AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/543
Specialist in internal medicine, subspecialist in pulmonology and intensive care medicine Private hospitals. Tehran. Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Farahnaz Fallahian, Specialist in internal medicine, subspecialist in pulmonology and intensive care medicine Private hospitals. Tehran. Iran.
Citation: Farahnaz Fallahian, (2025), Air Pollution and its Clinical Epidemiology Risks, J Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, 8(17); DOI:10.31579/2641-0419/543
Copyright: © 2025, Farahnaz Fallahian. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 11 December 2025 | Accepted: 24 December 2025 | Published: 29 December 2025
Keywords: air pollution; clinical epidemiology, public health; influencing factors; all-cause mortality
Air pollution is a known environmental health hazard. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated associations between burden of cardiovascular, respiratory, as well as other organs, various types of cancer, and mortality attributed to air pollution. Air pollution appears to be associated with a higher risk of cognitive defects and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite substantial effects of air pollution on human health, economy and environment, it has been neglected for comprehensive health research and certain policy implications and instructions, especially in low- and middle- income countries. There remains a need for future research on air pollution, exposure methods, short-term and long-term side effects of air pollution, limiting its sources, biomarkers assay, and prepare guidelines of reasonable conditions to participate in exercise and work at air pollution. The study objective is to investigate the impact of air pollution on disease and need for more strict policies to reduce it.
Epidemiological studies demonstrated an association between increased levels of ambient air pollution particles and human morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress following particulate matter (PM) exposure initiates a series of cellular reactions that includes activation of kinase cascades and transcription factors and release of inflammatory mediators, which ultimately lead to cell injury or apoptosis. Consequently, oxidative stress in cells and tissues is a central mechanism by which PM exposure leads to injury, disease, and mortality [1].
In a systematic review of epidemiological studies conducted in Europe, North America (Canada and USA only), Australia and New Zealand on the association between outdoor and indoor exposure to solid fuel (biomass and coal) combustion and respiratory outcomes in adults, consisted of 34 articles: A significant association was found between indoor solid fuel exposure and COPD risk. The available epidemiological evidence between outdoor exposure to residential coal burning and respiratory outcomes suggests an increased risk of adverse respiratory effects. The identified epidemiological studies have several limitations [2].
Indoor air contributes significantly to overall exposure, particularly for rural Chinese who often use solid fuels for cooking and/or heating. Unfortunately, overlooked rural indoor air leads to a critical knowledge gap. Simultaneous measurements in the kitchen, living room, and immediately outside of houses using six-channel particle counters were carried out in 18 biomass-burning rural and 3 non-biomass-burning urban households (as a comparison) in winter to characterize dynamic change patterns indoor air pollution and indoor-outdoor relationship. The rural households mainly used wood or crop residues for cooking and heating, while the urban households used pipelined natural gas for cooking and air conditioners for heating. In rural households with significant solid-fuel burning internal sources, the highest concentration was found in the kitchen, with comparable levels in the living room and low levels in outdoor air [3].
A study conducted a time-stratified case-crossover to investigate if individual and contextual socioeconomic status (SES) modified the relationship between short-term exposure to ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) on cardiovascular, respiratory, and all nonaccidental mortality. Analyses were based on information on 280,685 deaths from 2011 to 2015 in the city of São Paulo. According to this study, exposure to air pollutants increases the chance of dying by nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory causes.
Lower educational levels and living on lower contextual SES increased the risk of mortality associated with air pollution exposure [4].
Air pollutants
Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in air that is released into the atmosphere when coal, gasoline, diesel fuels and wood are burned. It is also produced by chemical reactions of nitrogen oxides and organic compounds that occur in the environment. Vegetation and livestock are also sources of PM. In big cities, production of PM is attributed to cars, trucks and coal-fired power plants (5). PM > 10 µm in diameter (coarse particles) is deposited in the extra thoracic region, PM with a diameter between 5 and 10 µm is deposited in the tracheobronchial alveolar region (5,6). It has been suggested that particles ≤0.1 µm in diameter (ultrafine particles) are more toxic than larger particles as they may cover a greater area of the alveolus. One host defense mechanism is phagocytosis of ultrafine particles by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their small size, ultrafine particles overwhelm macrophage phagocytosis, resulting in increased penetration, which causes deleterious effects in other organs (e.g., brain, heart, bone marrow, etc.) (5,7,8). Ozone (O3) is mainly formed by the interaction of ultraviolet light with both nitrogen oxides and organic compounds. O3 exhibits potent anti-oxidant properties and induces alterations in the airways that depend on concentration and the duration of exposure [5].
