AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/333
1 Department of Biology, FCE Special, Oyo.
2 Department of Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago- Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author: F.T. Ojo, Department of Biology, FCE Special, Oyo.
Citation: F.T. Ojo, Afolabi, B. T, (2024), An Investigation of the Effect of Garcina kola (Heckel) and Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. on Sperm Motility with Two Vital Organs of Male Wistar Rats, J. Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, 16(2); DOI:10.31579/2578-8868/333
Copyright: ©, 2024, F.T. Ojo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Received: 26 July 2024 | Accepted: 19 August 2024 | Published: 04 September 2024
Keywords: wistar rat; garcina kola; cola nitida; acclimatization; sperm motility; vital organs
A total number of 30 Wistar rats were used for the experiment and acclimatized for two weeks prior to the commencement of the consumption of the seeds (Garcinia kola and Cola nitida). The rats were grouped into four (4) groups A, B C and D. Group A serves as the control having just 5rats which were fed with feeds without any treatment. Group B contained 15 rats feed with Garcinia kola seeds orally and the rats in this group were sub divided into 3 sub-groups having 5 rats each which were feed varying amounts of Garcinia kola seeds in 25kg, 50kg and 75kg concentration per subgroup. These same procedures were applied to Group C which was feed with Cola nitida in the same variation as group B. However, group D were feed with an average combination of both Garcinia kola and Cola nitida meaning that for 25kg treatment concentration, 12.5kg of each powdered seeds were used and likewise for the 50kg and 75kg treatment concentrations. The animals were feed in these rotations for 6weeks. The weight of each rat were measured and recorded at the end of each week. At the end of the treatments, the Wistar albino rats were sacrifice by cervical dislocation to test for the effect of the treatment on the Full Blood Count, Liver, Kidney and Sperm. The results showed that ingestion of G. Kola seed resulted in significantly reduced sperm count, motility, mild changes in the full blood count and abnormalities present in the liver and kidney.
The use of plants has a long drawn history in health care delivery in Africa. Several plants are now being used in parts or whole to treat and manage many diseases (Garba et al., 2007). Also, scientific evaluation of traditional drug of plant seed origin and screening of more effective and safe hypoglycemic agents has continued to gain medicinal importance (Biswas, 2012). Garcinia kola, commonly called bitter kola is found mainly in tropical rain forest region of Central and Western Africa (Cheek, 2007). Cola nitida is among various species of cola, they are eating by elderly people. Kola contains about two percent caffeine and is chewed by many people as a stimulant. The fruit, seeds, nuts and bark of the plant have been used for centuries in folk medicine to treat ailments from coughs to fever (Cheek, 2007). Garcinia kola is traditionally used by African medicine men who believe that it has purgative, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial properties. The seeds are used for bronchitis, throat infections, colic, head or chest colds, and cough. It is also used for liver disorders and as a chewing stick.
Cola nitida nuts contain caffeine, theobromine and tannin. Along with the closely related Cola acuminata, which is also native to West Africa, the trees are cultivated commercially in tropical regions of the world and the nuts used in the manufacture of "cola" drinks. Other ingredients of these drinks include spice oils, other aromatic compounds (sometimes including the leaves of the tree), caramel for colouring, sweeteners, phosphoric or citric acid, and carbon dioxide to provide effervescence (Prohp et al., 2009). The nut is traditionally been used as a stimulant when chewed. It is reported to lessen fatigue, prevent hunger pangs, increase mental activity and reduce the need for sleep.
There is endless need for budding scientists to continue to explore novel medicinal and microbial importance of these seeds, thus this project research presents and exhaustive antimicrobial analysis and effects of Garcinia kola and Cola nitida on male rat organs (Kidney, Liver and Testes).
Wistar rat is currently one of the most popular rats used for laboratory research. It is characterized by its wide head, long ears, and having a tail length that is always less than its body length. The Sprague Dawley rat and Long-Evans rats were developed from Wistar rats. Wistar rats are more active than others like Sprague Dawley rats. The spontaneously hypertensive rat and the Lewis rat are other well-known stocks developed from Wistar rats (Saad et al., 2009).
Fresh seed of Cola nitida and Garcinia kola were bought from Ago-Iwoye market, Ijebu North Local Government of Ogun State. These seeds were authenticated at Forestry Research institute of Nigeria, Jerico, Ibadan (FRIN) and voucher number: 110940 and 110941 were assigned to Garcinia kola (Heckel) and Cola nitida (Vent) respectively. The Wistar rats were purchased from an animal house in Ibadan and acclimatized for two weeks prior to the commencement of the consumption of the seeds. The seeds were chopped and air-dried at room temperature for two weeks after which dried seeds materials were milled with an electric blender (Lexus MG2053, India). The milled seeds were then mixed with feed in varying treatment quantities of 25kg, 50kg and 75kg and fed to the different treatment groups for a period six (6) weeks.
Collection of blood samples
Blood samples were collected through the orbit (eyes) using capillary tube, and dispensed into a test tube that contained an anticoagulant ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA).The sample was transported to a laboratory immediately for analysis.
Semen analysis
Semen were collected from both treated and untreated rats (control), using the electro-ejaculation method as described by Pant and Srivastava, 2003.
