AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2688-7517/146
The Petro Mohyla Black Sea State University, Nikolaev, Ukraine.
*Corresponding Author: Konstantin Anatolyevich Bugaevsky
Citation: : Konstantin A. Bugaevsky, (2023), Analysis of the Values of Sexual Somatotypes in Youth Female Athletes in Martial Arts and Athletic Sports Konstantin Anatolyevich Bugaevsky, J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research, 6(5); DOI:10.31579/2688-7517/146
Copyright: © 2023, Konstantin Anatolyevich Bugaevsky. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 16 September 2023 | Accepted: 02 October 2023 | Published: 18 October 2023
Keywords: sportswomen; youthful age; martial arts; athletic sports; sexual dimorphism; sexual somatotypes; inversion; adaptation
The article presents research materials on the determination of sexual somatotypes in 162 female youth athletes in 10 types of martial arts and athletic sports. It has been determined that female athletes in all represented sports have inverse sexual somatotypes - mesomorphic and andromorphic. We believe that the identified inverse sexual somatotypes are a consequence of adaptive processes that arise in female athletes of this age group under the influence of intense physical activity.
Problems related to the peculiarities of women's activities, many sports that were initially considered “male” sports, the construction of the training and competitive process at all its stages and, naturally, medical and biological problems associated with this - this is a far from complete list issues that coaches, sports doctors and psychologists are working on today in many countries around the world [1-15]. Martial arts, boxing, athletic sports for women and different age groups have become a practical reality today and are active and widespread. The study of somatic adaptive changes that occur in the ontogenesis of the female body, under the influence of frequent and intense physical and psychological stress, adaptive modifications in the work of all organs and systems of the female body, a reflection of the influence of professional sports on female bodies of different ages, possible complications and consequences of such, often inadequate loads [1-5,10-13]. All this is an object of study for today’s medical science, pathological anatomy and physiology, psychology, sports medicine and sciences related to women’s physical education and sports [1-15].
Aim of study
Based on the results of individual values of the sexual dimorphism index and the performed somatotyping, to determine the presence and prevalence of inverse sexual somatotypes in female adolescent athletes in the presented types of martial arts and athletic sports.
Abbreviations
The study was carried out in accordance with the theme of the research work of the Black Sea National University named after Peter Mogila, Nikolaev: “Study of the medical and biological features of adaptation of the female body when practicing strength sports and martial arts” and the National Technical University “Dnepr Polytechnic”, Dnepr: “Valeological foundations of physical education of students.”
This study was conducted on the basis of sports clubs and sports sections of a number of regions of Ukraine (Zaporozhye, Dnepropetrovsk, Kherson), which train athletes of different age groups, in various types of women's martial arts, women's boxing, in a number of athletic sports, in the period 2017-2019. During this period of time, female athletes of adolescence (n=162) actively involved in these sports took part in the study. Of these: athletes involved in women's boxing (n=13), kickboxing (n=14), Kyokushin-karate (n=24), pankration (n=12), freestyle wrestling (n=16), taekwon-do (n =14), sambo (n=33), weightlifting (n=11), powerlifting (n=12), kettlebell lifting (n=13).
To achieve the goal of the study, we used such anthropometric methods as determining shoulder width (WS) and pelvic width (WP), necessary to determine such a morphological index value as the sexual dimorphism index (SDI) according to J. Tanner’s classification. According to the obtained index values, through mathematical recalculation, somatotyping was carried out in female athletes, based on the criteria corresponding to the classification of J. Tanner and W. Marshall [3,8,9,14,15]. The values of the index of sexual dimorphism (SDI) are calculated according to their own formula: 3 x (multiply) by the indicator of individual biacromial size, or shoulder width (WS), minus the pelvic-crestal size (d. cristarum), or pelvic width (WP). We took as a basis the index values proposed by these researchers for women, namely: gynecomorphic sexual somatotype - less than 73.1; mesomorphic sexual somatotype – 73.1–82.1 and andromorphic sexual somatotype – more than 82.1 [3,8,9,14,15]. Mesomorphic and andromorphic sexual somatotypes refer to inversions, or pathological displacements that are not characteristic of the basic gynecomorphic sexual somatotype [3,6,8,14,15]. Also, the method of literary analysis of available sources of information and extensive interviewing of participants in the study, and the method of mathematical statistics were used.
