AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Mini Review | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/160
1 QSAR & Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Bareilly College, Bareilly, U.P. India.
*Corresponding Author: Shalini Singh, QSAR & Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Bareilly College, Bareilly, U.P. India.
Citation: Afsar Ahmed, Shalini Singh, and Asna Quraishi, (2024), A Review on Anti-Malarial Drugs, J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research, 7(1); DOI:10.31579/2693-7247/160
Copyright: © 2024, Shalini Singh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 17 November 2023 | Accepted: 30 November 2023 | Published: 08 January 2024
Keywords: antimalarial drugs; plasmodium vivax; allergic reactions
Malaria is death causing disease if not treated properly on time. Maleria is caused by a protozoan called as Plasmodium parasite. Newly identified anti-malarial drug is a fixed dose mixture of two effective anti-malarial components arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate. Arterolane does reductive breakage in the meal vacuaole by Fe2+ iron to develop free radical species which prevent “PfATP6”, a Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPs. The main metabolic pathway is the oxidation of adamantate to arterolane.
Malaria disease is a death causing which caused by a parasite which belongs to phylum protozoa. This malaria parasite infects WBC present in human blood.
The word "mal aria" was used by H. Walpole in 1740 very first. The Term malaria is derived from an Italian word "mal aria" which connote "bad air”.
This word "mal aria" was shortened to malaria century by C. Laveran in 20th.
There are five species of malaria parasite which is source malaria malaria.
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plamodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium knowlesi
1. Spleen enlargement
2. Diarrhea
3. Dry Cough
4. Vomiting
5. Nausea
6. Central headache.
7. Muscle aches (Fatigue, Pain)
8. Chills, Sweating
9. Flulike illness with systemic fever
Malarial infection in Bareilly region
Most of the area of Bareilly district covered by Tarai Region (Area nearest to rivers) due to The Holy Ganga River. Due to which this trai region contain wet land and this wet land favors the growth of different species of mosquitoes including female Anopheles, which play an important role to transmittance of malaria parasite; that is why malaria disease still a most dangerous disease in tarai region. A report printed in Times of India on dated October 5 ,2019 said in 2019 total 74749 cases of malaria was reported in duration of January 2019 to September 2019. According to the report 51percentage cases (37824) was reported only in Bareilly District.
Among these malaria cases in state 9690 were found to be a killer strain Plasmodium falciparum. Surprisingly around 83percentage cases were reported again from bareilly district with 8057 cases.
Medication of malaria
Antimalarial drugs play a vital role in preventing and treating malaria, a life-threatening disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. This review will assess the overall effectiveness, safety, and availability of antimalarial drugs.
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
One of the most commonly used antimalarial drugs is chloroquine. It has been widely used for several decades and is known for its effectiveness against Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae. However, in recent years, resistance to chloroquine has emerged in many parts of the world, rendering it less effective in certain regions. This highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and surveillance of drug resistance patterns to ensure proper treatment. Chloroquine is an effective antimalarial drug which acts effectively against infection of malaria parasite. Chloroquine is most effective the erythtrocytic forms of plasmodium parasite. Thus, Chloroquine is an important drug for malaria treatment. Chloroquine is is an important medicine which was using around 1934. There is analog of Chloroquine which is known as hydroxylchloroquine. There is drawback of hydroxylchloroquine is banned in some countries like US, Uganda because malaria parasite built resistant against hydroxylchloroquine.
Figure 1: (A) Structure of Chloroquine; (B) Structure of hydroxychloroquine
Amodiaquine
Amodiaquine is medicine which is used as anti-malarial agent. It is quinoline which contain chloro group at 7th position and it also contain an amino group at 4th position.
Its molecular formula is C20H22ClN3O
Its molecular weight is 355.9 g/mol.
Figure 2: Structure of Amodiaquine
Primaquine
Another commonly used antimalarial drug is primaquine, which is crucial in the elimination of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. C acts against the dormant liver stage of the parasite, preventing relapses of these species. However, primaquine should be used with caution due to the risk of hemolysis in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
Figure 3: Structure of Primaquine
Anti-malarial resistance
The Anti-malarialresistance may define as “the capability of parasite to alive and reproduce even the absorption of drug even in equal or higher than the recommended dose of the drug.”
Drug resistance can cause failure of treatment.
Prevention of Anti-malarial resistance
The Anti-malarial resistance can be prevented by two general methods
• It can prevent by spreading Malaria infection.
