AUCTORES
Review | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8876/007
Hiran Magri, Udaipur, India
*Corresponding Author: Prof. Ganesh Chandra Jagetia10, Hiran Magri, Udaipur, India, Email: gc.jagetia@gmail.com
Citation: Ganesh Chandra , A Review on the Anti-inflammatory activity of hesperidin, a bioflavonoid synthesized by citrus fruits. 2 (2); Doi: 10.31579/2637-8876/007
Copyright: © 2018 Ganesh Chandra. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction inany medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 05 May 2018 | Accepted: 02 June 2018 | Published: 13 June 2018
Keywords: inflammation; anti-inflammatory activity; hesperidin; cytokines; free radicals
Inflammation is an all-pervasive phenomenon and it is triggered as a countermeasure against pathogenic attack, harmful stimuli and damage to the body tissues. Generally, inflammation peters out once its cause gets terminated. However, persistence of (chronic) inflammation is harbinger of almost all diseases, which that inflammation needs to be tamed to ward off against its harmful effects. The natural products may be good candidates to suppress inflammation. Hesperidin, a bioflavonoid consumed regularly by humans is attributed to possess several medicinal properties including free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory. This review mainly dwells on its anti-inflammatory property in various study systems. The regular use of hesperidin may be encouraged to stall inflammation related health disorders in humans.
Inflammation
The term ‘inflammation’ is derived from the Latin word “inflammare” , which means to burn. The inflammation is an all-pervasive phenomenon, which is triggered by body tissues against the pathogen attack, harmful stimuli and tissue injury [1]. Inflammation is an innate and adaptive immune response against microbes and parasites that initiate deleterious changes in the tissues [2]. The inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function and it was first described by Aulus Cornelius Celsus an encyclopaedist in the First century AD [3]. The inflammation is also a response triggered against the disruption of tissue homeostasis [4].
Inflammation is mainly responsible for the identification and destruction of its source, isolate the source of disturbance, abolish the damaged tissue and restore the homeostasis of the damaged tissue [4,5]. The inflammation is mediated by the concerted action of leukocytes, especially the neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages [5]. These cells secrete a host of factors including serotonin, histamine, eicosanoids, several cytokines, chemokines and plasma derived factors, which dilate the blood vessels and increase their permeability [6]. The inflammatory responses are two types acute and chronic and different mechanisms are involved in their onset [7].
The inflammation is indicted in almost all health disorders. The inflammatory responses are eliminated once the cause of inflammation is terminated. However, sustained inflammation is the major cause of several diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hay fever, ischemic heart diseases, leprosy, neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia reperfusion injury, asthma, celiac diseases, tuberculosis, syphilis, inflammatory bowel disease, nephritis, vascularitis, numerous auto-immune diseases and cancer [6,8]. The fact is that any or all health disorders have a direct or indirect link with inflammation. Presently aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and anticytokine therapy are used to control inflammation [9]. The NSAIDs trigger undesirable adverse side effects on gastric mucosa, liver, heart, kidney, and bronchus [10,11]. This indicates the need of safe and non-toxic alternatives to tame inflammation. The natural products may of great help to reduce the chronic inflammation and inhibit the inflammatory disorder in human beings. Hesperidin, a citrus bioflavonoid which is in regular use as an orange juice may be useful to suppress the inflammation. This review discusses the anti-inflammatory activity of hesperidin a secondary metabolite synthesized mainly by citrus plants.