In the ambient atmosphere, the major sources of NO2 are the combustion of fossil fuels and motor-vehicle emissions. Indoor sources include such appliances as gas stoves, water heaters, and kerosene space heaters. In the workplace, exposures to NO2 have been reported in such occupations as electroplating, acetylene welding, agriculture, space exploration, detonation of explosives, certain military activities, and burning of nitrogen-containing propellants [9].
According to the Sao Paulo Official Monitoring Agency, in 2014, 296.34 thousand tons of pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and sulfur oxides) were discharged into the atmosphere of the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, of which 259.98 tons were from vehicular emissions [10]. Elements derived from vehicular traffic that accumulated in tree barks were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). The genotoxic effects caused by air pollution were tested through a pollen abortion bioassay. The elements aluminum (Al), sulfur(S), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) showed a strong correlation with mortality rates (R2 > 0.87) and pollen abortion rates (R2 > 0.82). The results demonstrated that tree barks and pollen abortion rates allow for correlations between vehicular traffic emissions and associated outcomes such as genotoxic effects and mortality data [10].
-Respiratory effects
A study utilized a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to investigate the short-term effects of changes in air pollutant concentrations during peak traffic hours on respiratory diseases (RD) hospitalization in Lanzhou, China. Between 2014 and 2019, a total of 109,419 RD patients were hospitalized across seven hospitals in Lanzhou, China (11). Except for ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), which increased by 10 µg/m3 (1 mg/m3 for CO), the relative risk (RR) values of hospitalization for RD were 1.0211, 1.0026, 1.0615, 1.0650 and 1.1229, respectively. PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO had a greater impact on individuals aged less than 15 years, while SO2 had a more pronounced effect on those aged ≥ 65 years [11].
Currently, the mechanisms related to the effects of air pollutants on RD are not well defined. The dominant potential mechanisms are oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and phagocyte dysfunction [11,12]. PM2.5 increases lung oxidants, like malondialdehyde, while decreasing antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, resulting in cellular damage in the lungs [11,13]. Additionally, PM2.5 exposure elevates inflammation biomarkers like Th1 and Th17 cytokines, further exacerbating systemic inflammation [11,14,15]. NO2 can enter the bronchioles and alveoli, leading to edema and impairing small airway function [10,15,16]. Air pollutants reduce the ability to recognize pathogens by regulating phagocyte receptor expression, impair phagocyte motility and phagocytosis, and increase cytokine and chemokine production [11,17].
A study performed analyses at enrollment and after 1 year of follow-up in the IPF-PRO (Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Prospective Outcomes) Registry, a prospective observational registry that enrolled individuals with IPF at 46 U.S. sites from 2014 to 2018. According to that study, long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with worse quality of life and lung function at enrollment, but not with short-term disease progression or mortality [18].
The analysis of 20 studies showed significant associations between exposure to these pollutants and increased asthma incidence and prevalence, particularly in children. Specifically, pollutants such as elemental carbon (EC), benzene, NO2, PM10, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were found to be significantly associated with asthma development in children, while NO2 and PM2.5 were linked to asthma exacerbations in both children and adults. Additionally, hospitalizations and emergency room visits were positively correlated with exposure to PM2.5 and O3 in both children and adults, and the elderly showed significant associations with O3 exposure. These findings highlight the importance of reducing exposure to outdoor air pollutants to mitigate asthma risk and improve public health outcomes, particularly in vulnerable populations like children and the elderly [19].
The current evidence suggests that 13% of pediatric asthma cases worldwide may be attributable to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs), and that air pollution has a negative impact on asthma outcomes in both adult and pediatric patients [20,21].
Several epidemiological studies have shown that air pollutants exacerbate airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pollutants such as TRAPs also have negative effects on other upper airway diseases such as AR and non-AR, sinusitis, and otitis media. Increasing evidence suggests that PM, photochemical pollutants, and ozone are also linked to the development of upper airway diseases [20,22].