• It can also be prevented by transmission of resistant malaria parasite.
Combination therapy
The treatment of malaria cases in current practice is based on pattern of combination therapy. Combination therapy have many advantages like, it reduces treatment failure risk, it reduces resistance development in the parasite, it is more convenience and reduce side effects.
Artemisinin-based therapies (ACTs)
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have become the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in many countries. ACTs combine an artemisinin derivative with a partner drug, such as mefloquine or lumefantrine, to provide rapid parasite clearance and prevent resistance development. These medications have shown high efficacy in treating malaria and have significantly contributed to reducing malaria-related morbidity and mortality.
Artemisinin has very important and effective pathway of action than other traditional methods of treatment. In an Artemisinin-based therapies another non-artemisinin-based therapy is combined to prevents enlargement of resistance to this drug. Artemisinin dependent therapies produce very fast reduction of biomass of parasite with reduction of malarial symptoms. There is no artemisinin resistance seen, however few resistance species are emerging.
Artemether-Lumefantrine Combination
Artemether-Lumefantrine Combination was the first combination of dose which contain temisinin derivatives.
Chemically Lumefantrine is an aryl amino alcohol. Lumefantrine works against all the parasite which cause infection to human including multi-drug resistance. Artemether-Lumefantrine commercially sold as tablets containing 80/480 mg respectively.
New antimalarial dose
As old drugs becoming unsuccessful against death causing malaria parasite as malaria parasite acquiring resistance to existing antimalarial drugs. New drugs will provide another option for malaria treatment.
Name of drug
A combination of Piperaquine phosphate and arterolane Maleate.
Description
Arterolane Maleate is a synthetic trioxalane compound. Its chemical name is cis adamantane-2-spiro-3’-8’- [[[(2’-amino-2’ methylpropyl) amino] carbonyl] methyl] 1’, 2’, 4’-trioxaspiro [4.5] decane hydrogen maleate.
Figure 4: Structure of Arterolane Maleate
Properties of Aterolane
Arterolane is also known as RBx 1160 or OZ277. It is a substance being tasted and find important as anti-malarial drug. It is discovered by European and US scientists.
• Its molecular formula is C22H36N2O4
• Its molecular weight is 392.53224
• Its density is 202 g/cm3
• Its boiling point is 572.161 °C at 760 mmHg
Piperaquine phosphate
It is another agent which use to malaria disease caused by malarial parasite.
Figure 5: Structure of Piperaquine phosphate
Properties of Piperaquine phosphate
• Its molecular formula is C29 H35Cl2N6O4P
• Its molecular weight is 633.5058
• Its density is 202 g/cm3
• Its boiling point is 721.161 °C at 760 mmHg
•Its vapour pressure is 1.21E-20 mmHg at 20 °C
In terms of safety, antimalarial drugs generally have an acceptable safety profile when used correctly and at appropriate doses. However, individuals may experience side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, and, rarely, life-threatening allergic reactions. Healthcare professionals should be aware of these adverse effects and carefully consider the risk-benefit ratio before prescribing antimalarial drugs, particularly in pregnant women, children, and individuals with underlying medical conditions.
Availability and accessibility of antimalarial drugs remain a significant challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings where malaria is endemic. Efforts to ensure equitable access to affordable and high-quality antimalarial drugs must continue to prevent the spread of malaria and minimize its impact on affected populations.
In conclusion, antimalarial drugs play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of malaria. While some drugs face challenges due to emerging resistance, the development and use of new combination therapies have improved outcomes. The safety, efficacy, and availability of antimalarial drugs are essential considerations in the fight against malaria. Continued research and global collaborative efforts are necessary to combat this deadly disease comprehensively.The mixture of Arterolane and Piperaquine work as blood schizonticides with fast approval of parasitemia and many malarias associated symptoms, joined with avoidance of recrudescence. The mixture provides high medical effectiveness as assess by PCR accurated ACPR (Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response), fever consent time and parasite removal time. Arterolane maleate and Piperaquine Phosphate were as well put up with as Artemether and Lumefantrine, and had an alike security profile. Arterolane maleate and Piperaquine phosphate is a artificial medicine and increase easier to produce with effective inevitability and consistency of materials.
Malaria still is a most dangerous disease in tarai region. And malaria parasite acquiring resistance against many recently used medicine so many efforts are needed to find such medicine which is not resistant to the parasite.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