Hesperidin Actions
The use of dietary ingredients to reduce inflammation or treat inflammation related disorder is an attractive position. The hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-O-rutinoside or Hesperitin-7-rhamnoglucoside) is a bioflavonoid synthesized mainly by many citrus plants as a secondary metabolite, and it is abundantly present in the fruit juices and rinds of these plants [12]. The main function of the hesperidin is to protect citrus plants against fungal and bacterial intrusions [13]. The sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis), tangelos and pulpy orange juice contain the highest amount of hesperidin than the orange juice that has no pulp [14]. Generally, 470-761 mg of hesperidin is present in one litre of orange juice [15]. The hesperidin is converted into its aglycone, hesperitin in the colon by the action of intestinal bacteria, which is subsequently degraded or absorbed [16]. Hesperidin aids in absorption of vitamin C and increases capillary (blood vessels) permeability. It helps to improve hypertension in humans, protects against haemorrhages, infections, heals ruptured capillaries and connective tissues [17]. The analgesic, antiallergenic, antimicrobial, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, antihypotensive and vasodilating activities of hesperidin have been reported in different study systems [18-21]. The drinking of 500 ml orange juice daily for four weeks consecutively has been reported to trigger the activation of 3422 genes in humans, whereas hesperidin intake in a similar fashion activated only1819 genes in humans [22]. Hesperidin has been reported to be active against atherogenesis, apoptosis, arthritis, infection, Herpes simplex virus infection, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, inflammatory bowel disease, platelet and erythrocyte aggregation [23-33]. The hesperidin scavenged free various radicals in vitro and increased the wound healing of irradiated wounds. Oral administration of hesperidin was found to be non-toxic up to a dose of 2g/kg body weight in mice [34,35]. Earlier sub chronic administration of 5% hesperidin for 13 weeks has been reported to be non-toxic in mice [36]. These reports suggest that hesperidin is a multifaceted molecule and possess several activities.
Free radical scavenging
The free radicals are one of the important mediators of inflammation and the free radical scavenging activity of hesperidin has been studied in vitro. The treatment with different concentrations of hesperidin suppressed the production of OH and O2- radicals in a concentration dependent manner and a maximum scavenging of both these radicals was recorded at 500 mg/ml. However, hesperidin did not scavenge DPPH radical up to a concentration of 100 mg/ml, and a further increase in its concentration led to a concentration dependent rise in DPPH scavenging up to 500 mg/ml. The total antioxidant activity using ABTS revealed concentration dependent scavenging of ABTS+ radicals up to 200 mg/ml hesperidin, which plateaued thereafter. The nitric oxide (NO) radicals were also suppressed by hesperidin as it showed a dose dependent scavenging of NO up to 60 mg/ml, which reached an almost steady state thereafter. However, the maximum scavenging of nitric oxide was observed at 400 mg/ml [34].
Anti-Inflammatory Activity
The anti-inflammatory activity of hesperidin was studied in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, where treatment of rats with 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) of hesperidin sub cutaneously (s.c.) reduced the carrageenan-induced paw oedema by 47 and 63%, respectively, within 5 h of its administration. Similarly, treatment of rats with 100 mg/kg hesperidin alleviated the dextran induced rat paw oedema by 33%, without influencing the histamine‐induced paw oedema. Hesperidin suppressed the carrageenan-induced pleurisy, where it reduced the volume of exudate and the number of migrating leucocytes by 48 and 34%, respectively of control values. Administration of mice with 100 mg/kg b. wt. hesperidin s. c. reduced acetic acid‐induced abdominal constriction by 50%, however, did not affect the tail flick response [37].
Treatment of mice with 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg b. wt. hesperidin suppressed the induction of xylene induced ear edema by 26.03% (10.34±1.05 mg), 34.54 % (9.15±1.09 mg), 47.21 % (7.38±1.2 mg) and 43.63 % (7.88±0.63 mg), respectively in mice. Similarly, administration of mice with 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg b. wt. hesperidin significantly reduced the formalin-induced paw edema indicating its anti-inflammatory potential [38].
A study on the of anti-inflammatory activity on the rat air pouch model exhibited that hesperidin treatment of rat pouch injected with carrageenan reduced the carrageenan-induced rise in the lipid peroxidation, glutathione, nitrite and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and TNF-α in the air pouch homogenate. Carrageenan injection into the air pouch induced edema, marked by the enlargement of the pouch wall and the infiltration with neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. Treatment of 50 mg/kg hesperidin S.C. reversed all these changes and the inflammatory cells including neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes were conspicuous by their absence indicating that it has blocked the inflammatory response [39].
Treatment of rats with 10 or 25 mg/kg b. wt. hesperidin exerted anti-inflammatory effect in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid induced colitis. It reduced the activity of myeloperoxidase and increased the glutathione contents in the colitic rats [40].
Treatment of 100 and 200 mg/kg b. wt. hesperidin to high fat diet fed LDL receptor deficient (LDLr-/-) mice model of atherosclerosis resulted in the inhibition of hepatic steatosis, atherosclerotic plaque area and macrophage foam cell formation. The hesperidin treatment resulted in the down-regulated expressions of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase alpha (ACCα) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the liver. Hesperidin also increased the expression of hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporters G8 (ABCG8), macrophage ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1) indicating that hesperidin alleviated the inflammation in LDLr-/- mice and reduced atherosclerosis [41].