After carrying out the anthropometric measurements necessary to determine the index of sexual dimorphism (SDI), including obtaining the values of shoulder width and pelvic width, as well as subsequent mathematical calculations of individual values for each athlete in her age group, somatotyping was carried out [3,8,9, 14,15]. In the group of female youth athletes (n=162), after processing and analyzing the received research materials, we obtained the following results, which are presented in the table, with p≤0.05:
| Gynecomorphic sexual somatotype | Mesomorphic sexual somatotype | Andromorphic sexual somatotype |
| Women's boxing (n=13) | ||
| 2 (15,39%) women athletes | 7 (53,85%) women athletes | 4 (30,77%) women athletes |
| Kickboxing (n=14) | ||
| 2 (14,29%) women athletes | 9 (64,28%) women athletes | 3 (21,43%) women athletes |
| Kyokushin - karate (n=24) | ||
| 3 (12,5%) women athletes | 16 (66,67%) women athletes | 5 (20,83%) women athletes |
| Pankration (n=12) | ||
| 4 (33,33%) women athletes | 7 (58,33%) women athletes | 1 (8,33%) women athletes |
| Freestyle wrestling (n=16) | ||
| 9 (56,25%) women athletes | 5 (31,25%) спортсменок | 2 (12,5%) women athletes |
| Taekwon-do (n=14) | ||
| 2 (14,29%) women athletes | 9 (64,28%) women athletes | 3 (21,43%) women athletes |
| Sambo (n=33) | ||
| 5 (15,15%) women athletes | 24 (72,73%) women athletes | 4 (12,12%) women athletes |
| Weightlifting (n=11) | ||
| 1 (9,09%) women athletes | 6 (54,55%) women athletes | 4 (36,36%) women athletes |
| Powerlifting (n=12) | ||
| 1 (8,33%) women athletes | 6 (50,00%) women athletes | 5 (41,67%) women athletes |
| Кettlebell lifting (n=13) | ||
| No | 9 (69,23%) women athletes | 4 (30,77%) women athletes |
Table: Variants of sexual somatotypes in adolescent female athletes (number of people, %)
As the analysis of the performed somatotyping showed, based on the results of the obtained IDI values, the gynecomorphic sexual somatotype was determined in 29 (17.90%) female athletes of adolescence, the mesomorphic sexual somatotype - in 98 (60.49%) athletes, and the andromorphic, inverse sexual somatotype, in this age group, was determined in 35 (21.61%) female youth athletes. In the group of female adolescent athletes, representatives of inverse (mesomorphic and andromorphic) sexual somatotypes, 133 (82.10%), or the overwhelming majority of all female athletes, were identified. Our additional extended interviewing of female athletes showed that the least number of somatic changes in gender somatotypes were observed among female athletes of adolescence, with little sports experience - from 1.5 to 2.5 years. As the
biological age of female athletes and their sports experience increased, not only their physical and psychological stress increased, but also the frequency and intensity of training and competitions. In parallel, somatic changes occurred in the form of a decrease in adipose tissue, its replacement with muscle mass, changes in the activity of the respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive endocrine systems, with changes in the frequency, volume and duration of the ovarian-menstrual cycle of female athletes [1,2,4,5, 7]. Also, these athletes, as a result of adaptive processes, experienced changes in their sexual somatotypes, gradually shifting towards a transitional, mesomorphic sexual somatotype with the subsequent formation of an inverse, andromorphic sexual somatotype.
The data obtained on the identified sexual somatotypes in 162 female adolescent athletes representing 10 types of martial arts and athletic sports, as well as their analysis, allows us to assert that the practice of adolescent girls in traditionally male sports leads to adaptive deformations of their basic, gynecomorphic sexual somatotype, which, as a result of the adaptive adaptation occurring in them, leads to a shift in somatic indicators of IPD. Additional interviewing and data on psychological disorders, which were not included in the results of this study, allow us to draw preliminary conclusions about the existing psychological changes in a number of female athletes: manifestations of anxiety, aggressiveness (situational and personal), violations in gender identification of personality type (GIPT), mainly in athletes with andromorphic and, partly, with mesomorphic sexual somatotype at maximum, “upper” values of SDI.
In our study, inverse somatotypes, mesomorphic and andromorphic, were most often found in female adolescent female athletes: mesomorphic sexual somatotype - in kickboxing, taekwon-do, kettlebell lifting - 9 female athletes each, Kyokushinkai karate - 16, sambo - 24 female athletes. The andromorphic sexual self-type was most often found among athletes in women's boxing, sambo, weightlifting and kettlebell lifting - 4 each, Kyokushinkai karate and powerlifting - 5 female athletes each.
1. In all types of martial arts and athletic sports, changes occur in the basic (initial) sexual somatotypes.
2. According to the results of the study, it was established that in all the presented sports, among female athletes of adolescence, inverse, non-physiological sexual somatotypes dominate: mesomorphic - in 98 (60.49%) female athletes, and inverse andromorphic sexual somatotype - in 35 (21.49%). 61%) were female athletes, in total – in 133 (82.10%) girls of adolescence.
3. We believe that the identified individual shifts of sexual basic somatotypes towards inversely changed ones are a forced adaptive (adaptive) process in their bodies, as a response to intense and, at times, inadequate stress, both physical and psychological.
4. Somatic inversion changes, especially in the presence of an andromorphic sexual somatotype, negatively affect the body of female athletes, with severe changes in the functioning and restructuring of their endocrine and reproductive systems.
5. All athletes with inverted gender somatotypes need enhanced medical supervision by sports and specialized doctors (endocrinologist and gynecologist, reproductive specialist), and if psychological problems are identified, also by a psychologist, as well as a review by the coaching team of the frequency and intensity of the training and competitive process.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
