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Case Report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1897/080
*Corresponding Author: Maharshi R. Raval, Department of Surgery, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India.
Citation: Maharshi R. Raval, Patel Y, Suchi D. Shah, Kishan G. Patel, Sharma K. (2021) “A Rare Case of Bilateral Primary B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Breast. J. Surg Case Repo and Imag. 4(5); DOI:10.31579/2690-1897/080
Copyright: © 2021 Maharshi R. Raval, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 15 May 2021 | Accepted: 20 May 2021 | Published: 26 May 2021
Keywords: B-Cell; Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Breast; breast malignancy
Abstract:
Primary B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Breast is a rare presentation of breast malignancy and it is necessary to differentiate it from secondary breast lymphoma as prognosis and treatment varies based on the diagnosis. We report a case of 47-year-old female with bilateral PBNHL of Breast which is rare due to younger age of presentation than earlier reported cases of this malignancy, lump with “peau de orange” appearance seen in both the breasts which is usually seen with high grade lymphoma and complete recovery of the patient while bilateral PBL outlines poor prognosis. Mammosonography findings included dilated ducts with hypoechoiec areas. MRI showed altered signal intensity. Findings of the imaging studies are non-specific and vary widely from case to case which is why biopsy which is gold standard was done to confirm the diagnosis
Breast lymphoma originates in the breast lymphoid tissue and includes primary breast lymphoma (PBL) which constitutes about 0.06% of breast malignancies, and secondary breast lymphoma (SBL) which constitutes about 0.12% of breast malignancies [1]. Wiseman and Liao outline the diagnostic criteria for PBL which necessitates breast to be the primary clinical site without any prior history of extramammary lymphoma or widespread disease [2]. Scarce lymphoid tissue in the breast makes lymphoma a rare finding. Diagnosis is usually guided by radiological investigation following biopsy and FNAC. Biopsy sample should be investigated for histopathological examination and flow cytometry (specifically for ki 67 which is a replicative marker) [3].
A 47-year-old female patient, residing in Western part of rural India presented with chief complaints of lump in right breast involving all quadrants for 3 months. Lump was initially small in size and pain in the lump was present for last 1 month. Patient also noticed sudden increase in size of left breast for last 1 month which was associated with low grade fever and chills without rigor. There was no history of nipple discharge, trauma or insect bite. Patient visited private hospital and underwent true cut biopsy and was diagnosed to have granulomatous mastitis for which she took anti-tuberculous 4 drug treatment for 2 months. Local Examination of Right breast revealed redness and swelling over right breast, with peau de orange appearance and normal appearing nipple areola complex. Palpation showed raised local temperature and tenderness present in whole breast with diffuse lump of approximately 10x10 cm sized involving whole breast with firm to hard consistency, fixed to the skin but not fixed to the chest wall. Left breast on inspection did not reveal any lump or redness or peau de orange appearance but on palpation approximately 5x6x2 cm sized lump was present in upper outer quadrant, well defined, firm to hard in consistency, mobile and not fixed to the skin and chest wall. Anterior axillary lymph nodes were palpable on both sides, multiple, firm to hard in consistency and freely mobile.
Investigations:
Her complete blood count reve4 Hemoglobin of 10 gm/dl with normal white cell and platelet counts.
Mammography revealed few prominent ducts present in upper outer quadrant. Pathological nodes in right axilla and metastatic lymph nodes in right supraclavicular and infraclavicular region, BIRADS II in right breast while left breast showed well defined soft tissue opacities in upper outer quadrant which on ultrasonography showed few dilated ducts with hypoechoeic area True Cut Biopsy had revealed changes of chronic mastitis.
Breast MRI showed diffuse altered signal intensity noted in bilateral breast (Right > Left) with relative sparing of lower and outer quadrant of left breast. Right Breast was noted to be comparatively larger. Multiple enlarged heterogeneously enhancing lymph nodes were noted in bilateral axillary region (Level I and ll), largest measuring approximately 33*16 mm on right side. Due to diagnostic uncertainty incisional biopsy on right side with excisional biopsy on left side was taken which showed bilateral breast involvement by follicular lymphoma with right axillary lymph nodes showing follicular lymphoma grade 2. Hematoxylin and eosin stained section of breast tissue showed sheets of pleomorphic cells with vesicular nucleoli resembling lyphoid cells thus clinching the diagnosis.
Management:
Currently, a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used, which was done in our case [4]. Patient was given three cycles of rituximab,cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP regimen) followed by Involved Field Radiation Therapy (IFRT). Similar to the treatment of breast carcinoma, lumpectomy with radiation therapy is often performed in patients with low grade breast lymphoma. Role of mastectomy in PBL is controversial, with many patients undergoing mastectomy due to diagnostic difficulty before the surgery, but its usefulness is similar to combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy [5]. Prognosis is dependent on lymphoma type, grade and stage. SBL demonstrates a poor prognosis when compared with that of PBL and breast carcinoma.
This case represents very rare and unusual early presentation of breast neoplasm in form of bilateral Primary B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (PBNHL) of Breast, misdiagnosed initially as a granulomatous mastitis and finally required surgical biopsy which confirmed the diagnosis aided by immunohistochemical examination. Thomas et al. in a study of 1034 patients with PBL found the median age of presentation to be 66 years. Amongst the histopathologic subtypes, PBL is most likely to be a NHL (96.8%). B-Cell lymphoma constitutes 92.5% and T-Cell lymphoma constitutes 3.7% of the NHL subtype. Predominant B-cell lymphoma is Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (39.6%), followed by Marginal zone lymphoma (24.7%) and follicular lymphoma (15.9%). Anaplastic large cell lymphoma accounts for 2.4% of PBL with median age of diagnosis at 52 years [6]. In case of PBL, the common signs of symptoms of breast cancer such as skin retraction, erythema and peau d’ orange are associated with high grade lymphoma or diffuse parenchymal involvement [7]. Bilateral breast involvement is a poor prognostic sign with increased risk of relapse and CNS involvement. Intrathecal CNS chemo-prophylaxis is advocated in a patient with bilateral DLBCL, but given the lack of data on CNS relapse, its usefulness is questionable [8-9]. Standardized protocol about management of patient recovered from bilateral PBL is needed.
Follow up:
Patient completed 6 month of follow up after three cycles of R-CHOP and involved field radiotherapy and there are no palpable masses on examination.
We report a rare case of bilateral PBNHL of Breast in a young patient, diagnosed with biopsy and histopathological examination managed with combination of R-CHOP chemotherapy and Involved Field Radio Therapy. Imaging studies aids in diagnosis but due to its non-specific nature and provided that early diagnosis can prevent surgery and improve patient outcomes, biopsy with histopathological examination should not be delayed in patients with suspected breast lymphoma. Usefulness of CNS prophylaxis in a case of bilateral PBNHL of breast needs to be studied with clinical trials.
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