In the UK, an estimated 15% of asthma patients have concurrent COPD, yet the underlying causes and mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In a study, 46 832 participants with asthma were recruited from the UK Biobank during the baseline period (2006-2010). Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were estimated at baseline address using land-use regression models. Over a median follow-up of 10.84 years, 3759 participants with asthma at baseline developed COPD. Ambient air pollution is strongly associated with progression from asthma to comorbidity COPD, particularly among individuals with high genetic risk [23].
-Cardiovascular effects
Airborne particulate matter (PM), in particular, has been associated with a wide range of detrimental cardiovascular effects, including impaired vascular function, raised blood pressure, alterations in cardiac rhythm, blood clotting disorders, coronary artery disease, and stroke [24].
A study included 432 530 participants free of heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation, or coronary heart disease in the UK Biobank study. All participants were enrolled from 2006 to 2010 and followed up to 2018. The information on particulate matter (PM) with diameters ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), ≤10 µm (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 µm (PM2.5-10) as well as nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx) was collected. During a median of 10.1 years (4 346 642 person-years) of follow-up, they documented 4201 incident HF. The hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of HF for a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5-10, NO2, and NOx were 1.85, 1.61, 1.13, 1.10, and 1.04, respectively. They found that the air pollution score was associated with an increased risk of incident HF in a dose-response fashion [25].
There is a strong correlation of acute and chronic air pollutant exposure and the incidence of atrial fibrillation. Acute increases in air pollution increase the risk of emergency room visits and hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Similarly, there is a strong correlation of increases of air pollutants and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and sudden cardiac death [26].
A study cohort included 28,349 patients, of whom 17,448 (61.6%) had pacemakers and 9079 (32%) had defibrillators. They limited it to the 8687 patients living in Western US Fire States (California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, and Colorado). There was a strong association between PM2.5 and premature ventricular contraction burden, with an odds ratio of 7.72 for PM2.5 ≥ 13.7. In a large cohort of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), Air Quality Index (AQI) and PM2.5 had significant associations with premature ventricular contraction burden, physical activity, and heart rate [27].
In a study, starting from a population at risk of 1,719,475 subjects aged 30 years or above, a total of 14,629 incident cases known as peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the Rome Longitudinal Study (RLS) during 2011-2019 were identified. An interquartile range (IQR)IQR (1.13 μg/m3) increase in PM2.5 was positively associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.011. Positive associations were also obtained for NO2 ([IQR 7.86 μg/m3] HR: 1.022 and black carbon ([IQR 0.39 x10-5/m] HR: 1.020. According to this study, long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2 and BC is associated with an increased incidence of PAD, and male subjects and individuals aged between 55-69 years were at greater risk [28].
-Cancer risk
Air pollution is an under-recognized global health threat linked to an increased risk of cancers and is due primarily to the burning of fossil fuels. Outdoor air pollutants are largely due to the burning of fossil fuels from human activities, although there is growing data implicating outdoor pollution from wildfire smoke. Indoor air pollution is primarily caused by burning solid fuel sources such as wood, coal and charcoal for household cooking and heating. The strongest evidence is seen on the positive association of air pollution, particularly particulate matter 2.5 with lung cancer. Emerging data implicate exposure to pollutants in the development of breast, gastrointestinal and other cancers. The mechanisms underlying these associations include oxidative stress, inflammation and direct DNA damage facilitated by pollutant absorption and distribution in the body. Despite the mounting evidence, air pollution is often overlooked in predictive cancer risk models and public health intervention [29]. Outdoor air pollution Exposure to air pollution is estimated to be responsible for 8.9 million deaths in 2015 [29,30].
Major components of air pollution are primary air pollutants that are directly emitted into the atmosphere from identifiable sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels in combustion engines, factories, healthcare, agriculture and electricity generation. These include PM, especially those with diameter less than 10 µm and less than 2.5 µm (PM)2.5, sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a group of organic chemicals that play a significant role in air pollution. Formaldehyde is a VOC that is emitted from vehicle exhaust, industrial processes and wood-burning, and is a known carcinogen [29,31]. It is one of the most important hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) that is associated with health risks, accounting for over 50% of the total HAPs- related cancer risks in the USA [29,32].
