 %) were the most detected chemical hazards. Manual lifting of heavy work materials (60.2 %) and awkward postures (59.3 %) were the frequent ergonomic hazards. However, greater proportion of these workers also encountered repetitive work (54.2 %) and fixed posture hazards (53.7 %). Insect bites (61.1 %) was the biological hazard, while psycho-socially, majority of wood workers (60.2 %) encountered hazard of stress. The findings agreed with similar studies by [17] Workplace environment air quality was highly polluted with mean parameters of noise, particulate matters (PM1, 2.5 & 10), CO, CO2, SO & NO, occurring far above the permissible limits, thereby making the wood artisans at risk of occupational respiratory health issues and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). The findings were in tandem with similar studies by [18,19] at Ogbosisi Naze and Mbieri Timber and Allied Market in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, which also revealed that wood workers were at risk of hearing loss due to noise pollution level found to be higher than the accepted limits.
Safety and health practices/habits as concerns medical check-ups (16.2 %), safety and health trainings (25.9 %) and use of personal protective equipments (25.0 %) were all found poor among wood respondents. The findings were in agreement with similar studies by [20] in Lideta Sub-city Ethiopia,
Personal hygiene, refuse collection/disposal and sanitation practices were also found to be poor among the wood respondents. The findings lend credence to studies of in Ile–Ife, Nigeria [20, 21] In South Eastern State in Nigeria, which revealed poor hygiene and sanitation practices observed among the respondents which was below the standard set for adequate safety and health protection.

Conclusion

Wood occupation is a gainful job, and has contributed immensely to socioeconomic development of many developed and developing countries of the world, including Nigeria. However, activities involved in this occupation expose workers to numerous hazards. Physical hazards of heat, noise, vibration, wood particles, metal and fire; chemical hazards of wood dust and smoke; biological hazards of insect bites; ergonomic hazards of repetitive work, fixed and awkward postures, and manual lifting of heavy objects; and psycho-social hazards of stress and fatigue are encountered by wood artisans in Imo State. Their workplace environment air pollution level is far above the permissible limit, while their safety and health practices including medical check-up, safety training and use of personal protective equipment are all poor. Awareness towards occupational hazards though quite high among wood artisans, yet their attitude towards safety and health protection especially in the use of appropriate personal protective equipment is abysmally low, thereby making them vulnerable to occupational hazard exposures.
Increased sensitization, safety training and education of wood artisans towards occupational hazards and their protections, workplace environment air quality monitoring as well as provision of functional occupational safety and health services are therefore needed these artisans in Imo State.

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Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

Luiz Sellmann

I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.

Zhao Jia

Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."

Thomas Urban

I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

Cristina Berriozabal

To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

Dr Tewodros Kassahun Tarekegn

"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".

Dr Shweta Tiwari

I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.

Dr Farooq Wandroo

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

Dr Anyuta Ivanova

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

Dr David Vinyes

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

Dr Elvira Farina

Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.

Dr Oleg Golyanovski

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

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Socio-Demographics	Wood Artisans
Socio-Demographics	Freq	%
Age
20 – 29	33	15.3
30 – 39	64	29.6
40 – 49	48	22.2
50 – 59	63	29.2
60 +	8	3.7
Total	216	100.0
Gender
Male	200	92.6
Female	16	7.4
Total	216	100.0
Marital Status
Married	156	72.2
Single	48	22.2
Others	12	5.6
Total	216	100.0
Educational Level
Primary	51	23.6
Secondary	123	56.9
Tertiary	14	6.5
Non-formal	28	13.0
Total	216	100.0
Daily Income (#)
< 2>	13	6.0
2,000 - 3,000	44	20.4
4,000 - 5,000	79	36.6
Above 5,000	80	37.0
Total	216	100.0
Work Duration
2 - 4 years	27	12.5
5 - 7 years	51	23.6
8 - 10 years	77	35.6
Above 10 years	61	28.2
Total	216	100.0
Work Schedule
2 - 4 hours	8	3.7
5 - 6 hours	14	6.5
8 - 10 hours	194	89.8
Total	216	100.0

Physical Hazard Exposures	Frequency (N)	Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following physical hazards in your workplace?
Noise
Yes	155	71.8
No	61	28.2
Total	216	100.0
Heat
Yes	132	61.1
No	84	38.9
Total	216	100.0
Wood particles
Yes	208	96.3
No	8	3.7
Total	216	100.0
Vibration
Yes	94	43.5
No	122	56.5
Total	216	100.0
Fire
Yes	88	40.7
No	128	59.3
Total	216	100.0

Chemical Hazard Exposure	Frequency (N)	Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following chemical hazards in your workplace?
Wood dust
Yes	198	91.7
No	18	8.3
Total	216	100.0
Organic fumes
Yes	138	63.9
No	78	36.1
Total	216	100.0
Smoke
Yes	52	24.1
No	164	75.9
Total	216	100.0

Ergonomic Hazard Exposures	Frequency (N)	Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following ergonomic hazards in your workplace?
Repetitive work
Yes	117	54.2
No	99	45.8
Total	216	100.0
Fixed posture
Yes	116	53.7
No	100	46.3
Total	216	100.0
Awkward posture
Yes	128	59.3
No	88	40.7
Total	216	100.0
Manual lifting of Objects
Yes	130	60.2
No	86	39.8
Total	216	100.0