Laboratory procedure for histological processing
The appropriately labeled samples were brought to the laboratory and subjected to the following procedure. Dissected, and appropriately labeled according to their grouping, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for further fixing before processed in automatic tissue processor, embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned at 5 microns on a rotary microtome (Leica RM2245, Leica Biosystem, Iceland) mounted on glass slides. The stepwise protocol for the automatic tissue processor for histological examination slide as described by Akpokodje et al., (2005).
Sample Pcv Hb Rbc Wbc Platelet Lym Neut Mon Eos % g/dL cell/mm3 cell/mm3 mL % % % % | |||||||||
| Control 39 | 12.6 | 6.20 | 6000 | 172000 | 72 | 25 | 2 | 1 | |
| BKR1 42 | 13.8 | 6.79 8.24 | 6000 | 227000 | 64 | 32 | 2 | 2 | |
| BKR2 53 | 17.2 | 6250 | 177000 | 73 | 25 | 2 | 0 | ||
| BKR3 45 | 14.7 | 7.32 | 6700 | 147000 | 69 | 26 | 3 | 2 | |
| KNR1 47 | 15.4 | 7.42 | 5800 | 253000 | 73 | 24 | 2 | 1 | |
| KNR2 53 | 17.4 | 8.27 | 5700 | 130000 | 62 | 36 | 1 | 1 | |
| KNR3 48 | 15.6 | 8.19 | 6350 | 213000 | 69 | 27 | 1 | 3 1 | |
| CBR1 48 | 15.5 | 8.13 | 9100 | 229000 | 67 | 31 | 1 | ||
CBR2 CBR3 | 30 | 9.6 | 4.83 | 9550 | 203000 | 70 | 26 | 2 | 2 |
| 51 | 16.5 | 8.19 | 6500 | 149000 | 68 | 27 | 2 | 3 | |
Keys: Pcv- Pack cell volume, Hb- Hemoglobin, Rbc- Red blood cell, Wbc- White blood cell, Lym- Lymphocyte, Neut- Neutrophils, Mon- Monocyte, Eo- Concent of eosinophils.
NOTE: Male samples were used.
Table 1: Full blood count
The table above is showing the effects of GK and CN on the full blood count of the male rats due to the chemical constituents present in the seeds which show mild change in the blood cells. These show mild changes in the full blood count of the tested rats. The effect of G.kola and C.nitida on PCV, HB, RBC and WBC are within normal range. BKR2, KNR2 and
CBR3 were observed to have polycythemia in RBC, the cells are bigger while others are within normal range. The seeds had no apparent effects on platelet count but there were significant dose dependent increase compare to control, this result as a remarkable reflection of anti-aggregation ability of antioxidants and these is in collaboration with the work done by Percy M. J. et al., (2006).
Key: S- sample,% M- percentage motility, L/D- live: dead, SC- sperm count, BT- bent tail, CT- coiled tail, AH- abnormal head, HT- headless tail, TT- tailless tail, AM- abnormal mid piece, DH-double head, TC- total count, TAS- total abnormal sperm,
The analysis showed significant changes on the tissues most especially the liver. On the testes, there were less morphological abnormalities. Hence, the morphological effect of G. cola and C. nitida on male rat organs proved that, there were negative effects on the tested organs which may impair reproductive function. These suggested that the seeds action relating to increase in blood cell lines may be effected through an influence on the stimulant cytokine erythropoietin.
Wistar rat is currently one of the most popular rats used for laboratory research. It is characterized by its wide head, long ears, and having a tail length that is always less than its body length. The Sprague Dawley rat and Long-Evans rats were developed from Wistar rats. Wistar rats are more active than others like Sprague Dawley rats. The spontaneously hypertensive rat and the Lewis rat are other well-known stocks developed from Wistar rats (Saad et al., 2009).
Cola nitida nuts contain caffeine, theobromine and tannin. Along with the closely related Cola acuminata, which is also native to West Africa, the trees are cultivated commercially in tropical regions of the world and the nuts used in the manufacture of "cola" drinks. Other ingredients of these drinks include spice oils, other aromatic compounds (sometimes including the leaves of the tree), caramel for colouring, sweeteners, phosphoric or citric acid, and carbon dioxide to provide effervescence (Prohp et al., 2009). The nut is traditionally been used as a stimulant when chewed. It is reported to lessen fatigue, prevent hunger pangs, increase mental activity and reduce the need for sleep.
Garcinia kola, commonly called bitter kola is found mainly in tropical rain forest region of Central and Western Africa (Cheek, 2007). Cola nitida is among various species of cola, they are eating by elderly people. The fruit, seeds, nuts and bark of the plant have been used for centuries in folk medicine to treat ailments from coughs to fever (Cheek, 2007). Garcinia kola is traditionally used by African medicine men who believe that it has purgative, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial properties. The seeds are used for bronchitis, throat infections, colic, head or chest colds, and cough. It is also used for liver disorders and as a chewing stick.
There is endless need for budding scientists to continue to explore novel medicinal and microbial importance of these seeds, thus this project research presents and exhaustive antimicrobial analysis and effects of Garcinia kola and Cola nitida on male rat organs (Kidney, Liver and Testes).
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