PM2.5 is composed of inorganic ions, organic compounds, toxic metals and mineral dust particles; as mentioned above, it is difficult to single out one component of PM2.5 as being solely responsible for the observed cancer risks. Secondary air pollutants include gaseous ozone, a major component of photochemical smog, and PM2.5, which are formed in the atmosphere from primary pollutants. Indoor air pollution is primarily caused by burning solid fuel sources such as wood, crop waste, coal, charcoal and dung for household cooking and heating. Wood smoke is a complex mixture consisting of PM, various gases and chemicals [29]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PM, diesel exhaust and outdoor air pollution overall as Group 1 carcinogens [29,33].
Burning of fossil fuels results in submicron combustion- related PM containing numerous toxic compounds including acids and heavy metals and can penetrate deeper into the lung than the larger PM. PM induces oxidative stress in epithelial cells, generating reactive oxygen species that may damage DNA, proteins and lipids [29,34].
Long- term exposure to air pollution causes lung cancer even in people who have never smoked. One study found lung cancer mortality was adversely associated with increases in PM2.5, in both the overall population studied as well as in a cohort of over 340 000 never smokers. The risk of all cancer mortality was adversely associated with a 19% increase per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM 2.5 in never- smokers [29,35].
Epidemiological studies in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) have found an association between household wood combustion and lung cancer. The Sister Study (29,36) found that increased frequency of using wood- burning in indoor fireplace and stove was associated with incident lung cancer even in never smokers, which was related to their use (1–29 days/year (HR adj=1.64; 95% CI, 0.87 to 3.10) and≥30 days/year (HR adj=1.99; 95% CI, 1.02 to 3.89).
Air pollution has been considered a hazard to human health. Future research should aim at establishing a cleared picture of the cytotoxic and carcinogenic mechanisms of PM in the lungs, as well as mechanisms of formation during internal engine combustion processes and other sources of airborne fine particles of air pollution [37].
In a systematic search conducted for studies that were published up to February 2020 and performed a meta-analysis of all available epidemiologic studies evaluating the associations between long-term exposure to NO2 with all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. The search initially retrieved 1349 unique studies, of which 34 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality was 1.06 per 10 ppb increase in annual NO2 concentrations. They provide robust epidemiological evidence that long-term exposure to NO2, a proxy for traffic-sourced air pollutants, is associated with a higher risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality that might be independent of other common air pollutants [38].
In a study of 10,532 adults in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2018), over 43,181 person-years, 141 incident lung-cancer cases were recorded (3.3 per 1,000 person-years). Independently, high PM₂․₅ (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.29–2.57) and high sedentary time (HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.55–2.84) increased risk. Participants simultaneously exposed to high PM₂․₅, high warm-season heat, and ≥8 h sitting exhibited a nearly five-fold hazard (HR 4.95, 95% CI 2.24 10.95) versus the dual-low reference [39].
-Neurology effects
This observational cohort study included 307 304 British participants from the United Kingdom Biobank, who were stroke-free and possessed comprehensive baseline data on genetics, air pollutant exposure, alcohol consumption, and dietary habits. Over a median follow-up duration of 13.67 years, a total of 2476 initial ischemic stroke (IS) events were detected. The hazard ratios (95% CI) of IS for per 10 µg/m3 increase in particulate matter with diameters equal to or less than 2.5 µm, ranging from 2.5 to 10 µm, equal to or less than 10 µm, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen oxide were 1.73 (1.33-2.14), 1.24 (0.88-1.70), 1.13 (0.89-1.33), 1.03 (0.98-1.08), and 1.04 (1.02-1.07), respectively. Furthermore, individuals in the highest quintile of the air pollution score exhibited a 29% to 66% higher risk of IS compared with those in the lowest quintile. Their findings suggested that prolonged joint exposure to air pollutants may contribute to an increased risk of IS, particularly among individuals with elevated genetic susceptibility to IS [40].
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and the second most common cause of death worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that air pollution is an emerging risk factor for stroke. Over the past decades, air pollution levels have continuously increased and are now estimated to be responsible for 14% of all stroke-associated deaths. The risk for ischemic stroke is increased after short-term or long-term exposure to air pollution. Short-term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke, whereas the effects of long-term exposure are less clear [41].