Biological Hazard Exposures	Frequency (N)	Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following biological hazards in your workplace?
Insect Bite
Yes	132	61.1
No	84	38.9
Total	216	100.0
Snake Bite
Yes	9	4.2
No	207	95.8
Total	216	100.0

Psycho-social Hazard Exposures	Frequency (N)	Percentage ( %)
Do you encounter the following psycho-social hazards in your workplace?
Stress
Yes	130	60.2
No	86	39.8
Total	216	100.0
Fatigue
Yes	127	58.8
No	89	41.2
Total	216	100.0
Exhaustion
Yes	38	17.6
No	178	82.4
Total	216	100.0

Parameter	NOISE (db)	PM2.5	PM1.0	PM10	NO	CO	CO2	SO
Permissible Limit	85	25 mg/m3	50 mg/m3	50 mg/m3	5ppm	10 mg/m3	50mg/m3	5ppm
Mean	104.00	35.5	78.33	75.00	15.40	21.0	66.17	15.50
St.dev	12.52	13.00	8.525	20.21	4.96	4.60	8.91	3.987
t- test	10.759	17.047	8.142	3.029	5.140	5.852	4.445	6.450
P-value	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.029	0.004	0.002	0.007	0.001

Awareness of Hazards & Sources	Frequency (N)	Percentage ( %)
Are you aware that you are exposed to various hazard(s) in your work place?
Yes	199	92.1
No	17	7.9
Total	216	100.0
What is your source of awareness?		100.0
Work safety books
Yes	30	15.1
No	186	84.9
Total	216	100.0
Radio/ TV media
Yes	32	16.1
No	184	83.9
Total	216	100.0
Colleagues/friends
Yes	35	17.6
No	181	82.4
Total	216	100.0
Social media
Yes	28	14.1
No	188	85.9
Total	216	100.0
Personal experience
Yes	142	62.8
No	74	37.2
Total	216	100.0

Adherence Towards Safety Practices	Artisans (n=216)
Adherence Towards Safety Practices	Freq	%
Attending Medical check up
Monthly	0	0
Bimonthly	6	2.8
Quarterly	10	4.6
Yearly	19	8.8
Not at all	181	83.8
Total	216	100.0
Safety & Health Training
Yes	56	25.9
No	160	74.1
Total	216	100.0
Usage of PPE
Yes	83	38.4
No	133	61.6
Total	216	100.0
Frequency of Usage of PPE
Every time	14	16.9
sometimes	30	36.1
Once in a while	19	22.9
Rarely	20	24.1
Total	83	100.0

Personal Hygiene Practices/Habits	Wood Artisans (n=216)
Personal Hygiene Practices/Habits	Freq	%
Do you have separate accommodation apart from the workshop?
Yes	190	88.0
No	26	12.0
Total	216	100.0
Do you brush your teeth daily?
Yes	100	46.3
No	116	53.7
Total	216	100.0
How often do you bath after work?
Every time	87	40.3
Sometimes	111	51.4
Once in a while	11	5.1
Rarely	7	3.2
Never	0	0.0
Total	216	100.0
How often do you wash hands before eating at work?
Every time	69	31.9
Sometimes	119	55.1
Once in a while	23	10.6
Rarely	5	2.3
Never	0	0.0
Total	216	100.0
Do you wash hands with chemical substances at work?
Yes	162	75.0
No	54	25.0
Total	216	100.0
Do you treat wound with chemical substances at work?
Yes	150	69.4
No	66	30.6
Total	216	100.0

Refuse Collection & Disposal Practices	Wood Artisans (n=216)
Refuse Collection & Disposal Practices	Freq	%
How do you collect refuse in your workplace?
Any Container	110	50.9
Without container	64	29.6
Wheel barrows	8	3.7
Bin bags	34	15.7
Total	216	100.0
Are trash bins available in your workplace?
Yes	20	9.3
No	196	90.7
Total	216	100.0
How do you dispose refuse in your workplace?
Open dumping	44	20.4
Incineration (burning)	154	71.3
Dumping in the river	8	3.7
Dumping anywhere	10	4.6
Total	216	100.0
How often do you remove refuse generated in your workplace?
Daily	66	30.6
Weekly	60	27.8
Forth nightly	60	27.8
Every three weeks	0	0.0
Monthly	30	13.9
Total	216	100.0

Sanitation Practices	Wood Artisans (n=216)
Sanitation Practices	Freq	%
Do you have hand washing facility in your workplace?
Yes	0	0.0
No	216	100.0
Do you have urinal facility in your workplace?
Yes	20	9.3
No	196	90.7
Tota	216	100.0
Do you have water supply in your workplace?
Yes	216	100.0
No	0	0.0
Total	216	100.0
What is the source of your water supply in your workplace?
Tap water	0	0.0
Tanks	52	24.1
Borehole	164	75.9
Total	216	100.0
Do you have access to toilet facility in your work place?
Yes	89	41.2
No	127	58.8
Total	216	100.0
What type of toilet is available in your work place?
Water closet	21	23.6
Flush pour	195	76.4
Bucket toilet	0	0.0
Total	216	100.0
Is the toilet in your work place functional?
Yes	104	48.1
No	112	51.9
Total	216	100.0
Is the toilet cleaned from time to time?
Yes	158	73.1
No	58	26.9
Total	216	100.0
How frequent is the toilet cleaned?
Once daily	59	37.3
Weekly	12	7.6
Don’t know	79	50.0
None	8	5.1
Total	158	100.0