The study of anti-inflammatory activity of hesperidin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation revealed that administration of 200mg/kg b. wt. of hesperidin orally downregulated the LPS-induced expression of various cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, KC, MIP-2, MCP-1, and IL-12 coupled with the elevated production of IL-4, IL-10. The hesperidin administration reduced the total leukocyte counts; nitric oxide production, iNOS expression in the lungs of LPS treated mice. Hesperidin treatment inhibited the expression of IL-8 in cultured A549 cells and THP-1 cells, whereas the proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were suppressed in THP-1 cells only. The expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was inhibited in A549 cells treated with hesperidin [42]. Hesperidin also inhibited the LPS induced secretion and gene expression of NO, TNF-α, IL-1b, and IL-6 in BV2 microglial cells [43].
Myocardial infarction is an inflammatory disease and hesperidin administration into the acute myocardial infarction mice markedly depleted the myocardial infarction area, reduced the heart weight/body weight ratio and activity of creatine kinase‑MB. Hesperidin treatment also resulted in a decline in the TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, MCP‑1, ICAM‑1, lipid peroxidation and activities of catalase, SOD and caspase‑3/9 in mice model of acute myocardial infarction. The expression of p53 and Bax/Bcl‑2, was suppressed by hesperidin treatment followed by the induction of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ (PPAR‑γ) in mice with acute myocardial infarction [44].
Bioregulatory molecule nitric oxide plays a crucial role in instigating inflammatory responses and is secreted by neutrophils and macrophages [45,46]. Hesperidin treatment has been reported to reduce the radiation induced secretion of NO estimated as nitrate and nitrite in the regenerating wound of mice at 12 days post-irradiation indicating the anti-inflammatory activity of hesperidin [35].
A study using hesperidin methyl chalcone at 3–100 or 30 mg/kg b. wt. intraperitoneally in male Swiss mice inhibited acetic acid- and phenyl-p-benzoquinone-induced writhing. It also suppressed capsaicin-, complete Freund’s adjuvant- and formalin-induced paw flinching and licking. Hesperidin methyl chalcone did attenuate carrageenan-, capsaicin- and complete Freund’s adjuvant -induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. The exploration of molecular mechanisms revealed that hesperidin methyl chalcone alleviated carrageenan-induced TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-10 production, oxidative stress and NF-κB activation. Hesperidin methyl chalcone did not induce gastric or hepatic injury in a 7 days treatment protocol [47].
Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism of action to suppress the inflammatory responses by hesperidin is not known. However, the anti-inflammatory action of hesperidin may be mediated by the attenuation of transcriptional activation of NF-κB, and COX-II, which may down modulate the expression of TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, ICAM‑1, MIP-2, MCP-1, iNOS, VCAM-1 and IL-12 (Figure 1). The hesperidin has been reported to subdue the expression of NF-κB, and COX-II and TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, ICAM‑1, MIP-2, MCP-1, iNOS, VCAM-1 and IL-12 earlier [42,44,48,49].
The inflammation is a defence mechanism elicited in response to microbial attack, harmful stimuli and tissue injury. However, prolonged inflammation is the major cause of almost all health disorders including diabetes, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, hepatic and kidney disorders and cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to suppress the acute and chronic inflammation to keep the human health in good condition. The hesperidin present in the citrus fruits and their rinds has shown potential as an anti-inflammatory agent as indicated by its ability to inhibit the generation of various free radicals and numerous cytokines including NF-κB, and COX-II, TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, ICAM‑1, MIP-2, MCP-1, iNOS, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and IL-12. Since hesperidin is present in various citrus fruits it can be used to inhibit inflammatory disorders as a functional food medicine in humans. Moreover, it is non-toxic, used regularly as orange juice and will be easily acceptable. Therefore, intake of citrus fruit juices/hesperidin may be encouraged to keep humans healthy and protect themselves from inflammatory disorders.
I wish to acknowledge the constant support, encouragement, and patience of my wife Mrs. Mangla Jagetia during this work.
The author does not have any Conflict of Interest statement to declare.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.