In a study, PubMed was queried from 2000 to 2023 to identify clinical and epidemiological studies examining the association between PM exposure and stroke subtypes (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke). A total of 50 articles were included in this review. Overall, PM exposure increases ischemic stroke risk in both lightly and heavily polluted countries. The association between PM exposure and hemorrhagic stroke is variable and may be influenced by a country's ambient air pollution levels. A stronger association between PM exposure and stroke is demonstrated in older individuals and those with pre-existing diabetes [42].
In a study, data were extracted from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database, which contains health claims information of the entire South Korean population. Variables of interest included the number of patients diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in Seoul, South Korea, patients' clinical and demographic characteristics, and osteopenia status. Seoul's daily air pollution indicators, including SO2, CO, O3, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5, were obtained from the Korea Environment Corporation website. Air levels of NO2 were associated with increased incidence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in the present study [43].
More recently, various studies have also shown that the central nervous system is also attacked by air pollution. Air pollution appears to be strongly associated with a higher risk of cognitive defects, neurodevelopmental (e.g., schizophrenia) and neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) disorders. Results from epidemiological studies suggest potential associations, but are still insufficient to confirm causality [44].
To evaluate associations between traffic-related air pollution exposures ultrafine particles (UFP, ≤100 nm), black carbon [BC], and nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) and late-life dementia incidence, in the Seattle-based Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) prospective cohort study (beginning in 1994) and assessed ten-year average TRAP exposures for each participant based on prediction models derived from an extensive mobile monitoring campaign. The study did not find evidence of a greater hazard of late-life dementia risk with elevated long-term traffic-related air pollution exposures in this population-based prospective cohort study [45].
Psychology effects
In a systematic review the link between air pollution and poor mental health may relate to neurostructural and neurofunctional changes was studied. Air pollution was consistently associated (95% of articles reported significant findings) with neurostructural and neurofunctional effects (e.g., increased inflammation and oxidative stress, changes to neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and their metabolites) within multiple brain regions (24% of articles), or within the hippocampus (66%), prefrontal cortex (7%), and amygdala (1%). The extant literature suggests that air pollution is associated with increased depressive and anxiety symptoms and behaviors, and alterations in brain regions implicated in risk of psychopathology [46].
To reveal the impact of air pollution on psychiatric disorders (autism spectrum disorders [ASD, n = 46,351], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD, n = 55,374], anxiety disorders [ANX, n = 17,310], schizophrenia [SCZ, n = 127,906], and major depressive disorder [MDD, n = 500,199]), the Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis was conducted. The mediating effects of brain imaging phenotypes were also accessed (n = 8428). According to that study, they observed that the significant relationship between PM2.5 absorbance and ADHD, also they discovered that NO2 or PM2.5 absorbance increased the risk of ASD. In addition, there were associations between NO2 and SCZ as well as PM2.5 and ANX. The findings revealed genetic causal relationships between air pollution and psychiatric disorders, mediated or masked by brain imaging phenotypes [47].
In a study of 24,387 deaths due to suicide and 10,767 deaths due to homicide in California, risk of suicide and homicide mortality increases with increasing daily ambient temperatures. Findings have public health relevance given anticipated increases in temperatures due to global climate change. No air pollutant associations were statistically significant [48].
In a study the relationship between wildfire smoke exposure and suicide risk in the United States in 2007 to 2019 using data on all deaths by suicide and satellite-based measures of wildfire smoke and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations was evaluated. In rural counties, an additional day of smoke increases monthly mean PM2.5 by 0.41 μg/m3 and suicide deaths by 0.11 per million residents, such that a 1-μg/m3 (13%) increase in monthly wildfire-derived fine particulate matter leads to 0.27 additional suicide deaths per million residents (a 2.0% increase). By contrast, they find no evidence that smoke pollution increases suicide risk among any urban demographic group [49].
-Renal effects
A study included 419,835 UK Biobank participants who did not have kidney stone disease (KSD) at baseline. During a follow-up period of 12.7 years, 4503 cases of KSD were diagnosed. Significant associations were found between KSD risk and air pollution score (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03-1.13), PM2.5 (1.06, 1.02-1.11), PM10 (1.04, 1.01-1.07), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (1.09, 1.02-1.16), nitrogen oxides (NOx) (1.08, 1.02-1.11), greenspace buffered at 300 m (0.95, 0.91-0.99), and greenspace buffered at 1000 m (0.92, 0.86-0.98) increase per interquartile range (IQR). PM2.5 and NO2 reductions may be a key mechanism for the protective impact of residential greenspace on KSD (P for indirect path less than 0.05). Prolonged exposure to air pollution was correlated with a higher risk of KSD, while residential greenspace exhibits an inverse association with KSD risk, partially mediated by the reduction in air pollutants concentrations [50].
In a large multicenter population-based European cohort of 289564 persons, the link between air pollution and cause-specific mortality, its relation to chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated mortality was studied. Over a mean follow-up time of 20.4 years, 313 of 289,564 persons died from CKD. Associations were positive for PM2.5 hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.31 (1.03-1.66) per 5 μg/m3, BC (1.26 (1.03-1.53) per 0.5 × 10- 5/m), NO2 (1.13 (0.93-1.38) per 10 μg/m3) and inverse for O3 (0.71 (0.54-0.93) per 10 μg/m3). Among the elemental constituents, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium(K), nickel (Ni), sulfur(S) and zinc (Zn), representing different sources including traffic, biomass and oil burning and secondary pollutants, were associated with CKD-related mortality. In conclusion, the results suggest an association between air pollution from different sources and CKD-related mortality [51].
-Insulin resistance
A study aimed to determine the relationships between mixed exposure to six air pollutants, namely:PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), cobalt (CO) and ozone (O3), and insulin resistance (IR) indices in a total of 2,219 middle-aged and older populations from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), who are followed from 2011 to 2015. Fully adjusted linear models revealed that increases in the levels of the six air pollutants (in μg/m3) were associated with higher triglyceride–glucose–body mass index (TyG-BMI; Beta = 0.027–0.128), triglyceride–glucose–waist circumference (TyG-WC; Beta = 0.155–0.674), and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR; Beta = 0.001–0.029) values during the four-year follow-up period. Among the pollutants, NO2 and O3 were identified as the primary contributor to the cumulative effect [52].
-Mortality
In a study, they address the health effects at low air pollution levels by performing new analyses within selected cohorts of the ESCAPE study (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects; Beelen et al. 2014a) and within seven very large European administrative cohorts. Long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and black carbon (BC) was positively associated with natural-cause and cause-specific mortality in the pooled cohort and the administrative cohorts. In the mortality analysis of the pooled cohort, significant negative associations with ozone(O3) remained in two-pollutant models. Long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and BC was also positively associated with morbidity outcomes in the pooled cohort. For stroke, asthma, and COPD, positive associations were found for PM2.5, NO2, and BC. For acute coronary heart disease, an increased hazard ratio (HR) was observed for NO2. For lung cancer, an increased HR was found only for PM2.5 [53].
A review identified 2068 studies of which 95 were subject to full-text review with 45 meeting the inclusion criteria. An update in September 2018 identified 159 studies with 1 meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the 46 included studies, 41 reported results for NO2 and 20 for O3. The majority of studies were from the USA and Europe with the remainder from Canada, China and Japan. Forty-two studies reported results for all-cause mortality and 22 for respiratory mortality. Associations for NO2 and mortality were positive; random-effects summary relative risks (RR) were 1.02, 1.03, 1.03, and 1.06 per 10 μg/m3 for all-cause (24 cohorts), respiratory (15 cohorts), COPD (9 cohorts) and ALRI (5 cohorts) mortality respectively. Certainty of evidence assessments were moderate or low for both NO2 and O3 for all causes of mortality except for NO2 and COPD mortality where the certainty of the evidence was judged as high [54].
A study investigated the trend of death attributed to household air pollution and associate factors in East Africa from 2010 to 2019 and projection up to 2030. This study analyzed mortality attributed to household air pollution in East Africa from 2010 to 2019 using data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates. Bayesian generalized Poisson regression and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling were employed to examine the associated factors and project future mortality rates up to 2030 respectively. In 2019, these rates peaked at around 134,709 deaths. Projections indicate that, if current trends persist, East Africa may experience approximately 134,709 premature deaths each year. Acute lower respiratory infections accounted for around 21% of these deaths, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was responsible for about 19%. The analysis identified significant disparities in mortality rates based on sex, geographic location, underlying health conditions and year. This study highlights the significant burden of mortality attributed to household air pollution from 2010 to 2019 with a concerning upward trend in deaths, particularly from 2014 to 2019 with disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. The projections indicate that the mortality burden may continue if current trend continuous [55]. In a study all residents aged ≥ 30 years (3,083,227) in Denmark from 2000 until December 2017 were followed. According to this study, long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and/or BC in Denmark were associated with mortality beyond cardiorespiratory diseases, including diabetes, dementia, psychiatric disorders, asthma, and acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) [56].
Air pollution and Physical exercise
As air pollution is often accompanied by slower air velocity and higher concentrations of a particulate matter, people may unconsciously inhale more the deposited particulate matter and other harmful substances when they exercise in an air-polluted environment [57]. A recent study in young and healthy males has also found that exposure to ambient air pollution during short-term submaximal exercise is associated with a decrease in airflow (FEV1/FVC) and goes one step further to state that the decrease is more apparent when the exercise takes place under particularly high exposure conditions [57,58].
Particulate matter (PM) contains a variety of carcinogenic or cancer-promoting components, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cadmium, and mercury. One epidemiological research also supported the associations between PM and cancer, indicating that the mortality of lung cancer increased by 8% for every 10 pg/m−3 increase in PM concentration [57,59].
According to a systematic review, endurance exercise in environments with high air pollution can have significant negative impacts on cardiopulmonary health. These include increased levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as decreased respiratory function. Although physical exercise has general benefits, exposure to vehicular traffic pollutants such as fine particulate matter and gases may negate these positive effects, especially in urban areas. In other instances, exercising in places with high air pollution could impair cardiopulmonary health via various mechanisms, and air pollution affects cardiovascular health through multiple interconnected mechanisms. The inhalation of PM2.5, NO2, O3, and CO generates oxidative stress, increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing the level of antioxidants, which damages endothelial cells and promotes systemic inflammation through the release of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β. This causes endothelial dysfunction, decreases nitric oxide (NO), and promotes vasoconstriction. In addition, activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure and alters heart rate variability, increasing the risk of arrhythmias. Chronic exposure also induces a pro coagulant state, increasing platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, which can lead to hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke. These effects, in addition to increasing cardiovascular mortality, compromise the body’s ability to benefit from aerobic exercise in polluted environments [60].
Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable form of per sonal transport. Yet its net effects on mobility-related CO2 emissions are complex and under- researched. According to a collected travel activity data in seven European cities and derived life cycle CO2 emissions across modes: daily mobility-related life cycle CO2 emissions were 3.2 kgCO2 per person, with car travel contributing 70% and cycling 1% [61].
It remains a need for detailed and evidence-driven guidelines on air pollution for those participating in sports. Limited evidence supports reducing exposure time and proximity, transition to indoor activity, pre-competition acclimation, monitoring air quality when choosing location, and the use of masks and supplements. In addition, special considerations should be made for the unique exposures and challenges faced by populations, such as warfighters, para-athletes, or those living in disadvantaged communities [62].
Potential adverse consequences of exposure to air pollutants during exercise include decreased lung function, and exacerbation of asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The availability of high time-resolved exposure data in the stadiums opens up the possibility to calculate doses of specific pollutants for individual athletes in future athletics events, to understand the impact of environmental factors on athletic performance [63].
The case for action to reduce air pollution is overwhelming and this action can take many forms. Some of these include urban planning, technological developments (e.g. the design of new vehicles that produce less pollution), and at the government level, the introduction of new laws. It has been estimated that reducing both black carbon and O3 levels would prevent over 3 million premature deaths and increase crop yields by around 50 million tons annually. Improvements to cooking stoves would also decrease demand for firewood and reduce deforestation in the developing world [5]. Similarly, improved brick kilns that are used in parts of Latin America and Asia use 50% of the fuel used by traditional kilns [5,64]. If air pollution levels in heavy traffic areas were reduced, the incidence of asthma and other respiratory diseases would be significantly reduced [5,65]. While it is generally accepted that efforts to reduce air pollution will prevent further environmental changes, they will not reverse existing warming [5]. Totally different model schemes are needed to quantitatively address indoor air pollution and inhalation exposure [3].
Policy analyses and decisions draw on the evidence integration and findings and may incorporate risk and cost assessments to determine the optimal policy action. Surveillance studies assess the policy impact (e.g., change in air pollution levels or reduction of adverse health outcomes) and provide guidance on what additional research is needed to make the policy action more effective [66]. A study, urge priority for advancing research and technical capacity in this context, emphasizing the foundation of monitoring air quality and health data systems and building a cadre of researchers, informed and empowered citizens, and policy-makers who will work together towards cleaner air for all [66].
Another study recommended research on the most effective policies to promote switching from biomass burning to cleaner home-heating systems, supplementing existing routine network data with additional chemical speciation to facilitate identification of source contributions, and on consumer products that emit volatile organic compounds, and quantifying the potential health benefits of switching from cooking with natural gas to cleaner cooking methods (e.g., induction stoves) [67].
It is crucial to consider air quality as a key element in optimizing the positive effects of exercise and reducing potential health hazards. Policymakers should enforce stricter vehicle emission regulations, and expand real-time air quality monitoring networks to provide accurate pollution data for residents. From a healthcare perspective, professionals should incorporate air quality considerations into exercise recommendations, particularly for vulnerable populations, including individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory conditions [60].
Taking dietary supplements or medications with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties has the potential to provide at least partial protection against air pollution-induced adverse health effects in those individuals who are known to be most susceptible, namely those with pre-existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [68].
Also, to design research on other products for possible benefit such as Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a Chinese herbal medicine has many biological activities, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and immune regulatory effects relate to lung aging, such as genomic instability, lung stem cell exhaustion, mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere shortening, and immune senescence [69], or other pharmacologic intervention. Better conducted epidemiological studies is necessary to establish adverse outcomes of indoors and outdoors exposure methods, outcome detection to consider implementing strategies for integrated intervention for pollution production restrictions and introduce the safe level of air quality for physical activity. Measures as high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration, increase greenspace areas, healthier travel options, and education of people for regarding public health and safety preservation of environment are warranted.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is a high quality journal that has a clear and concise submission process. The peer review process was comprehensive and constructive. Support from the editorial office was excellent, since the administrative staff were responsive. The journal provides a fast and timely publication timeline.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, What distinguishes International Journal of Clinical Case Report and Review is not only the scientific rigor of its publications, but the intellectual climate in which research is evaluated. The submission process is refreshingly free of unnecessary formal barriers and bureaucratic rituals that often complicate academic publishing without adding real value. The peer-review system is demanding yet constructive, guided by genuine scientific dialogue rather than hierarchical or authoritarian attitudes. Reviewers act as collaborators in improving the manuscript, not as gatekeepers imposing arbitrary standards. This journal offers a rare balance: high methodological standards combined with a respectful, transparent, and supportive editorial approach. In an era where publishing can feel more burdensome than research itself, this platform restores the original purpose of peer review — to refine ideas, not to obstruct them Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi, FCCP PULMONOLOGIST AND THORACIC IMAGING.
Dear Grace Pierce, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews I appreciate the opportunity to review for Auctore Journal, as the overall editorial process was smooth, transparent and professionally managed. This journal maintains high scientific standards and ensures timely communications with authors, which is truly commendable. I would like to express my special thanks to editor Grace Pierce for his constant guidance, promt responses, and supportive coordination throughout the review process. I am also greatful to Eleanor Bailey from the finance department for her clear communication and efficient handling of all administrative matters. Overall, my experience with Auctore Journal has been highly positive and rewarding. Best regards, Sabita sinha
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I write here a little on my experience as an author submitting to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews (IJCCR). This was my first submission to IJCCR and my manuscript was inherently an outsider’s effort. It attempted to broadly identify and then make some sense of life’s under-appreciated mysteries. I initially had responded to a request for possible submissions. I then contacted IJCCR with a tentative topic for a manuscript. They quickly got back with an approval for the submission, but with a particular requirement that it be medically relevant. I then put together a manuscript and submitted it. After the usual back-and-forth over forms and formality, the manuscript was sent off for reviews. Within 2 weeks I got back 4 reviews which were both helpful and also surprising. Surprising in that the topic was somewhat foreign to medical literature. My subsequent updates in response to the reviewer comments went smoothly and in short order I had a series of proofs to evaluate. All in all, the whole publication process seemed outstanding. It was both helpful in terms of the paper’s content and also in terms of its efficient and friendly communications. Thank you all very much. Sincerely, Ted Christopher, Rochester, NY.
